Large span structure

MMBC-V
BY CHAITRA KB
How long is long-span for buildings
Structure with span larger than 20m can be
regarded as long span structure for this
span is usually unable to be achieved by
ordinary RC structure.
Loads acting onto a structural systems
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Wind load
4. Stress created by temperature differences
5. Stress created by other form of disruption
including ground movement, vibration,
deformation or earthquake
Loads acting onto a structural systems
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Wind load
4. Stress created by temperature differences
5. Stress created by other form of disruption
including ground movement, vibration,
deformation or earthquake
Common Structural Forms
for Long Span Building Structures
1. Insitu RC, tensioned
2. Precast concrete, tensioned
3. Structural steel – erected on spot
4. Structural steel – prefabricated and
installed on spot
5. Portal frame – insitu RC
6. Portal frame – precast
7. Portal frame – prefabricated steel
Long span structures create unobstructed, column-free spaces greater than 30 meters (100 feet) for a variety of functions.
Long span roof are tensile, shell, folded plate portal frames
1.Shell roof
2.vaults folded plate,
3.geodesic domes,
4.space frame,
5.tensile structures,
6.pneumatic structures etc
Introduction

Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive,
tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. ...
Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged as a major long-span concrete structure after World War II.
Definition
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive,
tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel
mesh
Or
The most obvious definition of a shell might be through its geometry. ... An arch is defined by a curved line and a plate by a
plane. A shell is a structure defined by a curved surface. It is thin in the direction perpendicular to the surface, but there is no
absolute rule as to how thin it has to be

A SHELL STRUCTURE IS A THIN CURVED MEMBRANE OR SLAB USUALLY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE THAT FUNCTIONS BOTH
AS STRUCTURE AND COVERING.

THE TERM “SHELL” IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURES WHICH POSSESS STRENGHT AND RIGIDITY DUE TO ITS THIN,
NATURAL AND CURVED FORM SUCH AS SHELL OF EGG, A NUT, HUMAN SKULL, AND SHELL OF TORTISE.
There are two type of shell structure
SINGLE OR DOUBLE CURVATURE SHELLS

Single curvature shell: are curved on one linear axis and are a part of a cylinder or cone in the form of barrel vaults and
conoid shells.

double curvature shell: are either part of a sphere, or a hyperboloid of revolution.

 Positive negative
Zero
Different types of curvature
 Forms Of Curvature:
Developable Surfaces (Singly Curved) :

Developable Surface Is A Surface That Can Be Unrolled Onto A Flat Plane Without Tearing Or Stretching It.
It Is Formed By Bending A Flat Plane, The Most Typical Shape Of A Developable Shell Is A Barrel, And A Barrel Shell Is Curved
Only In One Direction.

Barrel : Arch Action & Beam Action Together Make A Barrel. T

here Are Mainly Two Types Of Barrel : - Long Barrels , Arch Action Is Prominent
- Short Barrels, Beam Action Is Prominent

Structural Behavior Of Short Barrel Shells: These Shells Are Typically

Supported At The Corners And Can Behave In One Or A Combination Of The
Following Ways:

Structural Behavior Of Long Barrel Shells: These Are Typically Supported At

The Corners And Behave Structurally As A Large Beam.
Forms Of Curvature:
Non-developable Surfaces (Doubly Curved) :

Anticlastic Shells : Are Doubly Curved But Each Of The Two Curves Have The Opposite
Direction To The Other. E.G. Saddle Points.

Conoids, Hyperbolic Paraboloid And Hyperboloids Are All Considered To The Anticlastic
Shell Because They Are Saddled Shape With Different Curvature In Each Direction And
Straight Lines Can Be Drawn Of The Surface.

Conoids: Formed By Moving A One End Of A Straight Line Along A Curved Path And The
Other Along A Straight Path.

Hyperboloids: Formed By Rotating A Straight Line Around A Vertical Axis.

Hyperbolic Paraboloid:
Formed By Sweeping A Convex Parabola Along A Concave Parabola Or By
Sweeping A Straight Line Over A Straight Path At One End And Another Straight
Path Not Parallel To The First.
Compression
Structural Behaviors:
Depending On The Shape Of The Shell Relative To The Curvature, There Will Be
Different Stresses. Tension
Shell Roofs, Have Compression Stresses Following The Convex Curvature And The
Tension Stresses Follow The Concave Curvature.
Forms Of Curvature:
Fig. (A) Represents A Doubly Curved
Shell With No Axis Of Symmetry,
Shows A Spherical Dome Supported
On A Wall.

Whenever The Shells Are Supported

Vertically At Their Edges, A Tension Tie
Is Required Around The Perimeter At
The Intersection Of The Dome And
The Wall.

However, It Is Important To Note That

The Tie Will Be Funicular For Any
Shape Of Either The Plan Or
Elevation.

Fig. (B) The Shell Has Positive

Curvature And
Continuous Vertical Support
Types Of Shell Structures:
Cylindrical Barrel Vaults Are Perhaps The Most Useful Of The Shell Structures Because They Can Span UptO 150 Feet With A
Minimum Of Material. They Are Very Efficient Structures Because The Use The Arch Form To Reduce Stresses And Thicknesses
In The Transverse Direction.
Types Of Shell Structures:
A Dome Is A Space Structure Covering A More Or Less Square Or Circular Area. The Best Known Example Is The Dome Of
Revolution, And It Is One Of The Earliest Of The Shell Structures. Excellent Examples Are Still In Existence That Were Built In
Roman Times. They Are Formed By A Surface Generated By A Curve Of Any Form Revolving About A Vertical Line. This Surface
Has Double Curvature And The Resulting Structure Is Much Stiffer And Stronger Than A Single Curved Surface, Such As A
Cylindrical Shell.
Construction Of R.C.C Barrel Vault
The Barrel Vault Is The Most Straight Forward Single Curvature Shell Construction. It Is
The Part Of A Cylinder Or Barrel With Same Curvature along Its Length. Any Number
Of Continuous Barrels Or Continuous Spans Are Possible Except That Eventually
Provision Is Made For The Expansion Of The Joints In A Large Structures. The Barrel
Vaults Are Used As Parking, Market Place, Assembly Hall ,Etc.

Types Of Barrel Vaults

1. Short Span Barrel Vaults
2. Long Span Barrel Vaults
Short Span Barrel Vault
Short Span Barrel Vaults Are Those In Which Span Is Shorter
Than Its Width. It Is Used For The Width Of The Arch Ribs
Between Which The Barrel Vault Span.

Long Span Barrel Vault

Long Span Barrel Vaults Are Those In Which Span Is Larger Than
Its Width.
Strength Of The Structure Lies At The Right Angles To The
Curvature To That Span Is Longitudinal To The Curvature.
Usual Span Of The Longitudinal Barrel Vault Is From 12-30 M
With Its Width Being About 1/2 The Span And Rise Is 1/5 Of The
Width.

To Cover Larger Areas Multibay ,Multi Span Roofs Can Be Used

Where The Roof Is Extended Across The Width Of The Vault As A
Multibay .
CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C BARREL VAULT