Annotated Bibliography

“What types of juvenile punishments have been developed to prevent future crimes?” Research Project

By: Mallory Collins

Date: Updated 02/18/20

Arnett, Chaz. "CRIMINAL LAW: VIRTUAL SHACKLES: ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE AND

THE ADULTIFICATION OF JUVENILE COURTS."​ Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology​,

vol. 108, no. 3, 2018, pp. 399-454​. ProQuest,​

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2124044714?ac

countid=10163​.

Arnett begins by discussing how the American Criminal Justice System needs some modernization, and
how the issues of using technology in this system affects the Juvenile Justice System. Arnett also
discusses how the juveniles are subjected to general punishments that are not meant to deter them from
participating in future criminal activity, it is only meant as a punishment for their wrongful actions. It is
also discussed that the Juvenile System has taken some of its practices from the Criminal System,
showing that the Criminal Justice System does in fact have an effect on the Juvenile Justice System and
how it implements programs into its systems. This article would support how developments in
punishments and technologies for the Criminal Justice System are also added to the Juvenile Justice
System.

Bauer, Craig A. "Juvenile Job Placements as Alternatives to Incarceration."​ Corrections Today​, vol. 57,

no. 2, 1995, pp. 162​. ProQuest​,

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/215712485?acc

ountid=10163​.

In Jefferson Parish, Louisiana in 1992 there was a new program implemented into the justice systems for
juveniles. Rather than juveniles being subjected to incarceration juveniles are put in the Juvenile
Employment Opportunities program that will provide the juvenile with a job. Bauer states that this
program provides its participants with feelings of achievement leading to a higher sense of self worth. The
outcome of this program has provided an effective alternative to juvenile incarceration, and has lowered
recidivism in juveniles. The findings in this article can be used to prove that alternatives to incarceration
exist and are effective in lowering recidivism. Although this article is older it does contain useful
information that can be used to provide evidence of programs that have previously existed.
Bouchard, Jessica, and Jennifer S. Wong. "A Jury of their Peers: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Teen

Court on Criminal Recidivism."​ Journal of Youth and Adolescence,​ vol. 46, no. 7, 2017, pp.

1472-1487​. ProQuest​,

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1907722287?ac

countid=10163, doi:​http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0667-7​.

Bouchard and Wong discuss the decline in juvenile criminal activity and if it is based off of the
developments in alternative punishments rather than juvenile incarceration. This article provides findings
from a study done on the effects that Teen court has on juvenile recidivism. The findings from this study
can be used to support claims made about alternative punishments and the future outcomes that come
from other types of punishments. The findings from the study state that alternative punishments reduce
the occurence of juveniles repeating criminal offenses. Also included in this article are suggestions from
the authors on how to alter policies and practices in response to the findings in the studies. The
information in this article is a very important resource to base research information on.

Carmichael, Jason T., and Giovani Burgos. "Sentencing Juvenile Offenders to Life in Prison: The

Political Sociology of Juvenile Punishment."​ American Journal of Criminal Justice : AJCJ,​ vol.

37, no. 4, 2012, pp. 602-629​. ProQuest​,

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1139413446?ac

countid=10163,

doi:​http://dx.dohttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12103-011-9135-1i.org/10.1007/s12103-011-9135-1​.

This article establishes the relationship of sentencing juveniles to life in prison and the political
affiliations that are mostly subjected to do this. Carmichael and Burgos discuss factors in the region
issuing the sentencing that can cause juveniles to be subjected to life in prison. This source would be
helpful as supporting evidence on how long term punishments effect future juvenile crime rates. A good
question to ask based off this information would be how biased are punishments given to juveniles in
certain states or political regions. The information provided in this article can support claims made about
harsh punishments made on juveniles in the justice system and how that effects the juvenile later in life.

"National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges Applauds Updated Law to Modernize and

Improve Federal Juvenile Justice System: The Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 Reauthorizes
 and Strengthens the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act."​ U.S.Newswire​, Dec 21,

2018​. ProQuest​,

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2159480776?ac

countid=10163​.

This article provides information on Updated laws on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act.
This information can be used to outline regulations that protect juveniles in the justice system. This
information can show advancements of Juvenile Justice Law. These Laws have just been updated since
the first time since 2002, and the article provides information from when the Law was first signed by
President Gerald Ford. This article shows legal progression of Juvenile Justice it is a separate standpoint
from just showing updated practices and programs.

Ritter, Michael J. "Just (Juvenile Justice) Jargon: An Argument for Terminological Uniformity between

the Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems."​ American Journal of Criminal Law​, vol. 37, no. 2,

2010, pp. 221-240​. ProQuest,​

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/835133174?acc

ountid=10163​.

The information provided in this article shows the differences in the Criminal Justice System and the
Juvenile Justice System. The Criminal Justice System is mostly subjected to try adults who have been
accused of committing a crime, although some children can be tried as adults. This systems main concern
is to punish rather than to rehabilitate those found guilty, however there are criminal rehabilitation
programs they are not extremely popular. The opposite is true about the Juvenile Justice System, this
justice system tries children who are found guilty of breaking the law. This justice system would rather
rehabilitate those incarcerated rather have them subjected to a life associated with crime. Ritter’s article
can support the negative effects of allowing children to be punished like adults, also showing the effect it
has on the criminal activity of juveniles.

Troutman, Brooke. "A MORE JUST SYSTEM OF JUVENILE JUSTICE: CREATING A NEW

STANDARD OF ACCOUNTABILITY FOR JUVENILES IN ILLINOIS."​ Journal of Criminal

Law & Criminology​, vol. 108, no. 1, 2018, pp. 197-221​. ProQuest​,
 https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2014525399?ac

countid=10163

This article begins with the discussion of Juvenile Courts and how they differ from Criminal Courts and
the establishment of Juvenile Courts. Troutman continues through the article explaining how juveniles are
protected by the Supreme Court against capital punishment, life in prison without parole, and improper
Miranda waivers. However, in Illinois there is an Accountability Theory which can convict a person of a
crime that they have not directly committed. This theory is also present in the Juvenile Justice System.
The information that can be obtained in this article can be used to show not only the advancements in the
Juvenile Courts, but also how these advancements have a loophole.

Tsui, Judy C. "BREAKING FREE OF THE PRISON PARADIGM: INTEGRATING RESTORATIVE

JUSTICE TECHNIQUES INTO CHICAGO'S JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM."​ Journal of

Criminal Law & Criminology,​ vol. 104, no. 3, 2014, pp. 635-666​. ProQuest,​

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1564021579?ac

countid=10163​.

Tsui starts her article with an anecdote that explains a victim’s parents and their forgiveness to their
daughters murders, and this anecdote leads into the theory of restorative justice. Restorative Justice are
programs and procedures implemented into the criminal justice system, and restorative justice is meant to
lower recidivism rates. This article contains history on Restorative Justice. Thus, the information in this
article can be used to backup the idea that Restorative Justice lowers recidivism. The information supplied
about programs and procedures will be useful as well, and can be used to explain specific details into
what Restorative Justice really is.