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ch11 PDF
ch11 PDF
11.1 a. The peroxide mass fraction in the effluent liquid equals that in the tank contents, which is:
Mp
xp =
M
Therefore, the leakage rate of hydrogen peroxide is m1 M p / M
b. Balance on mass: Accumulation = input – output
E
dM
= m0 − m1
dt
t = 0, M = M 0 (mass in tank when leakage begins)
E
dM p
= m0 x p 0 − m1
FG M IJ − kM
p
dt HMK p
t = 0, M p = M p 0
z z
np t
b. dn p = 0.3743 dt ⇒ n p = 7.5 + 0.3743t (kmol H 3PO 4 in tank )
7.5 0
np np 7.5 + 0.3743t kmol H 3PO 4
xp = = =
n n0 + n p − n p 0 150 + 0.3743t kmol
7.5 + 0.3743t
c. . =
015 ⇒ t = 471
. min
150 + 0.3743t
11-1
11.3 a. b g b g b
mw = a + bt t = 0, mw = 750 & t = 5, mw = 1000 ⇒ mw kg h = 750 + 50t hg bg
Balance on methanol: Accumulation = Input – Output
M = kg CH 3OH in tank
dM
dt
b
= m f − mw = 1200 kg h − 750 + 50t kg h g
E
dM
dt
= 450 − 50t kg hb g
t = 0, M = 750 kg
z zb
M t
b. dM = 450 − 50t dt g
750 0
E
M − 750 = 450t − 25t 2
E
M = 750 + 450t − 25t 2
dM
c. = 0 ⇒ t = 450 50 = 9 h ⇒ M = 750 + 450(9) − 25(9)2 = 2775 kg (maximum)
dt
t=
−450 ± b450g + 4b25gb750g ⇒ t = –1.54 h, 19.54 h
2
2b −25g
t=
−450 ± b450g + 4b25gb750 − 2693g ⇒ t = 719
2
2b −25g
. h,10.81 h
11-2
11.3 (cont’d)
3000
2500
2000
M(kg)
1500
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15 20
t(h)
Rate of addition: n =
b0.2013 − 0.0258g lb - mole air = 0.0117 lb - mole air s
15 s
dN
dt
b g
= 0.0117 lb - moles s ; t = 0, N = 0.0258 lb - mole
z z
N t
c. Integrate balance: dN = n dt ⇒ N = 0.0258 + 0.0117t lb - mole air b g
0.0258 0
d. b
t = 120 s ⇒ N = 0.0258 + 0.0117 120 = 143 gb g
. lb - moles air
11-3
11.5 a. Since the temperature and pressure of the gas are constant, a volume balance on the gas
is equivalent to a mole balance (conversion factors cancel).
Accumulation = Input – Output
dV 540 m 3
dt
=
h
1h
60 min
− ν w m 3 min e j
b
t = 0, V = 3.00 × 103 m 3 t = 0 corresponds to 8:00 AM g
z zb z
V t t
dV = g e j
9.00 − ν w dt ⇒ V m 3 = 3.00 × 103 + 9.00t − ν w dt t in minutes
3.00×103 0 0
LM OP
z
240
b g b g
24 24
10 10
ν w dt ≅ ν w1 + ν w 25 + 4 ∑ ν w i + 2 ∑ ν w i = . + 9.8 + 4 124.6 + 2 113.4
0
3 MN i = 2, 4, … i = 3, 5, … 3 PQ
114
= 2488 m 3
b g
V = 3.00 × 103 + 9.00 240 − 2488 = 2672 m 3
Results:
TIME (MIN) VOLUME (CUBIC METERS)
0.00 3000.
10.00 2974.
20.00 2944.
230.00 2683.
240.00 2674.
2674 − 2672
Vtrapezoid = 2674 m3 ; VSimpson = 2672 m 3 ; × 100% = 0.07%
2672
Simpson’s rule is more accurate.
11-4
11.6 a. b g
ν out L min = kV L bg ⇒ ν out = 0.200V ν out = 20.0 L min ⇒ Vs = 100 L
V = 300
ν out = 60
dV
c. = 0 = 200 − 0.200Vs ⇒ Vs = 100 L
dt
The plot of V vs. t begins at (t=0, V=300). When t=0, the slope (dV/dt) is
20.0 − 0.200(300) = −40.0. As t increases, V decreases. ⇒ dV / dt = 20.0 − 0.200V
becomes less negative, approaches zero as t → ∞ . The curve is therefore concave up.
V
z z
V t
dV
d. = dt
300
20.0 − 0.200V 0
⇒−
1 FG
20.0 − 0.200V
=t
IJ
0.200
ln
H −40.0 K
b g
⇒ −0.5 + 0.005V = exp −0.200t ⇒ V = 100.0 + 200.0 exp −0.200t b g
V = 101 b g b
. 100 = 101 L 1% from steady state ⇒ g
b
101 = 100 + 200 exp −0.200t ⇒ t = g b
ln 1 200 g = 26.5 min
−0.200
11-5
11.7 a. A plot of D (log scale) vs. t (rectangular scale) yields a straight line through the points ( t = 1 week,
D = 2385 kg week ) and ( t = 6 weeks, D = 755 kg week ).
ln D = bt + ln a ⇔ D = ae bt
b= =
b
ln D2 D1 ln 755 2385
= −0.230
g
t 2 − t1 6−1
b g b gb g
ln a = ln D1 − bt1 = ln 2385 + 0.230 1 = 8.007 ⇒ a = e 8.007 = 3000
E
D = 3000e −0.230t
z z
I t
3000 −0.230t t
dI = −3000e −0.230t dt ⇒ I − 18,000 = e ⇒ I = 4957 + 13,043e −0.230t
18,000 0
0.230 0
c. t = ∞ ⇒ I = 4957 kg
b gb g
N mol x mol SO 2 mol = mol SO 2 in room
Accumulation = –output.
d
dt
b g
Nx = − nx ⇒
dx
N = 45, 440 dt
= −0.6364 x
n = 28,920
15
. mol SO 2
t = 0, x = . × 10 −5 mol SO 2 mol
= 330
45,440 mol
b. The plot of x vs. t begins at (t=0, x=3.30×10-5). When t=0, the slope (dx/dt) is
. × 10 −5 = −210
−0.6364 × 330 . × 10 −5 . As t increases, x decreases. ⇒
dx dt = −0.6364 x becomes less negative, approaches zero as t → ∞ . The curve
is therefore concave up.
11-6
11.8 (cont’d)
0
t
z z
x t
dx x
= −0.6364dt ⇒ ln . × 10 −5 e −0.6364t
= −0.6364t ⇒ x = 330
3.30×10 −5
x 0 . × 10 −5
330
ii) x = 10 −6 ⇒ t =
e
ln 10 −6 3.30 × 10 −5 j = 55. min
−0.6364
e. The room air composition may not be uniform, so the actual concentration of the SO2
in parts of the room may still be higher than the safe level. Also, “safe” is on the average;
someone would be particularly sensitive to SO2.
11-7
11.9 a. Balance on CO: Accumulation=-output
z νp r
z
x t
b.
dx
x
=−
V 0
dt ⇒ tr = −
V
νp
ln 100 xb g
0.01
c. V = 350 m 3
tr = −
350
700
e j
ln 100 × 35 × 10 −6 = 2.83 hrs
d. The room air composition may not be uniform, so the actual concentration of CO
in parts of the room may still be higher than the safe level. Also, “safe” is on the
average; someone could be particularly sensitive to CO.
Precautionary steps:
Purge the laboratory longer than the calculated purge time. Use a CO detector
to measure the real concentration of CO in the laboratory and make sure it is
lower than the safe level everywhere in the laboratory.
b g
d xM
= − xm kg minb g
dt
E
dx m m
=− x=− x
dt M 200
t = 0, x = 90 200 = 0.45
11-8
11.10 (cont’d)
c. 0.45
m = 50 kg / min
m = 100 kg / min
m = 200 kg / min
x
0
t(min)
dx m
=− x < 0 , x decreases when t increases
dt 200
dx
becomes less negative until x reaches 0;
dt
Each curve is concave up and approaches x = 0 as t → ∞;
dx
m increases ⇒ becomes more negative ⇒ x decreases faster.
dt
z z FG IJ
x t
dx m x m mt
=− dt ⇒ ln =− t ⇒ x = 0.45 exp −
d.
0.45
x 0
M 0.45 200 200 H K
Check the solution:
(1) t = 0, x = 0.45 ⇒ satisfies the initial condition;
dx m mt m
(2) = −0.45 × exp( − )=− x ⇒ satisfies the mass balance.
dt 200 200 200
0.45
0.4
0.35 m = 50 kg / m in
0.3 m = 100 kg / m in
0.25 m = 200 kg / m in
x
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
t(m in)
11-9
11.11 a. Mass of tracer in tank: V m 3 C kg m 3e je j
Tracer balance: Accumulation = –output. If perfectly mixed, Cout = C tank = C
dC ν
d VCb g = −ν C bkg ming V is constant
dt
=− C
V
dt m
t = 0, C = 0
V
b. z C
m0 V
dC
C
=− z0
t ν
V
dt ⇒ ln
FG C IJ = − νt ⇒ C = m
Hm VK V
0 V
0 FG νt IJ
exp −
H VK
c. Plot C (log scale) vs t (rect. scale) on semilog paper: Data lie on straight line (verifying assumption
e
of perfect mixing) through t = 1, C = 0.223 × 10 −3 & t = 2, C = 0.050 × 10 −3 . j e j
−
ν
=
b
ln 0.050 0.223 g = −1495
. min −1
V 2 −1
E
V = e30 m 3
min j e1495
. min j = 201
. m −1 3
c. z x dx
0.21 0.35 − x 0
t
= 163 z
. dt ⇒ − ln
0.35 − x
0.35 − 0.21
= 163
. t
b
b g
g
0.35 − x
⇒ = e −1.63t ⇒ x = 0.35 − 014
. e −1.63t
014
.
x = 0.27 ⇒ t =
1
− ln
LM FG
0.35 − 0.27 IJ OP
= 0.343 min (or 20.6 s)
163
. N H
0.35 − 0.21 KQ
11-10
11.13 a. b gb
Mass of isotope at any time = V liters C mg isotope liter g
Balance on isotope: Accumulation = –consumption
d
b g
VC = − kC
mg FG IJ b g Cancel V
dC
= − kC
dt L⋅s
V L
H K dt
t = 0, C = C0
z z
C
C0
dC
C
=
0
t
− kdt ⇒ ln
FG C IJ = − kt ⇒ t = − lnbC C g
HC K0 k
0
− lnb0.5g ln 2
C = 0.5C0 ⇒ t 1 2 = ⇒t = 12
k k
ln 2
b. t 1 2 = 2.6 hr ⇒ k = = 0.267 hr −1
2.6 hr
C = 0.01C0 t=
b g = 17.2 hr
− ln 0.01
t=-ln(C/C0)/k 0.267
11.14 A → products
⇒ zCA0
CA dC A
CA
= z0
t
− kdt ⇒ ln
FG C IJ = − kt ⇒ C
HC K
A
A0
A b g
= C A0 exp − kt
b. Plot C A (log scale) vs. t (rect. scale) on semilog paper. The data fall on a straight line (verifies
assumption of first-order) through t = 213 b
. , C A = 0.0262 & t = 120.0, C A = 0.0185 . g b g
ln C A = − kt + ln C A0
−k =
b
ln 0.0185 0.0262 g = −353
. × 10 −3
min −1 ⇒ k = 35
. × 10 −3 min −1
120.0 − 213
.
11.15 2 A → 2 B + C
z z LM OP −1
CA dC A t 1 1 1
⇒ = − kdt ⇒ − + = − kt ⇒ C A = + kt
CA0 C A2 0 C A C A0 C A0 N Q
11-11
11.15 (cont’d)
1 1 1 n P RT
b. C A = 0.5C A0 ⇒ − + = − kt 1 2 ⇒ t 1 2 = ; but C A0 = A0 = 0 ⇒ t 1 2 =
0.5C A0 C A0 kC A0 V RT kP0
n A = 0.5n A0
b gb
n B = 0.5n A0 mol A react. 2 mol B 2 mol A react. = 0.5n A0 g
nC = b0.5n A0 mol A react.gb1 mol C 2 mol A react.g = 0.25n A0
n A0 RT
total moles = 125
. n A0 ⇒ P1 2 = 125
. = 125
. P0
V
c. Plot t 1 2 vs. 1 P0 on rectangular paper. Data fall on straight line (verifying 2nd order
d
decomposition) through t 1 2 = 1060, 1 P0 = 1 0135
. & t 1 2 = 209, 1 P0 = 1 0.683 i d i
RT 1060 − 209
Slope: = = 143.2 s ⋅ atm
k 1 0135
. − 1 0.683
⇒k =
b1015 Kgb0.08206 L ⋅ atm mol ⋅ Kg = 0.582 L mol ⋅ s
143.2 s ⋅ atm
FG IJ
t 1 2 P0 F I
d. t1 2 =
RT
k 0 P0
exp
E
RT
⇒ ln
H K RT
= ln +GH
1 E 1
k0 R T JK
Plot t 1 2 P0 RT (log scale) vs. 1 T (rect. scale) on semilog paper.
bg
t 1 2 s , P0 = 1 atm, R = 0.08206 L ⋅ atm / (mol ⋅ K), T K bg
d
Data fall on straight line through t 1 2 P0 RT = 74.0, 1 T = 1 900 & i
dt 1 2 P0 RT = 0.6383, 1 T = 1 1050 i
=
b
E ln 0.6383 74.0
= 29,940 K
g R=8.314 J/ (mol ·K)
E = 2.49 × 10 5 J mol
R 1 1050 − 1 900
ln
1
k0
b
= ln 0.6383 −
1050
g
29,940
= −28.96 ⇒ k 0 = 3.79 × 1012 L (mol ⋅ s)
T = 980 K ⇒ k = k 0 exp −
FG E IJ
= 0.204 L (mol ⋅ s)
e.
H RT K
C A0 =
0.70 120b
. atm g = 1045 × 10 −2 mol L
b0.08206 L ⋅ atm mol ⋅ Kgb980 Kg .
90% conversion
C A = 010
. C A0 ⇒ t =
1 1 LM−
1
=
1 1 OP −
LM
1 OP
N
k C A C A0 0.204 1045
. × 10 −
Q
3
.
1045 N
× 10 −2 Q
= 4222 s = 70.4 min
11-12
11.16 A → B
z CA
C A0
1+ k2CA
k 1C A
dC A = z 0
t
− dt ⇒
1 C k k
b
ln A + 2 C A − C A0 = − t ⇒ t = 2 C A0 − C A −
k 1 C A0 k 1 k1
1 C
ln Ag
k 1 C A0
b g
b
b. Plot t C A − C A0 vs. ln C A / C A0 g b g bC A0 g
− C A on rectangular paper:
y
x
t
=−
1 ln C A C A0 k
+ 2
b g
b
C A0 − C A k 1 C A0 − C A g ;
k1 1
slope intercept
Data fall on straight line through 116.28, −0.2111 & 130.01, −0.2496
FG y1 x1 IJ FG y2 x2 IJ
H K H K
1 130.01 − 116.28
− = = −356.62 ⇒ k 1 = 2.80 × 10 −3 L (mol ⋅ s)
k 1 −0.2496 − −0.2111 b g
k2
k1
= 130.01 + 356.62 −0.2496 = 4100 b
. ⇒ k 2 = 0115
. L mol g
11.17 CO + Cl 2 ⇒ COCl 2
C bt g = 0.02407 − C bt g U
| Since 1 mol COCl formed requires 1 mol of each reactant
C bt g = 0.01605 − C bt g V|
CO p
2
Cl 2
W p
d i=
d VC p 8.75CCO CCl 2 V=3.00 L
dC p
=
d id
2.92 0.02407 − C p 0.01605 − C p i
dt
d1 + 58.6C + 34.3C p i 2
dt
d1941
. − 24.3C i p
2
Cl 2
t = 0, C p = 0
11-13
11.17 (cont’d)
d. REAL F(51), SUM1, SUM2, SIMP
INTEGER I, J, NPD(3), N, NM1, NM2
DATA NPD/5, 21, 51/
FN(C) = (1.441 – 24.3 * C) ** 2/(0.02407 – C)/(0.01605 – C)
DO 10 I = 1, 3
N = NPD(I)
NM1 = N – 1
NM2 = N – 2
DO 20 J = 1, N
C = 0.01204 * FLOAT(J – 1)/FLOAT(NM1)
F(J) = FN(C)
20 CONTINUE
SUM1 = 0.
DO 30 J = 2, NM1, 2
SUM = SUM1 + F(S)
30 CONTINUE
SUM2 = 0.
DO 40 J = 3, NM2, 2
SUM2 = SUM2 + F(J)
40 CONTINUE
SIMP = 0.01204/FLOAT(NM1)/3.0 * (F(1) + F(N) + 4.0 * SUM1 + 2.0 * SUM2)
T = SIMP/2.92
WRITE (6, 1) N, T
10 CONTINUE
1 FORMAT (I4, 'POINTS —', 2X, F7.1, 'MINUTES')
END
RESULTS
5 POINTS — 91.0 MINUTES
21 POINTS — 90.4 MINUTES
51 POINTS — 90.4 MINUTES
t = 90.4 minutes
d
b g
VC A = kS C *A − C A e FjG molsIJ ⇒ dCdt = kSV eC
A *
− CA j
H s K t = 0, C = 0
A
dt ÷V
A
z0
CA dC A
C *A − CA
= z
0
t kS
V
e
dt ⇒ − ln C *A − C A j
CA
CA =0
=
kS
V
t
C *A − C A kS expb g
⇒ ln
C *A
=−
V
C
t ⇒ 1 − *A = e − kSt V ⇒ C A = C *A 1 − e − kSt V
CA
e j
1− C A C *A
11-14
11.18 (cont’d)
b. t=−
V LM
C
ln 1 − *A
OP
kS MN
CA PQ
−3
V = 5 L = 5000 cm , k = 0.020 cm s , S = 78.5 cm , C A = 0.62 × 10
3 2 3
mol / cm
(We assume, in the absence of more information, that the gas-liquid interfacial surface area equals
the cross sectional area of the tank. If the liquid is well agitated, S may in fact be much greater than
this value, leading to a significantly lower t than that to be calculated)
11.19 A → B
dN A C v
b. Steady State: = 0 ⇒ N A = A0
dt k
c. z z
V
0
dV =
t
0
⇒ V = vt
vdt
z0
NA dN A
C A0 v − kN A
= z
0
t
dt
⇒−
1 FG
C v − kN A
ln A0
IJ C v − kN A
= t ⇒ A0 = e − kt
k HC A0 v K C A0 v
C v C A0 v
⇒ NA = 1 − expb− kt g
A0
t →∞⇒ NA =
k k
N A C A0 [1 − exp( − kt )]
CA = =
V kt
11-15
11.19 (cont’d)
When the feed rate of A equals the rate at which A reacts, NA reaches a steady value.
NA would never reach the steady value in a real reactor. The reasons are:
(1) In our calculation, V = vt ⇒ t → ∞, V → ∞.
But in a real reactor, the volume is limited by the reactor volume;
(2) The steady value can only be reached at t → ∞. In a real reactor, the reaction time is finite.
C A0 [1 − exp( − kt )] C
d. lim C A = lim = lim A0 = 0
t →∞ t →∞ kt t →∞ kt
NA
From part c, t → ∞, N A → a finite number, V → ∞ ⇒ C A = →0
V
dT
11.20 a. MCv = Q − W
dt
M = (3.00 L)(100
. kg / L) = 3.00 kg
Cv = C p = (0.0754 kJ / mol ⋅ o C)(1 mol / 0.018 kg) = 4.184 kJ / kg ⋅ o C
W = 0
dT
= 0.0797Q (kJ / s)
dt
t = 0, T = 18 o C
b. z z
100o C
dT
o
18 C
=
240 s
0
0.0797Q dt ⇒ Q =
100 − 18
240 × 0.0797
= 4.287
kJ
s
= 4.29 kW
dT
11.21 a. Energy balance: MCv = Q − W
dt
M = 20.0 kg
C v ≈ C p = ( 0.0754 kJ / mol ⋅ C)(1 mol / 0.0180 kg) = 4.184 kJ / (kg ⋅ C)
o o
a f
Q = 0.97 ( 2.50) = 2.425 kJ s
W = 0
dT
dt
b g
= 0.0290 ° C s , t = 0, T = 25° C
The other 3% of the energy is used to heat the vessel or is lost to the surroundings.
z z
T t
b. dT = 0.0290dt ⇒ T = 25° C + 0.0290t s bg
o 0
25 C
c. b g
T = 100° C ⇒ t = 100 − 25 0.0290 = 2585 s ⇒ 43.1 min
No, since the vessel is closed, the pressure will be greater than 1 atm (the pressure at the normal
boiling point).
11-16
11.22 a. Energy balance on the bar
MCv
dTb
dt
= Q − W = −UA Tb − Tw b g
B
Table B.1
e
M = 60 cm
3
je7.7 g cm j = 462 g 3
dTb
dt
b
= −0.02635 Tb − 25 ° C min gb g
t = 0, Tb = 95° C
b.
dTb
dt
d
= 0 = −0.02635 Tbf − 25 ⇒ Tbf = 25° C i
95
85
75
65
Tb( oC)
55
45
35
25
15
5
0
t
z z
Tb t
dTb
c. = −0.02635dt
T − 25 0
95 b
FG T − 25 IJ = −0.02635t
⇒ ln
H 95 − 25K
b
⇒ T bt g = 25 + 70 expb−0.02635t g
b
11-17
11.23
12.0 kg/min 12.0 kg/min
25oC T (oC)
Q (kJ/min) = UA (Tsteam-T)
dT
b. Steady State: = 0 = 150
. − 0.0224Ts ⇒ Ts = 67° C
dt
67
T(oC)
25
0
t
z
Tf
dT
= dt ⇒ t = −
1
z
t
. − 0.0224T
150
⇒T =
150 FG
. − 0.94 exp( −0.0224t ) IJ
c.
25
. − 0.0224T 0
150 0.0224
ln
0.94 H
0.0224 K
t = 40 min. ⇒ T = 49.8° C
dT
= 0.3947 + 0.096 x − ( 0.01579 + 5.721x )T
dt
z z
55 40
dT
= dt
0.3947 + 0.096 x − (0.01579 + 5.721 × 10−4 x )T
25 0
L 0.3947 + 0.096x − e0.01579 + 5.721 × 10 xj × 55 OP
−4
ln M
1
x M 0.3947 + 0.096 x − e0.01579 + 5.721 × 10 x j × 25 P
⇒ − = 40
0.01579 + 5.721 × 10−4 −4
NM PQ
⇒ x = 14.27 kJ / (min⋅o C)
11-18
dT
11.24 a. Energy balance: MCv = Q − W
dt
W = 0, Cv = 177
. J g ⋅° C
M = 350 g, Q = 40.2W = 40.2 J s
dT
= 0.0649 ° C s b gU|V ⇒ T = 20 + 0.0649tbsg
dt
t = 0, T = 20° C |W T = 40° C ⇒ t = 308 s ⇒ 51. min
b. The benzene temperature will continue to rise until it reaches Tb = 801
. ° C ; thereafter the heat
input will serve to vaporize benzene isothermally.
. − 20
b
Time to reach Tb neglect evaporation : t =
801
g
0.0649
= 926 s
b
Time remaining: 40 minutes 60 s min − 926 s = 1474 s g
b gb
Evaporation: ΔH = 30.765 kJ mol 1 mol 78.11 g 1000 J kJ = 393 J g
v gb g
b gb g
Evaporation rate = 40.2 J s / 393 J g = 0102
. g s
Benzene remaining = 350 g − b0102
. g sgb1474 sg = 200 g
c. 1. Used a dirty flask. Chemicals remaining in the flask could react with benzene. Use a clean flask.
2. Put an open flask on the burner. Benzene vaporizes⇒ toxicity, fire hazard.
Use a covered container or work under a hood.
3. Left the burner unattended.
4. Looked down into the flask with the boiling chemicals. Damage eyes. Wear goggles.
5. Rubbed his eyes with his hand. Wash with water.
6. Picked up flask with bare hands. Use lab gloves.
7. Put hot flask on partner’s homework. Fire hazard.
60 m 3
273 K 1 kg - mole
Moles of air in room: n = = 2.58 kg - moles
11.25 a.
283 K 22.4 m 3 STP b g
dT
Energy balance on room air: nCv = Q − W
dt
b
Q = m ΔH H O, 3bars, sat' d − 30.0 T − T
s v 2 g b 0 g
W = 0
nCv
dT
dt
=m s ΔH v − 30.0 T − T0 b g
N = 2.58 kg - moles
Cv = 20.8 kJ (kg - mole⋅° C)
ΔH v = 2163 kJ kg from Table B.6 b g
T0 = 0° C
dT
dt
= 40.3m s − 0.559T ° C hr b g
t = 0, T = 10° C
(Note: a real process of this type would involve air escaping from the room and a constant pressure
being maintained. We simplify the analysis by assuming n is constant.)
11-19
11.25 (cont’d)
0.559T
b. At steady-state, dT dt = 0 ⇒ 40.3m s − 0.559T = 0 ⇒ m s =
40.3
T = 24° C ⇒ m s = 0.333 kg hr
z10
Tf dT
40.3m s − 0.559T
= z
0
t
dt
m s = 0.333
z 23 dT
10 13.4 − 0.559T
=t
T f = 23°C E
t=−
1 LM
13.4 − 0.559 23 b g OP = 4.8 hr
ln
MN
0.559 13.4 − 0.559 10 b g PQ
11.26 a. Integral energy balance t = 0 to t = 20 min b g
Q = ΔU = MCv ΔT =
250 kg 4.00 kJ b60 − 20g° C = 4.00 × 10 4
kJ
kg⋅° C
z z z
T t t
Integrate: dT = 0.001 Q dT ⇒ T = 20 o C + Qdt
20o C 0 0
z
600 s
b
= 30 33 + 4 33 + 35 + 39 + 44 + 50 + 58 + 66 + 75 + 85 + 95
Qdt
3
g
0
b
+2 34 + 37 + 41 + 47 + 54 + 62 + 70 + 80 + 90 + 100 = 34830 kJ g
b g e
⇒ T 600 s = 20o C + 0.001 oC / kJ 34830 kJ = 54.8° C jb g
11-20
11.27 a. Total Mass Balance:
Accumulation=Input– Output
E dV
dM tot d( ρV) ρ=constant = 4.00 L / s
=m
i − m
o ⇒ = 8.00ρ − 4.00ρ dt
dt dt t = 0, V0 = 400 L
KCl Balance:
dM KCl d( CV )
Accumulation=Input-Output ⇒ =m
i, KCl − m
o, KCl ⇒ = 100
. × 8.00 − 4.00C
dt dt
dC 8 − 8C
dC dV dV dt = 4 =
⇒V +C = 8 − 4C dt V
dt dt t = 0, C 0 = 0 g / L
b. (i)The plot of V vs. t begins at (t=0, V=400). The slope (=dV/dt) is 4 (a positive constant).
V increases linearly with increasing t until V reaches 2000. Then the tank begins to overflow
and V stays constant at 2000.
2000
V
400
0
t
(ii) The plot of C vs. t begins at (t=0, C=0). When t=0, the slope (=dC/dt) is (8-0)/400=0.02.
As t increases, C increases and V increases (or stays constant)⇒ dC/dt=(8-8C)/V becomes
less positive, approaches zero as t→ ∞. The curve is therefore concave down.
1
C
0
t
c.
dV
dt
=4⇒ z
400
V
z t
dV = 4 dt ⇒ V = 400 + 4t
0
11-21
11.27 (cont’d)
dC 8 − 8C dC 1− C
= =
dt V V = 400 + 4 t dt 50 + 0.5t
zC dC
0 1− C
=
t
z dt
0 50 + 0.5t
C t
⇒ − ln(1 − C ) 0 = 2 ln(50 + 0.5t ) 0
50 + 0.5t
⇒ ln(1- C)-1 = 2 ln = ln(1 + 0.01t )2
50
1 1
⇒ = (1 + 0.01t )2 ⇒ C = 1 −
1- C (1 + 0.01t )2
When the tank overflows, V = 400 + 4t = 2000 ⇒ t = 400 s
1
C = 1- = 0.96 g / L
1+ 0.01 × 400
2
b g
11.28 a. Salt Balance on the 1st tank:
Accumulation=-Output
E
d(CS1V1 ) dC v
= − CS1v ⇒ S1 = − CS1 = −0.08CS1
dt dt V1
CS1 ( 0) = 1500 500 = 3 g / L
b.
3
CS1, CS2, CS3
CS1
CS2
CS3
0
t
11-22
11.28 (cont’d)
The plot of CS1 vs. t begins at (t=0, CS1=3). When t=0, the slope (=dCS1/dt) is −0.08 × 3 = −0.24 .
As t increases, CS1 decreases ⇒ dCS1/dt=-0.08CS1 becomes less negative, approaches zero as
t→ ∞. The curve is therefore concave up.
The plot of CS2 vs. t begins at (t=0, CS2=0). When t=0, the slope (=dCS2/dt) is 0.08(3 − 0) = 0.24 .
As t increases, CS2 increases, CS1 decreases (CS2 < CS1)⇒ dCS2/dt =0.08(CS1-CS2) becomes less
positive until dCS2/dt changes to negative (CS2 > CS1). Then CS2 decreases with increasing t as well
as CS1. Finally dCS2/dt approaches zero as t→∞. Therefore, CS2 increases until it reaches a
maximum value, then it decreases.
The plot of CS3 vs. t begins at (t=0, CS3=0). When t=0, the slope (=dCS3/dt) is 0.04(0 − 0) = 0 .
As t increases, CS2 increases (CS3 < CS2)⇒ dCS3/dt =0.04(CS2-CS3) becomes positive ⇒ CS2
increases with increasing t until dCS3/dt changes to negative (CS3 > CS1). Finally dCS3/dt
approaches zero as t→∞. Therefore, CS3 increases until it reaches a maximum value then it
decreases.
c.
3
2.5
CS1, CS2, CS3 (g/L)
2
CS1
1.5
1 CS2
CS3
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
t (s)
11.29 a. (i) Rate of generation of B in the 1st reaction: rB1 = 2r1 = 0.2C A
b. Mole Balance on A:
Accumulation=-Consumption
E
d ( C AV ) dC A
= −01
. C AV ⇒ = −01. CA
dt dt
t = 0, C A0 = 100
. mol / L
Mole Balance on B:
Accumulation= Generation-Consumption
E
d ( CBV ) dCB
= 0.2C AV − 0.2CB2V ⇒ = 0.2C A − 0.2CB2
dt dt
t = 0, CB 0 = 0 mol / L
11-23
11.29 (cont’d)
c.
CC
CA, CB, CC
1
CB
CA
0
t
The plot of CA vs. t begins at (t=0, CA=1). When t=0, the slope (=dCA/dt) is −01
. × 1 = −01
. .
As t increases, CA decreases ⇒ dCA/dt=-0.1CA becomes less negative, approaches zero as
t→∞. CA→0 as t→∞. The curve is therefore concave up.
The plot of CB vs. t begins at (t=0, CB=0). When t=0, the slope (=dCB/dt) is 0.2(1 − 0) = 0.2 .
As t increases, CB increases, CA decreases ( C B2 < CA)⇒ dCB/dt =0.2(CA- C B2 ) becomes less positive
until dCB/dt changes to negative ( CB2 > CA). Then CB decreases with increasing t as well as CA.
Finally dCB/dt approaches zero as t→∞. Therefore, CB increases first until it reaches a maximum
value, then it decreases. CB→0 as t→∞.
The plot of CC vs. t begins at (t=0, CC=0). When t=0, the slope (=dCC/dt) is 0.2(0) = 0 . As t
increases, CB increases ⇒ dCc/dt =0.2 C B2 becomes positive also increases with increasing t
⇒ CC increases faster until CB decreases with increasing t ⇒ dCc/dt =0.2 CB2 becomes less positive,
approaches zero as t→∞ so CC increases more slowly. Finally CC→2 as t→∞. The curve is therefore
S-shaped.
d.
2.2
2
1.8
CC
CA, CB, CC (mol/L)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6 CB
0.4 CA
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
t (s)
11-24
11.30 a. When x = 1, y = 1 .
ax x =1, y =1 a
y= ⇒ 1= ⇒ a = 1+ b
x+b 1+ b
R| y = ax x=0.70, y=0.970
0.970 =
0.70a
""(1) |Ra = 1078
.
S| x + b 0.70 + b ⇒S
TFrom part (a), a = 1+ b"""""""""""(2) |Tb = 0.078
Balance on Pentane:
Accumulation=-Output
E
d(NLx) dN L dx ax
= − nV y ⇒ x + NL = − nV
dt dt dt x+b
E
dN L / dt = − nV
dx
=− V
n ax FG
−x
IJ
dt NL x + b H K
t = 0, x = 0.70
11-25
11.30 (cont’d)
dx
=− V
n FG
ax
−x =−
IJ
Q 27.0 ax
−x
FG IJ
dt H
NL x + b
100 -
K
Qt x+b H K
27.0
x(0) = 0.70
e.
1
0.9
0.8
y (Q=1.5 kJ/s)
0.7
0.6
x (Q=1.5 kJ/s)
x, y
0.5
0.4
x (Q=3 kJ/s)
0.3 y (Q=3 kJ/s)
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
t(s)
f. The mole fractions of pentane in the vapor product and residual liquid continuously decrease over a
run. The initial and final mole fraction of pentane in the vapor are 0.970 and 0, respectively. The
higher the heating rate, the faster x and y decrease.
11-26