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Umts Radio Features Presentation: Praveen Gupta, Mobilestack
Umts Radio Features Presentation: Praveen Gupta, Mobilestack
UMTS Presentation - 1
Admission control overview
Guarantees the overall Quality of Service by controlling the
number of users
Interference
Coverage
Planned coverage
Admission New users blocked
threshold above this point
User added
Capacity / Load
Planned load
UMTS Presentation - 2
Admission control purpose & algorithm
description
Purpose:
– This algorithm selectively denies access requests in order to limit the
load.
Algorithm description:
– When new resources are required for a radio connection (Radio Link
set-up or modification), the Radio Connection Coordination algorithm
requests admission.
UMTS Presentation - 3
Characteristics of admission control
UMTS Presentation - 4
Congestion control overview
Bitrate
Delaying packets
Call removal
UMTS Presentation - 5
Congestion control purpose & algorithm
description
UMTS Presentation - 6
Example 1: Congestion control work flow
DL power or UL interference
exceeded
Restrict access
No At overload, alter
Yes Interactive users in connection with
system? highest DL power
Set timer
Message: over- Allow admission
Timer expired load resolved
Wait for command and access
UMTS Presentation - 7
Enhanced Capacity control
UMTS Presentation - 8
Power control overview
P(SIR-Target,UL)
Closed loop
SIR-Target,UL
P(SIR-Target, DL)
SIR-Error,UL
DL-Outer loop
SIR-Target,DL P(Startvalue)
BLER = Block Error Rate
SIR = Signal to Interference Ratio
TPC = Transmit Power Control
UMTS Presentation - 9
Power control purpose & reason
Purpose:
The purpose is to minimize the transmit power while
maintaining the quality of radio links. There are three
different types power control:
– Inner loop power control
– Outer loop power control
– Open loop power control.
Reason:
Power control
– Maintains the quality of the connections
– Reduces power consumption
– Minimizes interference
– Improves the coverage and capacity of the system
UMTS Presentation - 10
Power control over time
RBS Inner-loop power Control Inner-loop power Control
Receive Power (Initial Receive Power (Updated Receive Power Target
Target) by Outer-loop power Control)
time
Access Preambles RACH DPCH
1500 updates/sec
UMTS Presentation - 11
Channel type switching overview
User 1 User 2
Random-Access Random-Access
Request Request
Random-Access Channel
Switch to Switch to
dedicated TTime-out common
Packet Packet Packet
Dedicated Channel
Release dedicated
channel
UMTS Presentation - 12
Channel type switching purpose & reason
Purpose:
To optimize the channel usage for best effort packet switched
users (Interactive users). To determine if it is necessary to
switch UE connected substates e.g. from a common to a
dedicated channel.
Reason:
For best effort traffic for a particular user there is large
variations in time in the offered traffic (bursty nature of traffic).
It is not efficient for the air-interface to keep up resources for a
dedicated channel continuously. This function saves also
battery for connected UEs, which are not transferring data.
UMTS Presentation - 13
Channel rate switching
Change bit rate when moving away
from RBS:
- UL supported by UE
- DL supported in RNC
Bit rate
Advantage: Higher coverage and higher
capacity
UMTS Presentation - 14
Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) Rate Selection
UMTS Presentation - 15
Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) Rate Control
UMTS Presentation - 16
Transmit Diversity - Open loop
- Introduced to combat fading with up to 5dB gain in the downlink
On 10 dB
On
Off
15 dB
UMTS Presentation - 17
Open Loop Transmit Diversity
Coverage & capacity gain
– additional diversity effect -> less transmitted power -> less
interference in the system
UMTS Presentation - 18
Open Loop Transmit Diversity
- Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD)
A b0 b1 b 2 b3 Antenna A
B
b0 b1 b2 b3
The signals from the two antennas are spread and scrambled with the
same code and simultaneously transmitted
The two signals experience different fading patterns and the RAKE
receiver observes the sum of the two faded orthogonal signals
The resulting signal has a smoother fading pattern than the two original
signals
Used on all DL channels (except SCH and CPICH).
UMTS Presentation - 19
Open Loop Transmit Diversity
- Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD)
b0 b2 Antenna A
b0 b1 b2 b3
b1 b3 Antenna B
Channel bits
UMTS Presentation - 20
Transmit diversity - Closed-loop
Σ Antenna 2
DPCCH • S/P Demux
• Channelization
MUX • Scrambling
DPDCH
• I/Q Modulation
CPICH2
Calculate
Decode FBI
Gains, Phases
UMTS Presentation - 21
TX diversity modes mapped on physical channels
UMTS Presentation - 22
Blossoming and wilting
The purpose of the blossoming (at cell addition) and wilting (at cell removal) is
to allow cells to be added or removed from the radio network with minimum
disturbance to the network.
RBS1 RBS2
Wilting
Blossoming
Output power gradually decreased (wilting) Output power gradually increased (blossoming)
UMTS Presentation - 23
Micro cell support overview
UMTS Presentation - 24
Micro cell evolution scenario
UMTS Presentation - 25
Connection set-up/release description
UMTS Presentation - 26
Radio connection supervision
Benefit:
– Allows an efficient resource utilization
– Guarantees that users are not charged for time when they did not have network contact.
Description:
This feature continuously monitors the status of the radio connection for all connected UEs
and disconnects those for which a reasonable quality cannot be maintained and/or the contact
has been lost.
The meter for the "unacceptable quality" depends on measurements performed on up-link
physical channels as well as duration of disturbance or loss of contact. Typically the meters
are set such that the quality is considered unacceptable only when there has been no working
contact with the UE for a few seconds for DCH connected and several minutes for cell
connected.
If the quality is considered unacceptable or the UE is considered lost, the radio network will
request the deletion of all connections towards this UE. Thereby all Radio bearers and RAB's
allocated for this UE are disconnected. Logical, HW and SW resources related to these
channels/bearers are also released.
UMTS Presentation - 27
Soft/softer Handover overview
Algorithm
–Relative thresholds minimizes the
number of mobiles in soft handover
B A
C/I
Add
margin
Drop
margin
UMTS Presentation - 28
Soft Handover
Soft handover essential for power control
Soft handover reception
– combines signals from RBS in the RNC
RNC
RBS 1 RBS 2
UMTS Presentation - 29
Softer Handover
Softer handover reception
– combines signals from two or more sectors in one RBS
RBS
UMTS Presentation - 30
Characteristics of soft/softer handover
UMTS Presentation - 31
Paging
Purpose:
Paging enables the CN to page UEs for terminating service
request or for the UTRAN to reach the UE to trigger a UE
state transition. The function will also broadcast modified
system information to all UEs.
The following cases are handled by the paging function:
– CN originated when UE in idle mode
– CN originated when UE in connected mode.
– UTRAN originated to trigger a UE state transition.
– UTRAN originated to trigger a UE to read updated system in-
formation.
UMTS Presentation - 32
Cell Update
Purpose:
Using common or paging channels are important to allow an efficient
management of resources for always connected low intensity packet
traffic. The feature "Cell Update" is used to allow mobility, cell
reselection ("hard handover") and efficient paging of UE's in such
states.
Benefit:
– Support the mobility for UE's on common or paging channels.
– Provide a high success rate and efficient management of
resources for paging to CELL_PCH connected UE's (PCH is
Paging Channel).
UMTS Presentation - 33
URA_PCH State
UMTS Presentation - 34
Intersystem Handover GSM - WCDMA
WCDMA WCDMA
GSM
Dual mode
UMTS Presentation - 35
Why GSM Interoperability - why GSM Handover?
UMTS Presentation - 36
GSM Intersystem Handover
Compressed mode
Inter system
SF=SF0/2
SF=SF0 SF=SF0
WCDMA
GSM Tf = 10 ms time for measurements
UMTS Presentation - 37
Compressed Mode - 3 different types
Different alternatives with different impacts
Lower spreading factor
+ Same user data rate
- Power increase
- Need to allocate a code with half spreading factor
1) Allocate code in the same code tree - remain code orthogonality
2) Allocate code in another code tree - easy to get codes
Puncturing
+ Same user data rate can be used
+ Remain on the same spreading factor (code)
- Power increase
- Weakens Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding
Higher layer scheduling
+ Power increase can be avoided
- Lower user data rate
UMTS Presentation - 38
Control of Inter Radio Access Technology
Cell Reselection
UMTS to GSM :
Neighbour Cell List
Quality measure
• CPICH (RSCP or CPICH Eb/N0)
For each neighbour Cell Reseletion criteria
• Serving cell quality limit to start neighbor cell measurements
• Minimum required signal level to allow selection
• Minimum required quality of to allow selection
(For FDD cells)
• Offset between serving cell and neighbor cell
• Hysteresis of the serving cell for ranking of cells
• Time to trigger cell reselection
UMTS Presentation - 39
Intersystem Traffic Control
Always Best Connected
Functionality for: GE
RNC /ED
M
- Handover Control GS
- Admission Control
- Load Control Core Network
- Service Differentiation
BSC
Ensure full utilization of
spectrum and system at
maximum performance.
UMTS Presentation - 40
Load Balance GSM-UMTS
System Features for Traffic Control and Efficiency as
Function of Time
100%
Achieved Load-balancing Efficincy
• Self Configuring Radio Network with
Dynamic Cell Reselection Control
Time
UMTS Presentation - 41
Transparent message transfer
Description
In UMTS, the radio access network need to transfer signaling
messages (Non Access Stratum) transparently between the UE and
either of the core network domains for establishing and releasing
calls.
Such transparently transferred messages are also used for other
purposes, e.g. LA/RA updating and support SMS services.
UMTS Presentation - 42
System Information distribution
UMTS Presentation - 43
Node and network synchronization
Node synchronization:
The Node Synchronization function contains four sub-functions:
– Holding of and generation of node reference time in the RNC and the
RBSs,
– Measurement of phase difference between the frame reference time in
the RNC and the frame reference time in each RBS.
– A database of measured phase differences to each RBS is held, and an
estimate of the accuracy of each of the measurement.
– Supervision of drifting frame reference times in the nodes.
UMTS Presentation - 44
Node and network synchronization
Network synchronization:
The RBS and RNC internal clocks can be synchronized either to:
– the transport network or to
– an external high stability clock reference.
RBSs and RNCs both have stable clocks locked to the reference carried
over the transmission network. The clocks, besides synchronizing internal
functions in the node, also generate sync to the outgoing transmission links
and to the radio transmission.
It is possible to cascade up to 5 clocks (Nodes)
One primary and up to seven secondary synchronization reference links
can be configured for each node
The network synchronization (clock) function can be configured to be
redundant or non-redundant.
UMTS Presentation - 45
Integrity protection and ciphering mode control
UMTS Presentation - 46
IOT certification for Iu/Iur
UMTS Presentation - 47
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Requirements
– High peak data rates (8-10 Mbps)
– Higher throughput
– Lower delay
D PC H
HS-DS
C H
UMTS Presentation - 48
Mulitcode to allow bit rates >384 kbit/s
One user has more than one channelization code
One user can than have several data streams to achieve
bit rates above 384kbit/s
UMTS Presentation - 49
The use of codes in WCDMA
Single cell view:
– all mobiles need to share the same frequency carrier in WCDMA
– orthogonal codes separate between the users and between
different communication channels to one user (multi-code
operation)
ÖChannelization codes
Network view:
– nearly orthogonal codes to distinguish between the
communication channels from different RBS’s
– One scrambling code per sector and per carrier e.g a 3x2 RBS
has 6 scrambling codes
ÖScrambling codes
UMTS Presentation - 50
Multiple scrambling codes overview
Each sector/carrier (cell) broadcasts a unique cell
ID code -> downlink scrambling code
With multiple scrambling codes -> there is more
than one downlink scrambling code per
sector/carrier (cell)
Cell #1, ID code 1
Cell #1, ID code 2
UMTS Presentation - 51
Multiple scrambling code benefit
Multiple scrambling codes gives more than one channelization code
tree per sector/carrier
The problem with code shortage is removed.
1
1
11
11 10 10
1111
1111 1100
1100 1010
1010 1001
1001
UMTS Presentation - 52
Power Scheduling
load
max planned load
Extra capacity
can be given to
packet data users
time
UMTS Presentation - 53