‫المعهد التكنولوجي العالي ‪ -‬العاشر من رمضان‬

‫الفصل الدراسي‪ :‬يناير‪ /‬مايو ‪2020‬‬

‫قسم‪ :‬ميكاترونكس‬

‫البحث المرجعي الخاص بمادة‪ :‬التحكم بقوي الموائع‬

‫كود المادة‪MTE 251:‬‬
‫رقم المجموعة‪61:‬‬
 Abstract
A fluid power system is defined as a means of power transmission in which a
relatively incompressible fluid is used as the power transmitting media The
primary purpose of fluid power system is the transfer of energy from one location
to another and this energy into useful work.
The method or the type of fluid power system used is hydraulic power system and
Pneumatic power system we used some other component to control the system like
valves for example direction control valve and we use pumps to increase the
energy of the fluid like positive displacement pump and we use actuator to do
action of the machine.
By using each item of hydraulic fluid power system we abled to make control on a
hydraulic circuit to get the force we need in extension and retraction by using some
laws like pascal’s law and Darcy’s law and Bernoulli’s equation and more than
that to design a complete hydraulic or pneumatic circuit
Introduction
Fluid power is a the most reliable technology the able to generation and control and transmission
power by using pressurized fluid at a certain degree for every type of fluid .the fluid is classified
as a incompressible type but every thing no just the fluid has a degree of compression even if it is
so small but it is compressed .so the scientist and engineering says that the fluid power is the
most important element that responsible for moving the machine in industry. because the fluid
power is used to move the machines forward and back, up or down according to the function of
machine.it’s very difficult to find factory or workshop doesn’t work with a machine doesn’t
work with fluid power either it be pneumatic or hydraulic system. [1]
Fluid power is called hydraulic when we use a liquid such as water or oil and the water is the
first fluid that used in industry because it’s available much than any other fluid but they stopped
using it because the water has insufficiencies such as freezes very quick in compare to other fluid
and it is poor lubricant for the parts of machine In contrast it leads to rust it and destroy the parts
of machine. When we used gas in the systems it called a pneumatic system by using air. [2]

1.1 Classification of power systems:

1. Source of energy, delivering mechanical power of rotary motion. Electric motors and internal
combustion engines (ICE) are the most commonly used power sources. For special applications,
steam turbines, gas turbines, or hydraulic turbines are used.
2. Energy transmission, transformation, and control elements.
3. Load requiring mechanical power of either rotary or linear motion.

1.1.1 hydraulic power system

the hydraulic power system is transmitting the mechanical power that produced by for example
internal combustion engine by increase the energy of liquid, and there is two types of hydraulic
systems
 hydrodynamics power system transmit power by increasing the kinetic energy of liquids
such as turbine or rotary dynamics pump
 hydrostatic power system is transmitted power by increasing the pressure of liquid and
this system is used in all the field of industry like aircraft, mobile equipment
1.1.2 pneumatic power system
Pneumatic system using a compressed air ,the compressor convert the energy that produced by a
internal combustion engine or a electric motor the mechanical energy to pressure energy of
compressed air []

Advantage of hydraulic system

1) high power to weight ratio
2) High stiffness of the hydraulic cylinders
3) Simple protection against overloading
4) High force-to-mass and torque-to-inertia ratios
5) Self-lubrication.
6) Constant force or torque
Disadvantage of hydraulic system
1) Hydraulic power not easily available, unlike electrical.Hydraulic generators
2) High cost production
3) Risk hazard by using oil that cause fire
4) Oil filtration problem
Physical properties of hydraulic fluids.
fluid mentions to both gases and liquids, A liquid is a fluid for a given mass, will
have a certain volume independent of the form of its container. This mean that
even the liquid will assume the profile of the container, it will fill only that volume
of the container whose volume equals the volume of the quantity of the liquid.
Liquids are well-thought-out to be incompressible so the volume of the fluid
doesn’t change that assumption is just theoretical This is not true one hundred
percent, but the change in volume by pressure changes is too small so that it be
ignore in a lot of application when it doesn’t affect by large form for example in
most engineering applications.[]
Gases otherwise are fluids that are easily compressible Also the volume of the gas
will differ to fill the vessel that containing the gas. Air is the most gas commonly
uses in the systems of fluid power because it is low-cost and easily available in the
environment. Air also has the following suitable advantage as a power fluid such
as resistance to fire and It is not disordered. and it can go out to atmosphere again
without any effect on environment .and dis advantage of gases is because of the
compressibility of gases it can not be used in some application like that required
accurate position or rigid holding , Because the air is tends to be compressible gas ,
it have to be sluggish. ,because the air it contain water and oxygen so the air could
be corrosive danger ,the parts of machine not self-lubricant.[]
Properties of fluid.
1) Cheap
2) Easily available
3) Resistance to fire
4) Resistance to foam
5) Not danger Not to be toxic
6) More incompressibility
7) Stable to chemical action
8) Good lubricity
9) Ability to reduce the heat
10) Viscosity being ideal
The governing equation in hydraulic circuits.
 The continuity equation state that for the steady flow in pipeline, the weight
of flow rate the weight of fluid that pass in the line a given station per unit time
is the same for all positions in the pipe
W1=W2

(γAv)1=(γAv)2
Where γ= specific weight of fluid (KN/m3),
A = cross-sectional area of pipe (m2),
v = velocity of fluid (m/s).
and because the specific weight of fluid is constant for the same fluid we used that
form
Q =AV
(Av)1=(Av)2
Bernoulli's equation is one of the highest useful equation for performing of hydraulic circuit
analysis.it allow us to size components like valve, pump.
 If we divide the both side of equation by W because the amount of fluid is constant

Friction is the biggest element of losses in energy in fluid power system the losses of energy
because of the friction is transferred into heat which is transfer to the surrounding air. Result to
that cause loss in potential energy in the system and shows up as a losses in head or pressure.
The head losses consist of two main component
1) Pipes losses
2) Fitting losses
The head losses can be represent in equation called darcy’s equation

L v2
H L=f ( )( )
D 2g
Where f = friction factor (dimensionless),
L = length of pipe (m),
D = pipe inside diameter (m),
V= average fluid velocity (m/s),
G = acceleration of gravity (m/s2).
FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN LAMINAR FLOW

Darcy's equation is used to calculate head losses in pipes experiencing laminar flow
by notice that for laminar flow that the friction factor equals to constant 64 divided by
Reynolds number
 64
f=
NR

The head losses can be represented as

64 L v 2
H L= ( )( )
NR D 2g

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN TURBULENT FLOW

Darcy's equation is used for calculate the losses of energy in turbulent flow fluid.
But, the friction factor cannot be represented by a simple equation as the case of
laminar flow. This is due to the random and fluctuating movement of the fluid
particles.
For turbulent flow the experiments showed that the friction factor is a function of
not the Reynolds number only but too the relative roughness of the pipe. The
relative roughness can be defined as the pipe inside surface roughness,
ε
relative roughness=
D

Pipe absolute roughness

Pipe relative roughness values depend on the material of the pipe as well as a
method of manufacturing. The table blow give us values of absolute roughness for
various types of pipes.
And with the ε we go to the chart called Moody Diagram to calculate the friction
factor by knowing the factor of the type of the material and with the number
we get the value of the friction factor
 Hydraulic pumps.
Hydraulic pumps are the machines that act to increase liquid energy that are
flowing through them. The three main types of the pumps are rotodynamic,
displacement,special effect pumps. Hydraulic pumpsis convert mechanical energy
to hydraulic energy []

Classifi cations of hydraulic pumps.

there is two main classification of pump in fluid power

1. Nonpositive displacement pump or hydrodynamic pump :the main use of it is for high
volume, low pressure Because they are not capable of hold at high pressures, they are
rarely to use in the fluid power industry.it used for transport fluid from a place to another
place . that kind of pump is not self priming it need some help in the beginning of been it
work
2. Positive displacement pump : is the most type used for systems of fluid power that type is
small, high volumetric efficiency, capable of high pressure up to 70,000 KP and more ,
highest flexibility.

Types of pump
1) External gear pump
disadvantage
 Heating of very high presure
 High noise come from vibration
 Decreasing pressure from internal
leakage between input and output
2) Screw pump
 Advantage
 High flow rate
 Pressure up to 200 bar
 Speed up to 3500 rpm
Disadvantage
 Too expensive
 It is maintenance to difficult

3) Piston pump
Axial Piston-Pump is the biggest on with high efficiency but the cost of it is very high
much expensive than screw pump
Pump cavitation

Cavitation can be happen due to entrained air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid or the
hydraulic fluid is vaporized. That occurs the suction term. Simply defined,
cavitation is the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid, developed in areas of
relatively low pressure around an impeller. The imploding or collapsing of these
bubbles trigger intense shockwaves inside the pump, causing significant damage to
the impeller and/or the pump housing.

pump cavitation can cause:

 Failure of pump housing
 Destruction of impeller
 Decreased flow and/or pressure
 Excessive vibration
The rule to prevent pump cavitation to happen
 Keep velocity of suction is below 1.5 m/s
 Mount the pump close to reservoir
 Minimize number of fittings
 Use the right oil in lubricity

Hydraulic cylinders
They extract energy from the fluid and convert it to mechanical energy to perform useful work.
They also called linear Hydraulic actuator
the single-acting cylinder
The simplest type of hydraulic cylinder is the single-acting cylinder, it consist of a piston inside
a cylindrical housing called a barrel. Attached to one end of the piston is a rod, which extends
outside one end of the cylinder (rod end). At the other end (blank end) is a port for the entrance
and exit of oil

the Double-acting cylinder

in the Double-acting cylinder the fluid it go through two path that help very well in
some direction like the application that the cylinder in the vertical type
Cylinder Cushioning
Double acting cylinder sometimes contain cylinder cushons at the end of the cylinder to slow the
piston down near the end of the stroke ,this prevent excessive impact when the piston is stopped
by the end caps .

Mill-type hydraulic cylinder with bolted head.

Hydraulic Motors
The function of the hydraulic motors is a reverse of that of the pump. Hydraulic motors are
displacement machines converting the supplied hydraulic power into mechanical power. They do
continuous rotary motion The displacement of a hydraulic motor is the volume of the oil needed
to rotate t motor shaft by one complete revolution. The motor speed depends on the rate of the
flow ,while the supply pressure depends mainly on the motor loading torque
LIMITED ROTATION HYDRAULIC MOTORS
A limited rotation hydraulic motor provides rotary output motion over a finite angle. That device produce high
torque in either direction Rotary actuators are available with working pressures up to 5000 psi.
Hydraulic valves.
Fluid power is controlled primarily through the use of control devices
called valves. The selection of these valves involves not only the type but also the
size, actuating technique, and remote-control capability
basic types of valves:
1) flow control valves.
2) pressure control valves
3) directional control valves

directional control valves

1) check valve it is one way direction control valve because it is permits free flow in one
firection and prevents any flow in the opposite direction

2) Pilot-Operated Check Valve

This type of check valve always permits free flow in one direction but permits flow in the normally blocked
opposite direction only if pilot pressure is applied at the pilot pressure port of the valve

pressure control valves

1) Simple Pressure Relief Valves

It is advantage is fast time response to pressure change Note the external adjusting screw. which varies
the spring force and, thus, the pressure at which the valve begins to open (cracking pressure).
 2) Pressure-Reducing Valves
This type is normal open valve is used to maintain reduced pressures in specified
locations of hydraulic systems.

3) Unloading Valves
This valve is used to permit a pump to build pressure to an adjustable pressure setting and then allow it to
discharge oil to the tank

4) Sequence Valves
this valve used to play every cylinder actuator by sequence

flow control valves.

1) Needle Valves
2) Non-Pressure-Compensated Valves

3) Pressure-Compensated Valves
Conclusion
After study some part of the hydraulic system I found the advantage of it can be
says as
A hydraulic system is an efficient transmitter of power for many reasons. Firstly,
its simple levers and push buttons make it easy to start, stop, accelerate and
decelerate. This also allows for control accuracy. Also, because it is such a fluid
system, without any cumbersome gears, pulleys or levers, it easily copes with a
huge weight range. It provides a constant force, regardless of changes in speed.
For the most part, hydraulic systems are simple, safe and economical because
they use fewer moving parts compared to mechanical and electrical systems,
which makes them easier to maintain. Hydraulic systems are safe to use in
chemical plants and mines because they do not cause spark.
And Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Handling hydraulic fluids is
messy, and it can be difficult to totally get rid of leaks in a hydraulic system. If
hydraulic fluid leaks in hot areas, it may catch fire. If hydraulic lines burst, they
can cause serious injuries. Take care when handling hydraulic fluids, as too
much exposure can lead to health issues. Hydraulic fluids are also corrosive, but
some types are less so than others. For example, two main types of brake fluid
are available for hydraulic mountain bikes, DOT fluid and mineral oil. Due to its
non-corrosive properties, mineral oil is less likely to destroy a bike's paintwork.
To keep your hydraulic system in its prime, periodically check hydraulic systems
for leaks, lubricate when necessary, and change filters and seals as required.
Solution:
(a) Cylinders 1 and 2 are identical and are connected by identical lines. Therefore, they receive equal
flows and sustain equal loads (F1 = F2).

Velocity is calculated from discharge and area as

Q (m3 / s)
v=
A (m2)
Head loss in the systems is given by
13
F LP V2
H L=∑ ( +K )
1 DP g
Reynolds number is given by
VDρ VD VD
Re = = =
μ μ/ρ v
Flow through path 4 is given by
Q 0.00252
4= =0.0016m3 / s
2

Flow through path 6 is given by

Q 0.0016∗(0.203 2−0.1022 )
6= =0.000945 m3 /s
0.203

Similarly for paths 8 and 9 we can write

Q8=Q9= 2*0.000945 = 0.00189 m3 /s

Velocity calculation:

0.00252(m 3 /s )
v1 = 2
=1.24 m/s
π ( 0.0508 ) 2
(m )
4

0.00252(m3 /s)
v 2,3= 2
=3.19 m/s
π ( 0.0317 ) 2
(m )
4

0.00126(m3 /s )
v 4= 2
=2.49 m/s
π ( 0.0254 ) 2
(m )
4
 0.000945(m 3 /s)
v 6= 2
=1.86 m/s
π ( 0.0254 ) 2
(m )
4

0.00189(m 3 /s)
v 8,9= 2
=2.39 m/s
π ( 0.0317 ) 2
(m )
4
Reynolds number calculation:
1.24∗0.0508
ℜ(1)= =677
0.000093
3.19∗0.0317
ℜ(2,3) = =1087
0.000093
2.49∗0.0254
ℜ(4) = =680
0.000093
1.86∗0.0254
ℜ(6)= =508
0.000093
2.39∗0.0317
ℜ(8,9) = =815
0.000093
All flows are laminar; hence we can calculate the losses in each branch. The general formula is
13
F LP V2
H L=∑ ( +K )
1 DP g
where

64
f=
ℜ
Hence the losses are
Total force can now be calculated as

[ ( 6900000 ) ( 2560 85500120000 32500 ) ] ∗π ( 0.203 )2 ( 20900 100500 )∗π (0.2032 −0.1022)
F1 =F =
2 −[ ]
4 5
F 1=F2= [216000]-[2940] = 213000 N

(b)We have
Heat generation rate (power loss in W) = Pressure × Discharge
={(2560+ 85500 +120000)*(0.00252)+ (2*20900*0.000945)+
(2*32500*0.00126)+ (100500*0.00189)} = 524 + 39.5 + 81.9 + 190 = 835W =
0.835 kW

(c) Cylinder piston diameter = 0.203 m

π (0.203)2 2
Area of piston = A P= m
4
Cylinder rod diameter = 0.102 m

π (0.1 0 2)2 2
Area of rod = m
4

π (0 .203)2 π (0. 1 02)2

Annulus area = Aannulus = −
4 4
Now
 Q cyl(m / s)
3

v= 2
A (m )
where each cylinder receives one half of pump flow because of the configuration of cylinder. Extension
velocity is given by

Q blank end (m /s ) 0.00 126( m3 /s)

3

V ext = = =0.0389 m/s

A P (m 2) π ( 0.203 )2 2
(m )
4

Retracting velocity is given by

Q(m /s )
3
0.00253
V ret = 2
= =0.0521 m/ s
A P annulus (m ) π ( 0.203 )2 π ( 0.102 )2
−
4 4
Refrences
[1] fluid power with Application by anthoney eesposito