‫المعهد التكنولوجي العالي ‪ -‬العاشر من رمضان‬

‫الفصل الدراسي‪ :‬يناير‪ /‬مايو ‪2020‬‬

‫قسم‪ :‬ميكاترونكس‬

‫البحث المرجعي الخاص بمادة‪ :‬التحكم بقوي الموائع‬

‫كود المادة‪MTE 251:‬‬
‫رقم المجموعة‪61:‬‬
Abstract
Introduction
Fluid power is a the most reliable technology the able to generation and control and transmission
power by using pressurized fluid at a certain degree for every type of fluid .the fluid is classified
as a incompressible type but every thing no just the fluid has a degree of compression even if it is
so small but it is compressed .so the scientist and engineering says that the fluid power is the
most important element that responsible for moving the machine in industry. because the fluid
power is used to move the machines forward and back, up or down according to the function of
machine.it’s very difficult to find factory or workshop doesn’t work with a machine doesn’t
work with fluid power either it be pneumatic or hydraulic system. [1]
Fluid power is called hydraulic when we use a liquid such as water or oil and the water is the
first fluid that used in industry because it’s available much than any other fluid but they stopped
using it because the water has insufficiencies such as freezes very quick in compare to other fluid
and it is poor lubricant for the parts of machine In contrast it leads to rust it and destroy the parts
of machine. When we used gas in the systems it called a pneumatic system by using air. [2]

1.1 Classification of power systems:

1. Source of energy, delivering mechanical power of rotary motion. Electric motors and internal
combustion engines (ICE) are the most commonly used power sources. For special applications,
steam turbines, gas turbines, or hydraulic turbines are used.
2. Energy transmission, transformation, and control elements.
3. Load requiring mechanical power of either rotary or linear motion.

1.1.1 hydraulic power system

the hydraulic power system is transmitting the mechanical power that produced by for example
internal combustion engine by increase the energy of liquid, and there is two types of hydraulic
systems
 hydrodynamics power system transmit power by increasing the kinetic energy of liquids
such as turbine or rotary dynamics pump
 hydrostatic power system is transmitted power by increasing the pressure of liquid and
this system is used in all the field of industry like aircraft, mobile equipment
1.1.2 pneumatic power system
Pneumatic system using a compressed air ,the compressor convert the energy that produced by a
internal combustion engine or a electric motor the mechanical energy to pressure energy of
compressed air []

Advantage of hydraulic system

1) high power to weight ratio
2) High stiffness of the hydraulic cylinders
3) Simple protection against overloading
4) High force-to-mass and torque-to-inertia ratios
5) Self-lubrication.
6) Constant force or torque
Disadvantage of hydraulic system
1) Hydraulic power not easily available, unlike electrical.Hydraulic generators
2) High cost production
3) Risk hazard by using oil that cause fire
4) Oil filtration problem
Physical properties of hydraulic fluids.
fluid mentions to both gases and liquids, A liquid is a fluid for a given mass, will
have a certain volume independent of the form of its container. This mean that
even the liquid will assume the profile of the container, it will fill only that volume
of the container whose volume equals the volume of the quantity of the liquid.
Liquids are well-thought-out to be incompressible so the volume of the fluid
doesn’t change that assumption is just theoretical This is not true one hundred
percent, but the change in volume by pressure changes is too small so that it be
ignore in a lot of application when it doesn’t affect by large form for example in
most engineering applications.[]
Gases otherwise are fluids that are easily compressible Also the volume of the gas
will differ to fill the vessel that containing the gas. Air is the most gas commonly
uses in the systems of fluid power because it is low-cost and easily available in the
environment. Air also has the following suitable advantage as a power fluid such
as resistance to fire and It is not disordered. and it can go out to atmosphere again
without any effect on environment .and dis advantage of gases is because of the
compressibility of gases it can not be used in some application like that required
accurate position or rigid holding , Because the air is tends to be compressible gas ,
it have to be sluggish. ,because the air it contain water and oxygen so the air could
be corrosive danger ,the parts of machine not self-lubricant.[]
Properties of fluid.
1) Cheap
2) Easily available
3) Resistance to fire
4) Resistance to foam
5) Not danger Not to be toxic
6) More incompressibility
7) Stable to chemical action
8) Good lubricity
9) Ability to reduce the heat
10) Viscosity being ideal
The governing equation in hydraulic circuits.
 The continuity equation state that for the steady flow in pipeline, the weight
of flow rate the weight of fluid that pass in the line a given station per unit time
is the same for all positions in the pipe
W1=W2

(γAv)1=(γAv)2
Where γ= specific weight of fluid (KN/m3),
A = cross-sectional area of pipe (m2),
v = velocity of fluid (m/s).
and because the specific weight of fluid is constant for the same fluid we used that
form
Q =AV
(Av)1=(Av)2
Bernoulli's equation is one of the highest useful equation for performing of hydraulic circuit
analysis.it allow us to size components like valve, pump.
 If we divide the both side of equation by W because the amount of fluid is constant

Friction is the biggest element of losses in energy in fluid power system the losses of energy
because of the friction is transferred into heat which is transfer to the surrounding air. Result to
that cause loss in potential energy in the system and shows up as a losses in head or pressure.
The head losses consist of two main component
1) Pipes losses
2) Fitting losses
The head losses can be represent in equation called darcy’s equation

L v2
H L=f ( )( )
D 2g
Where f = friction factor (dimensionless),
L = length of pipe (m),
D = pipe inside diameter (m),
V= average fluid velocity (m/s),
G = acceleration of gravity (m/s2).
FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN LAMINAR FLOW

Darcy's equation is used to calculate head losses in pipes experiencing laminar flow
by notice that for laminar flow that the friction factor equals to constant 64 divided by
Reynolds number
 64
f=
NR

The head losses can be represented as

64 L v 2
H L= ( )( )
NR D 2g

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN TURBULENT FLOW

Refrences
[1] fluid power with Application by anthoney eesposito