Multi-User Communication: Objective

Multi-User Communication
Lecture 10 WCDMA Overview
Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 1
SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm
Objective
Introduce WCDMA
from a systems perspective, but with a focus on lower layers (FDD mode) WCDMA Release 99
giving you, hopefully

a technology context to which you can apply e.g. the theory on multi-user communication a system context from which you can explore recent advances on WCDMA (HSxPA) and its evolution (LTE)
Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 2 SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm
Outline
WCDMA introduction UMTS and 3GPP specifications UTRAN architecture Basic radio resource management Physical layer channels and procedures
Short on TDD mode
MUD in WCDMA uplink (gain potential) References Acronyms

WCDMA
UE
al c orthogon odes
s ode
Node B
Soft/Softer Handover
non
lc ona hog ort
(Code) Power
Bit rate DATA
Chip rate
Chip rate
Channelisation code
Scrampling code
UE 4 UE 3 UE 2 UE 1
Available resources: Spreading Codes (OVSF) and Transmission Power Time

WCDMA Coverage and Capacity

Dkning er begrnset af uplink
Cell range (km)
10 9 165
3 dB forbedring af dkningsomrde
Maximum path loss (dB)
8 7 6 5
160 Uplink (144 kbps / 125 mW terminal) 155
Typisk maks. tab
150 Downlink 10W
Downlink 20W Downlink 20W
3 145 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Kapacitet er begrnset af downlink Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006

slide 5
Cell load (kbps)
3GPP Specifications
UMTS releases
Standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), see http://www.3gpp.org [North America: 3GPP2]
Release 99 12/99 Release 4 03/01 Release 5 06/02 Release 6 06/05
v3.0.0
v3.1.0
v3.2.0
v3.3.0
v3.4.0
etc . etc .
v4.0.0
v4.1.0
v4.2.0
v5.0.0
v5.1.0
etc .
v6.0.0 Corrections New Functions
etc .
UMTS Long Term Evolution

UMTS used for designating 3rd generation systems (ITU: IMT-2000)
3GPP specs
Main rule for 3GPP specifications (http://www.3gpp.org):
XX.INN
XX: series specification I:
(0) applies to both 3G and GSM (GPRS/EDGE) (1,2) applies to 3G only
GSM means GERAN 3GPP RAN while 3G means a 3GPP UTRAN RAN
Examples
TS25.211 (v. 6.1.0), Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD), release 6, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, July 2004 TS25.213 (v. 6.0.0), Spreading and Modulation (FDD), Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, December 2003 TS25.104 (v. 6.8.0), Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD), Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, December 2004 TS25.212 (v. 6.3.0), Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD), Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, December 2004 TR25.887 (v. 6.0.0), Beamforming enhancements (release 6), Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, March 2004 TR25.876 (v. 1.7.0), Multiple input multiple output in UTRA, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, August 2004 TR25.869 (v. 1.2.1), Tx diversity solutions for multiple antennas, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, February 2004
3GPP Series
UTRAN Architecture
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
PLMN Architecture
Public Land Mobile Network Radio-specific part
Uu/Um Iu
UE/MS
UTRAN/GERAN
CN
From Release 5 GSM and UMTS have the same interface to the radio specific part of the network
PLMN Architecture
The geographical area covered by a PLMN is partitioned into MSC serving areas; a location area is a subset of a single MSC serving area. Typically, there is one (logically speaking) HLR in an operators PLMN.
Radio-specific part
Uu/Um Node B/ BTS USIM Node B/ BTS Iub/Abis RNC/ BSC
Iu CS MSC/ VLR GMSC PLMN, PSTN, ISDN, etc.
Iur ME Node B/ BTS Node B/ BTS RNC/ BSC UTRAN/ GERAN
HLR/AuC PS SGSN CN PLMN GGSN Internet, X25, etc. External Network
UE/MS
Public Land Mobile Network
CS MGW
B S S (R A N /G E R A N )
M S C -S e rv./V L R
Circuit-switched core network
G /E /N c Nb Mc Nc
MSC
A b is
B TS BSC
Um
CS MGW
M S C -S e rv ./V L R
G M S C -S e rv.
BTS
Gb S IM -M E Iu C s
D C Nb
Mc
CS MGW
S IM ME H S S /A u C
C S D o m a in
Cx
UTRAN
U S IM
Cu Iu b is Gs
IM S D o m a in (R e le a s e 5 )
Gc M b /G i
MS
Node B
Gr
RNC
Uu
N ode B
Iu r Iu P S
Gn
SGSN
GGSN
RNC
P S D o m a in
Packet-switched core network
SGSN
A c c e s s N e tw o rk D o m a in C o re N e tw o rk D o m a in
U s e r E q u ip m e n t D o m a in
In fra s tru c tu re D o m a in
NRT Packet Switched Data

Retransmission, sequence numbering, flow control, multiplexing, etc.
Protocol stack of a NRT packet switched session in UMTS Release 99

Basic RRM
Radio Resource Management
RRM Overview
PC PC LC
AC
I
PS RM PC
LC
u b
HC
UE
Uu
Node B
Iub
RNC
RRM in UMTS Release 99

AC Admission Control; PS Packet Scheduler; LC Load Control; RM Resource Manager; HC Handover control; PC Power Control
Power Control
Slow Outer Loop Power Control (OLPC) at rate 2-100 Hz Fast Closed Loop Power Control (CLPC) at rate 1500 Hz
Node B UE
Node B adjusts the power to keep the SIR at the SIR target
RNC
RNC adjusts the SIR target in the Node B for the fast CLPC in response to link quality
In uplink to keep the received ? signal level the same for all users (near-far effect)
In downlink to increase the reception quality of stationary users and users at the cell edge
To increase spectral efficiency

Uplink Fast PC
UE1 and UE2 are transmitting at the same frequency => equalizing received powers at Node B is critical to avoid near-far problems Closed loop power control: Node B commands UE to increase or to decrease its transmission power at a rate of 1.5 kHz (1 dB steps) Closed loop power control follows also the fast fading pattern at low and medium speeds (< 50 km/h) UE1
PC
L1
s nd ma com
L2
Node B UE2 Fast PC algorithm in Node B: If Eb/N0 < Eb/N0,target, send "power-up" command. Else If Eb/N0 > Eb/N0,target, send "power-down" command.
Outer Loop PC
General outer loop algorithm
Decrease Eb/N0 target
Yes
Estimated quality better than required?
No
Increase Eb/N0 target
Example adjustments of Eb/N0 target for AMR speech service, BLER target 1% If error in frame, increase Eb/N0 target by 0.5 dB If no errors, decrease Eb/N0 target with such a rate that BLER = 1% on average.
6.5
5.5
4.5
1 minute period
4 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Softer Handover
Softer handover
UE is connected to two sectors of one base station
Uplink combing from two sectors in Node B Rake receiver (maximal ratio combining)
Softer handover probability 5 - 15 % UL/DL

Basically same Rake combining as for multipath and antenna diversity (Node B and UE)
Sector 1
Sector 2
RNC
10
Soft Handover
Soft handover
UE is connected to two base stations
Soft handover probability is 20 50 % Required to avoid near-far effects Extra transmission over Iub More baseband processing needed (both base stations) DL
Maximal ratio combining in UE in the same way as with softer handover or multipath diversity
Uplink combing from two base stations in RNC (selection combining)
RNC
UL
Frame selection combining in RNC
Soft Handover Execution (1/2)

Active Set (AS) cells have the knowledge of service used by UE RNC informs the new cell (to be added to AS) about the needed connection, forwarding the following:
Coding schemes, number of parallel code channels, the different transport channel configuration parameters in use by UL and DL UE ID and uplink scrambling code The relative timing information of the new cell with respect to the existing connection (as measured by the UE at its location). Based on this, the new Node B can determine what should be the timing of the transmission initiated with respect to the timing of the common channels (CPICH) of the new cell
MS is informed about the channelisation codes to be used in transmission and relative timing information through existing connection
11
Soft Handover Execution (2/2)

BS A BS B
Handover command and Toffset
Toffset
BS B channel information
Measure Toffset Transmision channel and Toffset
PCCCH frame PDCH/PCCH frame
UTRAN Network
The relative timing information, which needs to be made available at the new cell is indicated in the above figure It makes transmissions capable to be combined in the Rake receiver from timing point of view
Fast Power Control in Soft Handover

BS 1 Power drifting
Reliability check Both Node Bs

Detect downlink PC command from mobile Adjust downlink transmission power
RNC:
Power drifting control
BS 2
UE:
Check reliability of uplink PC command Adjust uplink transmission power
Base stations detect independently the power control command from mobile to control downlink transmission power
Independent power control commands are sent from Node Bs to UE to control uplink transmission power
12
Resource Management
Bit rate DATA Chip rate Chip rate
Channelisation code
Scrampling code
Code Allocation and Code Tree Management
Spreading Scrambling
Uplink Separate bearer services Separate users
Downlink Separate users/ bearer services Separate cells
All physical channels are spread with individual spreading codes, Cm(n) and subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR Resource Manager generates DL spreading codes. The code layer, m and the code number, n designates each and every code in the layered orthogonal code sequences.
Code Types
Downlink
OVSF channelisation (or spreading) codes (SF 4 - 512) Scrambling codes
long scrambling code (Gold code with 18 degree polynomial), but using only one frame (38400 chips)
complex valued code is formed by time delayed version of the same code
limited to 512 possible codes divided into 64 code groups
Uplink
OVSF channelisation (or spreading) codes (VSF 4 256) Scrambling codes
short and long codes
long scrambling code (Gold code with 25 degree polynomial), but using only 38400 chips
complex valued code is formed by time delayed version of the same code
short 256 chips extended S(2) code family

complex valued code is formed by combining two codes
millions of scrambling codes
13
Resource Manager
Code Allocation
Code Allocation Algorithm chooses the proper spreading code depending on the transport format combination type.
C3(0)=() C2(0)=(1,1,1,1) C1(0)=(1,1) C3(2)=() C2(1)=(1,1,-1,-1) C3(3)=() C0(0)=(1) C3(4)=() C2(2)=(1,-1,1,-1) C1(1)=(1,-1) C3(6)=() C3(1)=()
Layer 0
C3(5)=()
Layer 1
C2(3)=(1,-1,-1,1) C3(7)=()
Layer 2
Layer 3
The codes are layered from 0 to 11 according to the code type (~SF) Only layers 2 to 8 are available for DL and 2 to 7 for UL
RM Examples
Examples:
Ordinary DL speech 30 kbps channel (AMR 12.2-4.75 kbps & control part with 1/3 channel coding - code type 7 (128 chips/symbol)
C2(1) code layer = 2; code number = 1 code = 11002
120 kbps channel - code type 5 (32 chips/symbol)

C4(5) code layer = 4; code number = 5 code = 11001100 001100112
The Resource Manager maintains code tree orthogonality

If a code Cm(n) is in use, all the codes that are below it in the same branch and the codes that are above it in the same branch to the root are made unavailable
14
Physical Layer
Channels and Procedures
Channel Types
MAC selects appropriate bit rate according to the instantaneous source bit rate.
Medium Access Control (MAC), Layer 2
Logical channels
Transport channels
Physical Layer, Layer 1
Physical channels
Physical layer supports variable bit rates up to 2 Mbps

15
WCDMA Channels
BCH
Broadcast
PCH
Paging
DCH
Dedicated
how and with what characteristics FACH

Forward Access
DSCH Transport Channels CPCH RACH

Random Access Common Packet Downlink Shared
PCCPCH
Primary Common Control
SCCPCH
Secondary Common Control
DPDCH PDSCH PRACH DPCCH PCPCH
Physical Channels SCH

Synchronisation
AICH CPICH
Common Pilot Acquisition Indication
PICH
Paging Indication
CSICH
CPCH Status Indication
CD/CA-ICH
Collision Detect/Avoidance SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm
Transport Channels (1/2)

Dedicated channel DCH: data + signaling to one user
Mobile
Broadcast channel BCH: Cell and system info Forward access channel FACH: Data + signaling for one or more users within one cell Paging channel PCH: For mobile terminated calls
Node B
Downlink shared channel DSCH: Packet data channel. Time multiplexed by several users. DSCH optional for network
Random access channel RACH: Data + signaling from one user Common packet channel CPCH: Extension of RACH for longer data packets
CPCH optional for network

16
Transport Channels (2/2)

Due to direct support of variable bit rate and service multiplexing in UTRA/FDD there is only one dedicated transport channel (DCH). DCH contains user data and control information from higher layers. There exist a total of six common transport channels in UTRA/FDD:
Broadcast channel (BCH): General information of UTRA network or the current cell (e.g. random access codes, access slots). BCH is sent at low data rate (single TF) and high power to reach all users in intended coverage area. Forward access channel (FACH): Downlink transmission of control information to UE's in current cell. Slow power control and low data rates. Paging channel (PCH): Downlink paging information (e.g. call initiation). Random access channel (RACH): Uplink control information (e.g. UE requests to set up connection/initiate call). Single frame only. Optional uplink common packet channel (CPCH): Extended RACH for sending data over multiple frames. Optional downlink shared channel (DSCH): Somewhat similar to RACH but can be shared by multiple users to increase data throughput.
RABs and TrChs

Services in UMTS are classified according to their QoS requirements into one of 4 service classes The service classes are characterised by certain bearer attributes provided by the UMTS Radio Access Bearer Each Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is transmitted on a specific Transport Channel (TrCh) In a multi-service environment (with different QoS requirements) transmission is done on a combination of TrChs which are transmitted on the same physical channel(s)
17
TrCh Details (1/2)

Transport Format (TF)
group of parameters describing the transmission "mode" on a specific TrCh during a TTI (TTI size is part of the TF)
TF Set (TFS)
corresponds to a group of TFs applying to one specific TrCh
TF Combination Set (TFCS)

the product of TF Sets of all the TrChs forming the combination
TF Indicator (TFCI)
Each TF Combination (TFC) of the TFCS is indexed with the TFC Index (TFCI) at the physical layer
TrCh Details (2/2)

384 320 256 128
TFI4
Example with radio bearer for user data and signalling

256
TrCh 1 TrCh 2
64 32 16 8 0
Example bit rates for NRT Peak bit rate in bearer parameters is requested from PS
64
64 TFI4 32 TFI3 16 TFI2 8 TFI1
64 TFI4 32 TFI3
TFI1
64 32
TFI3
TFCI 5 TFCI 2 TFCI 4 TFCI 1
16
TFI0
TFI0
0 TFI0
Scheduled bit rate TFS for NRT RB includes all intermediate rates
0 TFI0
TFS subset for TFCS construction
TFCI 3 TFCI 0
TFCS (SL & NRT RB)
TFCI 0 1 2 3 4
TFITrC
H1 0
TFITrC
H2 0
0 0 1 1 1
3 4 0 3 4
TFCS Construction by cartesian product

18
Dedicated Channel (DCH/DPCH)

Speech and data services
Characteristics for UL and DL

Dedicated channel (DPCH) consists of two physical channels: DPCCH keeps physical layer connection running reliably DPDCH carriers user bits with variable bit rate Possible to have a power offset between the two channels
Dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH) Target Keep physical layer connection running (1) Reference symbol: Channel and SIR estimation (2) Power control signaling (3) TFCI: bit rate information Constant bit rate for reliable detection Dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH) Carry user data and higher layer control data (1) User data (2) Higher layer signaling (RRC)
Content
Bit rate
Variable bit rate. Bit rate indicated with TFCI on DPCCH.
19
Multiplexing of DPCCH and DPDCH

Uplink Solution Target
I/Q code multiplexing Continuous transmission reduce audible interference
Downlink
Time multiplexing (1) Only one code needed saves orthogonal codes (2) Support for blind rate detection
The code consumption is not an issue in uplink since the number of codes is very large The discontinuous transmission is not an issue in downlink since common channels (10-20% of BTS max power) are transmitted all the time Blind rate detection (no TFCI bits) is easier for the mobile when the channel bit rate remains constant in time multiplexed solution Variable rate transmission for data can be implemented by discontinuous transmission (DTX) on a slot interval (DL) and frame (UL) basis, symbol repetition where frame is always full, or variable spreading factor (UL).
Variable Rate in Uplink

Continuous mobile transmission regardless of the bit rate (also during service DTX)
Reduced audible interference to other equipment (nothing to do with normal interference, does not affect the spectral efficiency) Services can still have DTX, like silence period in speech. During that time no DPDCH transmitted but still continuous DPCCH
Fast power control keeps received power of DPCCH constant

Higher bit rate Service in DTX (e.g. silence in speech) Low bit rate
DPDCH DPCCH
10 ms frame
10 ms frame
10 ms frame
20
Channel Structure (DPCH)

UL
SF = 4 - 256 10 ms
DPDCH DPDCH
Code (Power)
DPDCH DPDCH
) r w P ( e d o C
DPCCH DPCCH TTI Transmission Time Interval (TTI) TCFI, (DL) TPC, PILOT
SF = 256
TFCI (DL), TPC, PILOT
Paired with
h w d e i a P t r
DL
TFCI (UL), TPC, TCFI, (UL) TPC, (PILOT) (PILOT)

DPCH (DPCCH/DPDCH) DPCH (DPCCH/DPDCH)
Carries the Dedicated (DCH) transport channel
SF = (4 - 256)
DPDCH DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel Dedicated Physical Control Channel
TFCI TPC
Transport Format Combination Indicator Transmitter Power Control SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm
Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
DPDCH Data Ndata bits Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6) DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits TFCI NTFCI bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits FBI NFBI bits TPC NTPC bits
Fixed SF256
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Lets the receiver know what is coming which TrChs are active in frame! Slot #14
Variable SF from 4 to 256 on a frame-by-frame basis are supported in the uplink
21
Uplink Processing
Super frame 720 ms Frame 1 Frame Frame 1 Frame 22 10 ms Slot 1 Slot Slot 2 Slot
(2) Detect PC command and adjust DL tx power (1) Channel estimate + SIR estimate for PC for adjusting UL tx power
Frame 72 Frame 72
Slot 15
DPCCH
Pilot Data
(4) Interleaving (TTI) : Detect data
TFCI
TPC
DPDCH
Slot 0.667 ms = 2/3 ms
(3) Detect TFCI (10 ms frame)
Uplink TX (I)
CRC encoding: Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) attachment is done to enable error detection at the receiver. The CRC indicator length can be set to 0/8/12/16/24 bits depending on the desired error detection accuracy. Encoder block size adjustment: Transport block concatenation is used for smaller amounts of data in order to reduce the overhead of tail bits and to increase the block size to improve the channel encoding performance. On the other hand, code blocks segmentation is done to avoid excessively large block sizes.
Raw bits
CRC encoding
Encoder block size adjustment
22
Uplink TX (II)
Channel encoding is done in order to improve the bit or frame error rate (BER/FER) performance of the link. Variable coding is supported (from no coding to high coding). For the relatively low data rates (similar to second generation systems), convolutional encoding ( and 1/3 rate) is used for simplified detection and good performance. The highest data rates uses 1/3-rate Turbo encoding for best coding gain. Radio frame equalization is done by either concatenating transport blocks together or by segmenting blocks such that data is divided into equal-sized blocks when they do not fit a single 10 ms frame.
Channel encoding
Radio frame equalization
Uplink TX (III)
Inter-frame interleaving is done whenever the delay-budget (for the current QoS) allows for more than 10 ms (1 frame) of delay. The interleaving length may be 20/40/80 ms. Interleaving reduces correlation between adjacent chips and thus improves detection (basic assumption for efficient channel decoding). Radio frame segmentation is padding the input bit sequence in order to ensure that the output can be segmented in an integer number of data segments of same size (subclause 4.2.6 in TR25.212). The frame segmentation is only performed in the uplink since in the downlink, the rate matching output block length is always an integer multiple of the desired number of data segments.
Inter-frame interleaving
Radio frame segmentation
23
Uplink TX (IV)
Rate matching ensures that the frames are filled up with data. To do this, either by puncturing or by repetition. Repetition is usually preferred for the uplink. The rate matching is dynamically updated on a frame-to-frame basis. The rate matching algorithm is detailed in TR25.212. Multiplexing: Finally, all the active transport channels are multiplexed and a 10 ms intraframe interleaving is conducted. After the interleaving, the data is mapped onto the physical channels.
Rate matching
Transport channel multiplexing + intra-frame interleaving + physical layer mapping
DPCCH/DPDCH#
Uplink TX (V) block diagram

Depending on which data rate is desired, each user can simultaneously have 6 DPDCH channels (data) and one DPCCH channel (control information). Spreading Scaling Example 3 x DPDCH configuration
DPDCH1
d
Spreading Scaling DPDCH3

d
Complex Scrambling
Re{} RRC cos(t) S(t)
Spreading Scaling DPDCH2

d
sin(t)
Spreading Scaling DPCCH

c
Im{} Rotation RRC
Dual-channel QPSK modulation (BPSK modulation + I/Q code multiplexing)

24
Physical Layer Rates (Uplink)

Slot Format #i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Channel Bit Rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 Channel Symbol Rate (ksps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 SF 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 Bits/ Frame 150 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 Bits/ Slot 10 20 40 80 160 320 640 Ndata 10 20 40 80 160 320 640
A single code at SF 4 allows 960 kbps which turns into a user data rate of 480 kbps with rate coding; 6 parallel DPDCHs at rate coding leads to a maximum user data rate in excess of 2 Mbps. Beneficial to stick to a single DPDCH for as long as possible to reduce Peak to Average Ratio (PAR).
Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Lets the receiver know what is coming which TrChs are active Slot #14 in frame!
Constant SFs from 4 to 512 are supported in the downlink (some restrictions for SF 512). The SF for the highest transmission data rate determines the channelisation code reserved from the code tree.
25
Downlink Processing
Super frame 720 ms Frame 1 Frame Frame 1 Frame 22 10 ms Slot 1 Slot Slot 2 Slot
(2) Detect PC command and adjust UL tx power (1) Channel estimate + SIR estimate for PC for adjusting DL tx power Can use CPICH
Frame 72 Frame 72
Slot 15 Slot 16
Data DPDCH
TPC
TFCI
Data
Pilot DPCCH
(4) Interleaving (TTI) : Detect data
DPCCH
DPDCH Slot 0.667 ms = 2/3 ms

(3) Detect TFCI (10 ms frame
Downlink transmitter
The downlink uses time multiplexing between data and control information. This is possible since there are multiple users and there are always general control channels being transmitted from the BS (e.g. SCH). On the uplink, multiplexing like this would cause audible interference during discontinuous transmission.
Spreading
.........
Other channels (users) Even bit All channels Odd (except SCH) bit Spreading Rotation j
Re{}
SCH
Im{}
RRC cos(t) S(t)
Complex Scrambling
sin(t)
RRC
26
Physical Layer Rates (Downlink)

Symbol_rate =Chip_rate/SF Bit_rate =Symbol_rate*2 DPCCH overhead User_bit_rate =Channel_bit_rate/2
Spreading factor
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes
Channel symbol rate (kbps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880
Channel bit rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760
DPDCH channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616
Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps 612 kbps 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 215 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.8 Mbps
Half rate speech Full rate speech
144 kbps 384 kbps
2 Mbps
Example
Downlink Speech + Signalling
40 ms Signaling 3.4 kbps with 40 ms interleaving Speech 12.2 kbps Speech 12.2 kbps
Radio frame 10 ms
Radio frame
Radio frame
Radio frame
AMR 12.2 kbps DPCH 3.4 kbps
81 class A bits
12 CRC 8 tail
103 class B bits
8 tail
60 class C bits
8 tail
136 data bits
RLC+ MAC 12 bits
24 CRC
27
Example
Channel coding AMR Class A 1/3 rate conv AMR Class B 1/3 rate conv AMR Class C 1/2 rate conv DPCH 1/3 rate conv Transport channel multiplexing Downlink L1 bit rates Spreading factor Bits per frame Bits per 40 ms SF=256 SF=128 240 bits 510 bits 960 bits 2040 bits Rate matching AMR 12.2 AMR12.2+DPCH 1544 bits 2060 bits Channel coding AMR 12.2 kbps DPCH 3.4 kbps Bits per 20 ms Bits per 40 ms 772 bits 1544 bits 516 bits
Most suitable spreading factors and required rate matching

AMR 12.2 AMR12.2+DPCH
SF=128 SF=128
32% repetition 1% puncturing

Downlink Capacity
Speech, full rate (AMR 12.2 kbps and 10.2 kbps) Speech, half rate (AMR 7.95 kbps) Packet data 128 channels *(128 4)/128 /1.2 = 103 channels 2*103 channels = 206 channels 3.84e6 *(128 4)/128 /1.2 *2 *0.9 /3 /(1 0.3) = 2.65 Mbps Chip rate Common channel overhead Soft handover overhead QPSK modulation DPCCH overhead 1/3 rate channel coding 30% puncturing Spreading factor of 256 Number of codes with spreading factor of 128 Common channel overhead Soft handover overhead
4 channels with SF=128 for common channels assumed
20% soft handover overhead assumed
Result 103 speech channels or 2.65 Mbps data with one scrambling code
Note: usually interference limits the capacity before the number of orthogonal codes
28
Basic Procedures
Common channels and synchronisation
Additional Downlink Physical Channels

These channels do not carry transport channels but are needed for network operation
ICH H, P , AIC ICH , CP SCH
Synchronization channel SCH Common pilot channel CPICH Acquisition indicator channel AICH Paging indicator channel PICH
For the mobile to synchronize to the cell. For the mobile synchronization, channel estimation, and for the neighbor cell measurements Response to RACH preamble For indicating to the mobile that there is paging on PCH
29
Common channels (I)

Common pilot channel (CPICH):
Purpose of run-time synchronization between the BS and UE's located in the cell. CPICH unmodulated, scrambled by cellspecific primary scrambling code (SF=256). Used for initial synchronization, channel estimation and measurements for handover and cell selection. With multiple BS antennas (antenna diversity), CPICH's from each BS antenna are separated by simple modulation patterns.
CPICH
CPICH is unmodulated signal under the cell specific scrambling code
Other cell measurements
Channel estimation
CPICH is transmitted continuously and it takes typically 5-15% of the base station max power (IS-95 typically 20-25%, narrowband => relatively higher overhead) CPICH is used for downlink channel estimation in the mobile for coherent combining of multipath components
30
Common channels (II)

Synchronization channel (SCH):
Purpose of initial synchronization between the BS and UE's located in the cell. SCH is used for cell search. It consists of primary and secondary synchronization channels. The primary channel uses a 256-chip spreading sequence which is identical for every cell (global). Secondary channels use sequences individual to each group of cells and which identify one out of 64 possible scrambling code groups. Once the UE has found the secondary SCH it has obtained both frame and slot synchronization.
(determined by the sequence used on the secondary SCH channel)
SCH
256-chip sequence the same in every cell
Primary SCH
...
14
256-chip sequence modulated, identifies the code group of the cell
Secondary SCH
0 256 chips
...
14
2560-256=2304 chips
31
Cell Search
512 scrambling codes in downlink are divided into 64 groups to speed up the cell search, each group contains 8 codes (8 x 64 = 512)
Which channel is used Step 1 Primary SCH (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) Which part of synchronization is obtained Chip synchronization Symbol synchronization Slot synchronization Code group (which of 64) Frame synchronization
Step 2
Secondary SCH
Step 3
Pilot channel CPICH
Exact scrambling code (which of 8)
Note: SCH is not under the cell specific scrambling code because it must be received before knowing the scrambling code As a consequence, SCH is non-orthogonal to other channels All other downlink channels are under the scrambling code
Synchronization
ML approach: Correlate with the PN sequence at all delays within the uncertainty region, and then determine the delay . Thus, the mean synchronization time equals KLT, where T is the correlation time and K is the number of correlations per chip interval. Serial search: Correlate with the PN sequence at one delay and determine if the output is above the noise+MAI floor. If the output is below the the noise+MAI floor, then move the correlator to the next delay. Here the mean synchronization time is less than KLT.
32
Serial Acquisition Scheme
Probability of Detection and False Alarm
33
Dual-Dwell Serial Search
Tracking of PNSequences
After coarse synchronization is obtained within +/- one chip, a more accurate synchronization is initiated (tracking). Tracking of the received PN-sequence is performed separately for each RAKE finger. Tracking is performed continuously during the transmission since there is a time-varying drift between the received and locally generated PN-sequence. The time-drift is mainly caused by two factors:
Movement of mobile unit. At a speed of 100km/h, the time drift is on the order of 100nsec/sec. Oscillator drift between Tx and Rx.
34
Early-Late Gate Tracking

The early-late gate algorithm aims at maximising the autocorrelation between the received and the locally generated PNsequence. The tracking algorithm is a simple gradient search algorithm
The two power estimates can be obtained from the pilot signal/symbol.
Tracking Uncertainty
Deterministic uncertainty due to filtering
35
TDD Mode
In brief!
General Characteristics
Combined TDMA/CDMA (TDD) multiple access Allows operation in unpaired band Requires synchronization between base stations to avoid uplink/downlink interference Allows for assymmetric uplink/downlink capacity Discontinuous transmission leads to power disadvantage cell range reduction Has the advantage of a reciprocal channel
used for (open loop) uplink power control
36
WCDMA TDD
UE
Single-user detection
Node B
al c orthogon odes
Multi-user detection
non
(Code) Power
lc ona hog ort
s ode
UE 4 UE 3 UE 2 UE 1
frame n
UE 2 UE 1
frame n+1
Available resources: Spreading Codes (OVSF) and Slots Up to 16 users code multiplexed per slot Time
Generalized TDD Frame

Data symbols (976 chips) Data symbols (976 chips) Guard (96 chips)
Data symbols (976 chips)
Midamble (512 chips) 2560 chips
Data symbols (976 chips)
Guard (96 chips)
TS 0 10 ms Number of allocated time slots # allocated codes (SF=16) 1 8 16 1 12.2 kbps 97 kbps 195 kbps 4 48.8 kbps 390 kbps 781 kbps 13 158 kbps 1.26 Mbps 2.54 Mbps
TS 14
Midamble (training sequence) for joint channel estimation
Burst Type I
37
MultiUser Detection
Interference Cancellation
MUD analysis
If we define the Interference Cancellation receiver efficiency, , as the ratio between the equivalent intra-cell interference after and before interference cancellation [Hmlinen], then the required (matched filter) SINR (Eb/No) of user j (per antenna) can be expressed as
j = Pj W Rj ( Pown Pj )( 1 ) + Pother + Pnoise
where W is the chip rate, Rj the selected data rate for transmission, Pj the total receiver power (per antenna), Pown the total received own-cell power (per antenna), Pother the total received other-cell power (per antenna), and Pnoise is the background noise power (per antenna).
A practical IC implementation (with acceptable complexity) can achieve an efficiency of 30%, whereas about optimum for multi-stage IC achieves 70% efficiency
38
Cell throughput gain [%]
IC Gain
The gain from IC can be approximated as:
50 40 30 20 i = 0.0 i = 0.2 i = 0.4 i = 0.6 i = 0.8 i = 1.0
27%
1+ i 1 + i UL
18%
10
Cell throughput gain [%]
i is the other-to-own interference ratio is the efficiency of the IC receiver UL is the uplink fractional load
The cell throughput gain from IC decreases with i since IC is only effective towards intra-cell interference. Also, the impact of the IC efficiency on the cell throughput gain is scaled by the uplink fractional load UL.
0.3 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
UL
250 200 150 100 i = 0.0 i = 0.2 i = 0.4 i = 0.6 i = 0.8 i = 1.0
100%
50
54 %
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 from UL [ C. Rosa, Enhanced plink Packet Access in WCDMA, Ph.D. dissertation, AAU, December 2004] Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 slide 77 MultiUserComm 3 5
0.7
Noise Rise and fractional load

Wideband received power based RRM
UL = 1
PN Noise rise - 1 = I total Noise rise Measure total wideband received power Itotal
Throughput based RRM

UL = (1 + i )
j =1
L j = (1 + i )
j =1 1 +
( Eb / N 0 ) j R j j
1 W
Calculate sum of the bit rates in a cell

39
References and Acronyms
References
H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd edition, 2004 (HSDPA chapter!) T.E. Kolding et al.,High Speed Downlink Packet Access: WCDMA Evolution, IEEE Vehicular Technology Society (VTS) News, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 4-10, February 2003 S. Hmlinen, H. Holma, and A. Toskala, Capacity Evaluation of a Cellular CDMA Uplink with Multiuser Detection, International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, vol. 1, pp. 339-343, September 1996 C. Rosa, T.B. Srensen, J. Wigard, and P.E. Mogensen, Interference Cancellation and 4-Branch Antenna Diversity for WCDMA Uplink Packet Access, Proceedings of VTC Spring 2005, Stockholm, Sweden, May-June 2005 B. Vejlgaard, Data Receiver for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Ph.D dissertation, AAU, 2000
40
Acronyms
3GPP AC AuC BSS BTS CDMA CN CS DL EUTRA FDD FDMA GERAN GGSN GPRS GSM HC HLR HSS HSxPA IMS IMT ITU LTE LC ME MS 3rd Generation Partnership Project Admission Control Authentication Centre Base Station Subsystem Base Transceiver Station Code Division Multiple Access Core Network Circuit Switched Downlink (broadcast) Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Frequency Division Duplexing Frequency Division Multiple Access GSM Evolved Radio Access Network Gateway GPRS Support Node General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile communications Handover Control Home Location Register Home Subscriber Services High Speed Downlink/Uplink Packet Access Internet Multimedia Subsystem International Mobile Telephony (ITU-2000) International Telecommunications Union Long Term Evolution Load Control Mobile Equipment Mobile Station
Acronyms (cont.)
MSC PLMN PS QoS PC PS RM RNC RNS RRM RTT SF SGSN SHO SIP SS7 TDD TDMA TMSI UE UL UMTS USIM UTRAN VLR VSF WCDMA Mobile Switching Centre Public Land Mobile Network Packet Switched Quality of Service Power Control Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Radio Network Controller Radio Network Subsystem Radio Resource Management Round Trip Time Spreading Factor Serving GPRS Support Node Soft Handover Session Initiation Protocol Signalling System 7 Time Division Duplexing Time Division Multiple Access Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity User Equipment Uplink (multiple access) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UE Subscriber Identification Module UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Visitor Location Register Variable Spreading Factor Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
41

Multi-User Communication: Objective

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Multi-User Communication

Lecture 10 WCDMA Overview

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 1

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

giving you, hopefully

MUD in WCDMA uplink (gain potential) References Acronyms

lc ona hog ort

Bit rate DATA

Available resources: Spreading Codes (OVSF) and Transmission Power Time

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 4

WCDMA Coverage and Capacity

Maximum path loss (dB)

160 Uplink (144 kbps / 125 mW terminal) 155

Typisk maks. tab

150 Downlink 10W

Downlink 20W Downlink 20W

Kapacitet er begrnset af downlink Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006

Cell load (kbps)

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 6

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

Release 99 12/99 Release 4 03/01 Release 5 06/02 Release 6 06/05

v6.0.0 Corrections New Functions

UMTS Long Term Evolution

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 8

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 9

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 10

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

Uu/Um Node B/ BTS USIM Node B/ BTS Iub/Abis RNC/ BSC

Iu CS MSC/ VLR GMSC PLMN, PSTN, ISDN, etc.

Iur ME Node B/ BTS Node B/ BTS RNC/ BSC UTRAN/ GERAN

HLR/AuC PS SGSN CN PLMN GGSN Internet, X25, etc. External Network

Public Land Mobile Network

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 12

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

Circuit-switched core network

Packet-switched core network

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 13

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

NRT Packet Switched Data

Protocol stack of a NRT packet switched session in UMTS Release 99

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 15

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

RRM in UMTS Release 99

To increase spectral efficiency

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 18

Decrease Eb/N0 target

Estimated quality better than required?

Increase Eb/N0 target

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

Softer handover probability 5 - 15 % UL/DL

Uplink combing from two base stations in RNC (selection combining)

Aalborg University, RATE/TBS, 2006 slide 21

SIPCOM9-2, lecture 10 MultiUserComm

Soft Handover Execution (1/2)

Soft Handover Execution (2/2)

Handover command and Toffset

Measure Toffset Transmision channel and Toffset

PCCCH frame PDCH/PCCH frame

Fast Power Control in Soft Handover

Reliability check Both Node Bs