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SCIENCE Q2 REVIEWER WAVE EQUATION FORMULA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
-A wave is a temporary disturbance that transfer
energy from one place to another.

2 TYPES OF WAVES
MECHANICAL WAVES
- waves in water
-sound waves SPEED = frequency x wavelength
*Matter such as solid,liquid,gas, or plasma that FREQUENCY = speed / wavelength
mechanical waves are travelling through is called WAVELENGTH = speed / frequency
medium. VELOCITY = 3.0X10^8 ms

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

*They do not require medium to propagate.
*Can travel not only in air and solid materials but also
through vacuum space.

HOW ARE ELECTROMAGNETIC

FORMED?
-When an
electric field
comes into
*As you move from left to right, the wavelengths get
contact with a
smaller and the frequency gets higher.
magnetic field.
*The energy is directly proportional to the
frequency.
*The wavelength is inversely proportional to the
*Electricity & Magnetism can be static, but magnetic
frequency.
field will induce electric field: vise-versa. (these
changing fields form EM WAVES)
NON IONIZING AND IONIZING
*Electric field & Magnetic field of an em waves are
perpendicular to each other.

EM waves travel with a constant velocity of 3.00x10^8

ms in a vacuum.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVES

NON - IONIZING RADIATION - there is insufficient

Amplitude (A) - height of a wave, usually measured in
meters (m)
Wavelength - distance between 2 consecutive crests.
Frequency - the number of waves passing a point in a
certain time. Unit = Hertz (Hz)
energy to cause ionization (safer to humans) these
includes: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible
light, & ultraviolet.
IONIZING RADIATION - type of energy released by
atoms that travels in the form of EM waves. These
includes; x rays & gamma rays.
HEART NICOLE HINANIBAN

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Q2 M2 BRIEF HISTORY OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

A photon is the elementary particle, or quantum of

light. Photons can be absorbed or emitted by atoms
and molecules.
When a photon is absorbed, its energy is transferred to
that atom or molecule. When an atom or molecule
loses energy, it emits a photon that carries an energy
exactly equal to the loss in energy of the
atom/molecule.
This change in energy is directly proportional to the
frequency of photon emitted or absorbed. E=hv
(Planck’s Equation)
HEART NICOLE. HINANIBAN
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Q2 M3 USES & EFFECTS OF EM WAVES EXAMPLES:

RADIO WAVES *Remote controls *thermal imaging
* Longest Wavelengths - ranging from about 0.04 inches *Heat lamps *weather forecasters
(1 millimeter) to more than 62 miles (100 km)
*Lowest Frequency - from about 3000 cycles per VISIBLE LIGHT
second/3 kilohertz, up to about 300 billion hertz or 300 Our eyes can detect only a tiny part of the
gigahertz electromagnetic spectrum, called visible light.
Heinrich Hertz became the first person to transmit and
receive controlled radio waves. EXAMPLES:
The unit of frequency of an EM wave - one cycle per *compact disc & DVD
second - is called a hertz (Hz) players
*laser printers
Best-known for their use in communication technologies *weapon aiming
such as radios, televisions, and mobile phones. Systems

ULTRAVIOLET
Uses for UV light include getting a sun tan,
detecting forged bank notes in shops, and
hardening some types of dental filling.

EXAMPLE:
*UV lamps/ backlights
-Ultraviolet rays can be used
to kill microbes.
MICROWAVES -Food and drug companies
*Microwaves cause water and fat molecules to also use uv lamps to
vibrate, which makes the substance hot. sterilize their products.
*Mobile phones, wifi, speed cameras and radars are -Large doses of UV can damage the retina in your
examples of objects that have microwaves. eye. It can cause sunburn and skin cancer.

X-RAYS
X-rays are
used by
doctors to
see inside
people.
X-rays can
cause cell
damage
and
INFRARED cancers.
Infrared waves are just
below visible red light in the GAMMA RAYS
electromagnetic spectrum.
Given off by hot objects, -Gamma Rays are used to kill
and you can feel them as cancer cells without having to
warmth on your skin. Also resort to difficult surgery.
given off by stars, lamps, -Gamma Ray kills microbes,
flames and anything else and is used to sterilized food
that’s warm. so that it will keep fresh for
Longer.
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Q2 M4 LIGHT & MIRROS

*A mirror is an object that reflects an image. REMEMBER:
*A mirror is a wave reflector.
*Reflection is the bouncing of light rays when it hits
a surface like a mirror.

Light Ray is an idealized model of light, which is

drawn as a straight line.

REMEMBER:
*If the value of the magnification of an image is
less than 1, means the image is smaller than the
object or reduced in size/height.
*If the value is more than 1, means the image is
larger than the object or enlarged.
*If the value of an image is equal to 1, means the
size/height is the same as the object
.

REMEMBER
: A plane mirror always forms an upright image which
means it’s a virtual image (behind the mirror)
A plane mirror produces image that has an apparent
left-right reversal HEART NICOLE HINANIBAN
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Q2 M5 SPHERICAL MIRRORS

FOUR PRINCIPAL RAYS IN CURVED MIRROR

P-F ray WHERE:
F-P ray P - Parallel Ray
C-C ray F - Focal point/Focus
V ray V - Vertex
● At least two of these rays can be used to
describe the images formed by convex
mirrors or concave mirrors. RAY DIAGRAMMING is used in graphical method to
locate the image formed by curved mirrors.
FOUR PRINCIPAL RAYS ON CONCAVE AND Location of the image
Orientation of the image
CONVEX MIRROR
Size of the image
Type of the image

HEART NICOLE HINANIBAN

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Q2 M6 MIRROR EQUATION

IMAGES FORMED BY CURVED MIRRORS

Concave Mirrors - The type of image formed by
concave/converging mirrors depends on the distance of
the object from the mirror.
Concave Mirrors - The distance of the object from a
convex or diverging mirror does not affect the type of
image formed. The image is upright, reduced in size, and
virtual.

EXAMPLE:

SUMMARY:
-A spherical mirror is a mirror which has a shape of a
piece cut out of a spherical surface.
-There are 2 types of spherical mirrors: concave &
convex
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MAGNETISM

(notes)

ELECTRIC MOTORS &

GENERATORS
(notes)

EXAMPLE:

goodluckkkkk!!!!

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