Step 4 - to analyzethewavesbehavior in guidedmediums and

radiation

Individual work

Diego Fernando muñoz leal

C.C 1110500564

Group: 203058_40

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020
 Introduction

Thiscollaborativeworkseeks to understand and analyze the wavesbehavior in

guidedmediums and radiation

Thiscollaborativeworkalso has as itsmainobjective, the questioning and

solution of problemsregarding the subjectsstudied.

The collaborativeworkallows the integration and contributions of the

members of the group, whichis a fundamental part of the requirements of
the UNAD learning model
1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some
types.

 A transmission line is a material structure of conductors,

semiconductors, or the combination of both, used to direct the
transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves,
comprising all or part of the distance between two communicating
places.

 Transmission lines are generally classified as:

 Balanced or Differential signal:With balanced two-wire lines,
both conductors carry a current; one driver carries the signal and
the other is the return.
 Unbalanced signal or simple termination:The two
conductive lines are also used with the difference that one of them is
connected to the ground potential or reference level, while the other
is in the signal potential.
 Coaxial or concentric transmission line: widely used, for
high frequency applications, to reduce losses and to isolate
transmission paths.
Essentially, there are two types of coaxial cables:
- Rigid lines full of air.
- Flexible solid lines.
 Parallel driver transmission lines:
- Open Cable Transmission Lines:It is a parallel conductor
with two wires. It consists simply of two parallel cables, spaced very
close and only separated by air.
- Cable pair protected with armor:To reduce losses from
radiation and interference, the transmission lines of two parallel
cables are often enclosed in a conductive metal mesh. The mesh is
grounded and acts as a protection.
- Twisted pair cable: it is formed by bending (twisted) two
insulating conductors together. The pairs of braid frequently in units,
and the units, at the same time, are wired in the nucleus.
- Twin cables: they are essentially the same as an open cable
transmission line, except that the spacers between the two
conductors are replaced with a continuous solid dielectric.
2. What is a bounded transmission line?

 When the transmission lines are terminated in a load

impedance, as in the image, there are phenomena of reflection and
transmission, similar to how they occur in bounded open media

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

 It is understood as the relationship between total voltage and

total current:

In terms of the impedance of the line and the load, the equation of
the burial impedance is:
Since the relationship between the physical length of the line (x) and
the wavelength () is equivalent to the electrical length (𝓁). The
equation for the input impedance is:

In terms of the tangent function

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 .

 It is the relationship between the maximum voltage and the

minimum voltage within the line

When total reflection is represented, the relationship of the standing

wave becomes infinite

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

 Physical length L:the distance traveled by a periodic

disturbance that propagates through a medium in a cycle.

 Electrical length 𝓁:It is a unit of measurement that is used in

the study of transmission lines of electrical energy, which expresses
the distance to the load as a function of the wavelength.

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the

propagation of waves?
 The purpose of the smith letter is that laborious calculations
with complex numbers are avoided to know the input impedance to
the line or the reflection coefficient, so they are very useful in the
coupling of the transmission lines and in the Inverse calculation of a
complex number.
Since it can be said that Smith's letter is a graphic relationship
between the normalized input impedance and the reflection
coefficient of the voltage at the same point on the line.

It can also be used for a variety of purposes, including impedance

determination, impedance adaptation, noise optimization, stability
and others.
 Applicationexercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺

corresponds to the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the
identification number.

𝐺𝐺 = 40
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 111

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.2𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 20𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (40 +
10)𝜇𝑚 → 50𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥108 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−13 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 =
2.1 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 111 𝐾𝐻𝑧 → 111000𝐻𝑧 →
111𝑥103 𝐻𝑧.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

Solution:

Penetration depth of the wave in the conductor:

𝟏 𝟏
𝜹𝒑 = =
𝜶 √𝝅𝒇𝝈𝒄 𝝁𝟎
1
𝛿𝑝 =
2
√𝜋 ∗ 111𝑥103 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 4.3𝑥108 𝑆𝑚 ∗ 4𝜋𝑥10−7 𝑁
𝑚 𝐴
1
𝛿𝑝 =
13726.99

𝛿𝑝 = 7.285𝑥10−5 𝑚

Given the 𝑎 = 20𝜇𝑚 𝑡 = 50𝜇𝑚 → 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝜶 = √𝝅𝒇𝝈𝒄 𝝁𝟎 = 13726.99

𝑅𝐴𝐶 𝑎2
= 𝑎
𝑅𝐷𝐶 𝑎 −
2𝛿𝑝2 [ − 1 + 𝑒 𝛿𝑝 ]
𝛿𝑝
 𝑅𝐴𝐶 (0.2 𝑥 10−3 )2
= 0.2 𝑥 10 −3
𝑅𝐷𝐶 0.2 𝑥 10−3 −
2(7.285𝑥10−5 )2 [ − 1 + 𝑒 7.285𝑥10−5 ]
7.285𝑥10−5

𝑅𝐷𝐶
= 2,083
𝑅𝐴𝐶

Therefore:

𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝑨𝑪 𝟏
𝑹= ( 𝟐∗ + )
𝝅𝝈𝒄 𝒂 𝑹𝑫𝑪 𝟐𝒃𝒕

1 1 1
𝑅= 8
( −3 2
∗ 2,083 + )
𝜋 ∗ 4.3𝑥10 (0,2𝑥10 ) 2 ∗ 20𝑥10 ∗ 50𝑥10−6
3

𝑅 = 0,0388 Ω/m = 38,8 mΩ/m

𝟐𝝅𝝈𝒅
𝑮=
𝒃
𝑳𝒏 (𝒂)

2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1𝑥10−13 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
𝐺=
20 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑛 (0,2 𝑚𝑚)

𝐺 = 1,36𝑥10−13 𝑆𝑚/𝑚

𝝁𝟎 𝒃
𝑳= [𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝑳𝒏 ( )]
𝟒𝝅 𝒂

𝑁2
4𝜋𝑥10−7 𝐴 20 𝑚𝑚
𝐿= [1 + 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑛 ( )]
4𝜋 0,2 𝑚𝑚

−7
𝑁2 20 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 = 10 [1 + 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑛 ( )]
𝐴 0,2 𝑚𝑚

𝐿 = 1,02𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚

𝟐𝝅𝜺
𝑪=
𝒃
𝑳𝒏 (𝒂)
 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 8.8541878176𝑥10−12 𝐶2 / (𝑁 · 𝑚2)
𝐶=
20 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑛 (0,2 𝑚𝑚)

𝐶 = 2,53𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚 → 25,3 𝑝𝐹/𝑚

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation

parameters 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

𝑅 = 0,0388 Ω/m = 38,8 mΩ/m

𝐺 = 1,36𝑥10−13 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
𝐿 = 1,02𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚 → 10,2 𝑢𝐻/𝑚
𝐶 = 2,53𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚 → 25,3 𝑝𝐹/𝑚

Signal frequency:𝑓 = 111 𝐾𝐻𝑧 → 111000𝐻𝑧 → 111𝑥103 𝐻𝑧.

To calculate the propagation parameters, the model

isdefined:

𝜔𝐶 = 2𝜋 ∗ 111𝑥103 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 25,3𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚

𝜔𝐶 = 1,76𝑥10−4 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 ≫ 𝐺

He despises himself G:

𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋 ∗ 111𝑥103 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1,02𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚

𝜔𝐿 = 0,711 Ω = 711 mΩ/m

𝜔𝐿 = 711 mΩ/m ≅ 𝑅 = 38,8 mΩ/m

R It is not negligible, the refore model RLC

𝜸 = √𝒋𝝎𝑪(𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳)

𝛾 = √1,76𝑥10−4 𝑗(0,0388 + 0,711 𝑗)

𝛾 = 0,0001 + 0,00355 𝑗

𝜶 = 𝑹𝒆(𝜸)

𝛼 = 0,00009694 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
 𝜷 = 𝑰𝒎(𝜸)

𝛽 = 0,00355088 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳
𝒁𝟎 = √
𝒋𝝎𝑪

0,0388 + 0,711 𝑗
𝑍0 = √
1,76𝑥10−4 𝑗

𝑍0 = 200,69239 − 5,47898𝑖 Ω

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and

the attenuation𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
𝟏
𝒗𝒑 =
√𝑳𝑪

1
𝒗𝒑 =
−6 𝐻 2,53𝑥10−11 𝐹
√1,02𝑥10 ∗
𝑚 𝑚

𝑣𝑝 = 1,964 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣𝑝
𝜆=
𝑓

1,964 ∗ 108
𝜆=
111𝑥103 𝐻𝑧

𝜆 = 1769,472853 𝑚

𝑁𝑝⁄
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = −8,68𝛼 ( 𝑘𝑚)

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = −8,68 ∗ 0,00009694 𝑁𝑝/𝑚

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = −0,0008414 𝑑𝐵/𝑚

2. A 𝑍𝑜=75Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿=35−𝑗75Ω. If it is 𝐺𝐺
𝑚 long and the wavelength is 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphicrepresentation of the transmission line.

Long GG = 40m

Wavelength CCC=111 mm

𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗75Ω.

a. Input impedance𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝓁)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑜
𝑍𝑜 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝓁)

(35 − 𝑗75) + 𝑗(75) 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝑙)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 75Ω
75 + 𝑗(35 − 𝑗75)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝑙)

For the first case:

𝐿
𝓁=
𝝀
40𝑚
𝓁= = 360,36
0,111𝑚

Replace:

(35 − 𝑗75) + 𝑗(75) 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 360,36)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 75Ω
75 + 𝑗(35 − 𝑗75)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 360,36)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 238.09 + 150,17𝑖

|𝑍𝑖𝑛 | = 281,49(32,24°)
 b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜
𝜞=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜

35 − 𝑗75Ω − 75Ω
𝜞=
35 − 𝑗75Ω + 75Ω

−40 − 𝑗75Ω
𝜞=
110 − 𝑗75Ω

𝜞 = 0,0691 − 𝑗0,6347

|𝜞| = 0,6384(−83,78)°

c. VSWR.
1 + |0,6384|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |0,6384|
1 + 0,6384 1,6384
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = =
1 − 0,6384 0,3616

𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 4,5309

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter isused to determine

parameters of the transmissionlines, use the "Smith 4.1"
software found in the practicallearningenvironment to check the
resultsobtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

b. Reflection coefficient Γ.

c. VSWR.

d. Findanelectricallength𝓁where the input impedance𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.

 Conclusions

 Weinvestigate the electrical parameters in

transmissionlines.

 Weimplement Smith's letter and verify the answerswith

the procedureperformed.

 During the development of theseworksitispossible to

acquire, recognize the propagation in
delimitedtransmissionlines.
 Bibliography

 Chen, W. (2005). The ElectricalEngineeringHandbook. Boston:

AcademicPress. (pp. 525-537). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://searc
h.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lan
g=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525
 Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012).
MicrowaveTransmission Line Circuits. Boston: ArtechHouse, (pp. 23-
45). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=tru
e&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). The Smith Chart basics
[Video]. Recoveredfrom http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141