GV1244

Definitions of LLS
Put Your Thinking Cap

What are language learning

strategies?

Are learning strategies and

learning styles the same?
Rubin (1975)

LLS are the techniques or

devices that learners use to
acquire a second language
knowledge.
Stern (1975)

LLS are some general order

approaches to learning which
govern the choice of specific
techniques.
Bailystok (1978)

LLS are methods or conscious

enterprise for exploiting
available information to improve
competence in second
language.
Naiman (1978)

Language learning strategy is a

generally a more or less
deliberate approaches to
learning.
Cohen (1984)

LLS are mental operations that

learners used to accomplish
learning tasks.
Tarone (1983)

Language learning strategy is an

attempt to develop linguistic &
sociolinguistic competence in
the target language to
incorporate these into one’s
interlanguage competence.
Rubin (1987)

LLS are set of operations, steps,

plans & routines of what learners
do to facilitate the obtaining,
storage, retrieval & use of
information, and to regulate
learning.
Wenden (1987)

LLS refer to language learning

behaviours learners actually
engage in, strategic knowledge
about learning, to learn &
regulate a second language
learning.
Wenden & Rubin (1987)

LLS refer to what learners do to

learn & do to regulate their
learning.
Chamot (1987)

LLS are techniques,

approaches, or deliberate
actions that students take in
order to facilitate learning &
recall of both linguistic & content
area information.
Oxford (1989)

LLS are steps taken by the

learner to aid the acquisition,
storage & retrieval of
information.
Oxford (1990)

LLS are specific actions taken by

the learner to make learning
easier, faster, more enjoyable,
more self-directed, more
effective, & more transferable to
new situation.
Oxford (1993)

LLS are specific actions,

behaviours, steps or techniques
that students use to improve
their progress in developing
second language skills.
Mohamed Amin Embi (1996)

LLS are plans and/or actions that

learners take to enhance the
process of language learning.
Put Your Thinking Cap

What are the

differences between
language learning
strategies & language
use strategies?
LLS vs LUS

Second language learning & use

strategies are steps taken by the
learners either to improve the
learning of a second language or
the use of it.
LLS vs LUS

Language learning strategies are

used when learners do not have
the purpose of communication
but have the purpose of
learning.
LLS vs LUS

Strategies of language use are

used when learners do not have
the purpose of learning but have
the purpose of communicating.
Language Use Strategies

Language use strategies include

i) language performance
strategies & ii) communication
strategies.
Language Performance Strategies

Language performance
strategies include cognitive
processing strategies, strategies
for solidifying newly acquired
language & strategies for
determining the amount of
cognitive energy to expand.
Communication Strategies

Communication strategies focus

on getting a message across.
Put Your Thinking Cap

What are the main

features or characteristics
of language learning
strategies?