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Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket): Biowaste Bin with Air and Tea
Monitoring and Extraction and Remote Notification

Engr. Mildred M. Martinez, Jan Karlo T. Borromeo, Carlo R. Noe, Nathaniel I. Parajas, Jonathan
C. Tolentino, Lemoree Anne F. Taclaoan, Angelica E. Tumulak, Rhodney T. Ungos and Rozel M.
Wage

Abstract

The current challenges in the biowaste disposal in the City of Baguio, and the benefits of
the Bokashi composting method as a convenient solution, although with its existing issues on
the Bokashi bucket, have led the researchers to propose this study. The aim of this study is to
come up with a simpler and yet efficient Bokashi bucket by automating it to aid in biowaste
management especially in places where controlled dumpsites and landfills are confronted with
tough challenges. The objective of the Bokashi method is to help households precompost their
biowaste to help enhance the growth of plants for sustainability. With the Bokashi method, a
bucket is an integral part of the procedure.

This project involves the Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket) which is a 19-liter bucket
that works much like a trashbin in the kitchen for biowaste. Almost all types of biowaste may
be dumped into the bin except for oil and liquid residues. The SmartBoket has two modes of
operation, namely manual and remote. The difference between these two modes of operations
lies on the display monitor used to show significant parameters such as the ability to daily
dispose of the bokashi tea, the ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the
biowaste, and the ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system. Manual mode of
operation displays these significant parameters on the 20x4 Liquid Crystal Display on the
bucket. Remote mode of operation uses a GSM module that is used to establish a
communication between the bucket and a mobile device.

The input for the project includes a selector switch for manual or remote operation. An
air extractor operates upon detection of air inside the bucket. The air extractor operates until
almost all air is out from the bucket. In case air is never depleted in the bucket after several
repetitions, the system stops extraction and instead generates an alarm to alert the owner.
After a successful air extraction, the system checks on the Bokashi tea or the liquid produced
during the fermentation process such that if its level reaches a set value, the system extracts
the tea. Air extraction is done every hour and tea extraction is done once a day. The air
extractor used is a Z512-604 3000N vacuum pump that operates at 9 to 12 volts DC. This
vacuum can extract 5 liters per minute, consuming 6 watts of power in an hour. An ACS712 ELC
30 bi-directional hall-effect current sensor chip that operates at 5V DC is used to detect if there
is air inside the bucket. The buzzer, used as an alarm, has a maximum sound pressure level of
85dB which is loud enough to be heard 15 meters away. A XKC-Y26-PNP level sensor is used for
tea level detection. This level sensor is a contactless type as it does not need to get in contact
with the liquid for detection, thus preventing corrosion on the metal parts. The tea extractor
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used is CWX – 25S brass motorized ball valve which operates from 3V up to 6V. The detection
of air extraction on an hourly and daily basis is done by a DS3231 RTC which operates at 2.3V
and has a backup battery of 500nA. The results were based on a similar study from the
University of Perpetual Help System in Laguna with a more elaborate automation on the
Bokashi bucket. The intention of this project, however, is to come up with a simpler bucket
design that can equally provide the same result as with the more elaborate ones.

Keywords: Bokashi, Bokashi bucket, biowaste, biowaste composting, automated Bokashi

bucket, urban waste management

Lead Researcher/Faculty Promoter: Engr. Mildred M. Martinez

Student Researchers: Jan Karlo T. Borromeo, Carlo R. Noe, Nathaniel I. Parajas, Lemoree Anne F.
Taclaoan, Jonathan C. Tolentino, Angelica E. Tumulak, Rhodney T. Ungos, and Rozel M. Wage

INTRODUCTION

. The Bokashi method is a fermentation known as anaerobic digestion. It is one of a range

of Effective Microorganisms (EM) products developed by Prof. Teruo Higa in 1982. Anaerobic
process involves the decomposition of organic material in an environment that is without air
and normally inside a sealed container. The Bokashi method is a fermentation process, not a
composting process, of food waste that can be fermented anaerobically and where unfavorable
by-products, such as the foul odor, can be avoided by using a specifically selected group of
micro- organisms that neutralize harmful bacteria and encourage the proliferation of beneficial
bacteria.

With the Bokashi method, food waste is placed in a sealed container that has a
perforated plate allowing excess liquid to drain away. As the food waste is placed in the
container, it is added with starter microorganisms that are inoculated onto wheat bran. The
container is then kept sealed to reduce the introduction of oxygen and it is also kept at room
temperature. As the fermentation proceeds, some components are broken down and are
leached out as fluid. This fluid has a high concentration of organic acids as well as nutrients.
After around 2 weeks the fermented food waste is mixed at about 50/50 into soil and the
degradation then proceeds faster, yielding a garden soil product. (Tambwe, n.d)

Bokashi’s method of fermenting organic matter anaerobically in a closed system has

numerous benefits: (1) it can compost all types of food waste except for oil; (2) it does not have
a specific ratio in mixing greens and browns; (3) no insect or rodent issues. (4) no putrid odors;
and (5) minimal greenhouse gasses are produced. (New Society Publishers, 2013)

The Bokashi method employs a tightly sealed bucket or bin where the biowaste are
deposited. The bucket must be tightly sealed so that air is prevented from getting in. However,
preventing air from entering the bucket is really impossible everytime a new batch of biowaste
is loaded in. Furthermore, fermentation of biowaste inside the Bokasi bin generates a leachate
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or tea which is liquid in form that is a mixture of everything that went into the bucket. The
Bokashi tea is acidic and contains organic acids, alcohols and other metabolites that accumulate
at the bottom of the bucket. This accumulated tea must be drained off daily to maintain
microbial activity and to prevent the formation of foul odor inside the bucket. The tea that is
drained is rich in nutrients and beneficial microbes which is highly nourishing for plants and can
even be used to combat limescale, sludge and odors.

On July 4, 2019, Karlston Lapniten from the Inquirer reported that about 30,000 metric
tons of biodegradable waste that had accumulated at the decommissioned Irisan dump would
be gone within three months after Mayor Benjamin Magalong ordered city officials to convert
the area into an ecological park. Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) stopped the operations of the machines in the dumpsite and suspended the
hauling of biodegradable waste to Irisan which lead to Baguio’s nearly plunged into garbage
crisis. To date, the temporary suspension of waste processing operations was lifted by Baguio
City’s Mayor Benjamin Magalong; however, no one really knows when the local government
will again impose the suspension of biowaste collection if the current means of disposing
biowaste is expended and if the concerned government agencies are not able to comply with
the mandate of the mayor.

Meantime, the Irisan dumpsite is still utilized to process biowaste but only for those
from the city market. According to the interview with Joe Guererro, supervisor of Irisan
dumpsite, Irisan dumpsite uses two (2) machines in processing compost, namely, the
Environmental Recycling System (ERS) machine and the Hammer-Mill. The output of the ERS
machine produces foul odor when piled in contrast to that of the new Hammer-Mill machine.
Nonetheless, both machines are active in the dumpsite. The dumpsite has limited facilities such
that even with the introduction of the Hammer-Mill machine, batch production which is
equivalent to about 13 to 14 tons of raw biowaste from the city market per day may take 1 to 2
days depending on the workload of the machine. The dumpsite facility does not allow both
machines to run continuously because of the greater power requirement. The ERS machine
requires both electric and diesel fuel to work, requiring up to 4000 gallons per month, which is
very expensive. The Hammer-Mill works on electric power and is operated up to 3 hours
straight, but needs to be stopped for at least 30 minutes, to prevent overheating and to prolong
its life. Furthermore, the storehouse of piled biowaste is not ventilated and covered so that the
foul odor stinks from both the inside and outside of the storehouse. During rainy days, soaked
biowaste is harder to process and will need the ERS machine, which in exchange, will halt the
operation of Hammer mill since the facility does not allow them to run simultaneously. With
the aforementioned limitations in the Irisan dumpsite, residents of Baguio are not assured that
their biowaste will continuously be collected by the city government. Somehow, an alternative
means to manage biowaste is significantly necessary.

The drawbacks of the aforementioned large scale methods for disposing of biowaste
have led to the advent of ways to manage biowaste in a smaller scale. However, the usual
reason why household owners are apprehensive with composting even on a smaller scale is
because of the notion that this method would still require a huge area of lot. This can be proven
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by the answers of some of the household owners who were interviewed by the researchers . A
sizable area of lot may be true for large scale composting. However, with small scale
composting such as in the home, a small backyard area with soil as mixture for the biowaste
may suffice. Soil in pots may also be utilized for this process. (Vanderlinden, 2019) If there is
really no space available in the home, then perhaps tit would be a good project for the
barangay to come up with a common area for composting which will eventually benefit the
community.

The current challenges of biowaste disposal in the City of Baguio and the benefits of the
Bokashi method as a convenient solution, although with its existing issues on the Bokashi
bucket, has led the researchers to propose the Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket): Biowaste
Bin with Air and Tea Monitoring and Extraction and Remote Notification. The researchers aim
to come up with a simpler and yet efficient Bokashi bucket to aid in biowaste management
especially in places where controlled dumpsites and landfills are difficult to be realized.

The study aimed to design and construct a Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket):
Biowaste Bin with Air and Tea Monitoring and Extraction and Remote Notification and it aimed
to answer the question:

What are the minimum hardware requirements in the design and construction of the
Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket) in terms of:
a) its ability to monitor and extract the air inside the bucket,
b) its ability to daily dispose of the Bokashi tea,
c) its ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste,
d) its ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system,
e) its ability to remotely inform the owner on the status of air extraction, drain of
Bokashi tea and duration of fermentation.

METHODOLOGY

Methodology is the determination of a group of processes or steps that may be used to

achieve a certain goal. Due to the suspension of mass gatherings inclusive of which are school
functions and activities as brought about by the current pandemic, the researchers are only
able to consider a singular problem out of the original five problems. The answer to the chosen
problem was collected from literature available online and some in print. As the group will not
be able to gather any longer for the conduct of the actual experiment due to the enforced
community quarantine, the data in presentation is actually referred to a source who performed
actual experimentation on their project. It is assumed that this project will perform more or
less in the same way as the reference. Moreover, the researchers have selected the above-
mentioned problem because of availability of data.
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Management Aspect

Management is essential for an organized life and necessary to run all types of
management. Management helps in acquiring group goals such as doing a project study. It
arranges the factors of production, assembles and organizes the resources, efficiently
integrates the resources to achieve goals. Management processes include planning, organizing,
directing and controlling. An important aspect of management’s function is the allocation of
finite resources. The management of this project was led by the group promoter. Every week
the promoter met the group to talk about what happened during the past week concerning the
project. Also, the group was assigned tasks and agendas for the following week. The group
members performed their respective responsibilities and the tasks given by the group leader.

Planning

Planning is essential in research to be able to manage resources well. It is the stage

where various approaches to problems are laid out in order to determine the best possible
solutions or answers. The researchers have actually conducted initial interviews with the staff
from Irisan dumpsite, with the certain barangays in Baguio, and in General Services Office (GSO)
in order to have an overview on and to gain insight the current method of biowaste
management in the barangay level.

The researchers identified several problems that the study focused on and in this
planning stage, methods on how each of the identified problems is going to be laid out. To
answer these questions, extensive literature research was conducted in order to come up with
practical minimum hardware and software requirements for the proposed project.

Organizing

Organizing is the function of management which follows planning. It is the process of

grouping activities and identifying the responsibilities and achieving coordination among them.
The team together with their promoter held meetings for the discussion of the proposed
project.

Leading

Every researcher of the group has his own area of expertise. The researchers lead each
other with their own expertise. The team leader divided all of the work for the team and gave
deadlines so that the team will accomplish the work to give time for revisions. The promoter
ensured that each of the members of the team helps the others by giving tasks that are handled
by not just only one member but all of the members.

Controlling
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The group met with the promoter on a regular basis for updates and distribution of a
new set of work assignments. The promoter sees to it that every member of the group does his
part and meets the target goals in terms of output and duration.

RESULTS/FINDINGS

The researchers made use of various references in gathering supposed data for an
operational Bokashi bucket. The study conducted on the Bokashi bucket by a group of
researchers from the University of Perpetual Help System of Laguna was a major reference
used by the group in the determination of the relevant features of the SmartBoket. For the
technical characteristics of the components, available online data sheet of each component was
referred to.

a) Ability to monitor and extract the air inside the bucket

With the Bokashi method, food waste is placed into the plastic bucket. The food waste is
placed in a container and kept sealed to reduce the introduction of oxygen and kept at room
temperature. The vacuum pump that the researchers used is a Z512-604 3000N Vacuum that
operates at 9 volts to 12 volts DC. This vacuum pump can extract the air inside a 5-liter
container in a minute, consuming 6 watts of power in an hour; thus, reducing the oxygen inside
the bucket. In this project, the bucket is in hard plastic form that can hold up to 19 liters, which
will result into a consumption of at most 144 watts, if will be run continuously.

Figure 1. Flow Curve of the Vacuum Pump

Where: 1 mbar = 0.1 kpa

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Figure 1 is a response curve of the vacuum pump. The maximum current drawn in the
actual operation is 0.62 Amperes at 12 volts, which generates higher power compared to its
rating of 6 watts. The flow curve shows the peak flow rate of the vacuum pump which is at 3.3
liters per minute. For the given parameters, it is computed that the vacuum needs about 6
minutes to extract the air inside a 19-liter bucket.

Considering the same parameters for the SmartBoket:

The full extraction of a 19-liter bucket within 6 minutes is the maximum time that the
vacuum pump will suck-out the air from the bucket. This means that the actual full air
extraction is off by a minute from the expected time of 5 minutes.

Considering the specifications of the vacuum pump (5 liters per minute):

Following the specifications from the manufacturer, the expected power consumption
is:

Considering the actual specification of the vacuum pump from Figure 1, the actual
power consumption is:
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This means that the actual power consumption of the vacuum pump exceeded by 8.64
Watts daily, which is not that significant because the computed power consumption considers
the worst possible scenario happening on every extraction. If at least the vacuum pump
worked without error for a third of a day, and the remaining time considers worst possible
scenario, the actual power consumption will be:

Which is now approximately equal to the expected power consumption of 36 Watts per
day.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. a) Voltage and Current relationship and Current Sensor Mounting, b) the current
sensor ACS71230A

The vacuum pump will need a limit switch which will help it to be turned off when it
reaches a prescribed limit. This switch is dependent on the value of the current through it. The
researchers used a current sensor, ACS712 30A, that was used to measure and calculate the
amount of current applied. Based on the Figure 2a, voltage and current is directly proportional
with each other. The current sensor should detect the current spike within the vacuum pump.
Moreover, the researchers observed that absence of air inside the bucket results in a current
spike since the motor is forced to suck more air inside the bucket resulting in reaching the limit
of the pump. Figure 2b
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b) its ability to daily dispose of the Bokashi tea

The Bokashi tea is acidic and contains organic acids, alcohols and other metabolites that
accumulate at the bottom of the bucket. This accumulated tea must be drained off daily to
maintain microbial activity and to prevent the formation of foul odor inside the bucket. The
researchers used a touch sensor that is placed on two points, high and low, in order for the
bucket to monitor the tea. The touching detection IC is designed for replacing traditional direct
button keys with diverse pad size. Low power consumption and wide operating voltage are the
contact key features for DC or AC application. This touch sensor operates with an external
supply at 2V to 5.5V in order to function properly.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3. a) Schematic diagram of a CR01 CWX-25S and Ball Valve Mounting, b) the location of
the CR01 CWX-25S

Figure 3a shows circuit diagram of the motorized ball valve. If SW (Switch) is connected
to OPEN, the ball valve’s hole is open, rotating the ball 90 degrees, and in line with the flow.
Getting in the position automatically turns the power off, but the valve remains fully open in
position. The SW automatically connects to OPEN if the tea level is high, the sensor triggers the
switch and the ball valve will drain the tea until the level reaches low. Draining the tea until it
reaches the low level triggers the switch which would reverse the polarity of the circuit. SW will
automatically connect to CLOSE and the ball will also rotate 90 degrees back into its closed
position. The researchers used CWX – 25S motorized ball valve which operates from 3V up to
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6V. The ball valve used was a CR01 type of the CWX – 25S which specifically a two wire ball
valve. The maximum power of the valve is 2W which also has a current of 100 ma that would
drive the ball. Figure 3b depicts the location of the ball valve.

c) its ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste

With a 19-liter bucket, the researchers assumed that it would roughly take three
weeks for the SmartBoket to be filled by a family of three. With an addition of two weeks for
the fermentation of the food scraps, a total of five weeks will be needed for the SmartBoket to
function. The DS3231 RTC was chosen to keep track of time. The DS3231 RTC has accuracy of
±2ppm (parts per million) from 0°C to +40°C (2013, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.). It can
keep track of time without having a noticeable difference from standard reference time. It has
only about 2 seconds delay every 12 days. It also has a battery for backup power to keep track
of time even when the main power to the device is interrupted. The RTC maintains seconds,
minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The date at the end of the month is
automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap year.
The clock operates at either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with an AM/PM indicator (2013,
Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.). Lastly, the DS3231 apparently consumes about 300µA under
5.5V conditions (2013, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.). Computing for the power consumed
will result in a very small value, making the DS3231 low power consuming. Figure 4 shows the
DS3231 RTC for the project. The timing information from the DS3231 RTC is the displayed on a
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that is mounted outside the SmartBoket. Figure 5 depicts the LCD
and its location.

Figure 4. The DS323 RTC Figure 5. SmartBoket LCD Placement Model

d) its ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system

In the manual mode of operation, the researchers used a buzzer built into the bucket to
inform the SmartBoket owner if there is air leak in the bucket or if the 14-day fermentation is
over. The buzzer used was a 13.8mm diameter piezoelectric buzzer with a height of 7.5mm.
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The buzzer has a rated voltage of 12Vdc but operates within the range of 3-16 Vdc. The
maximum rated current for the piezo buzzer is 7mA. The buzzer was chosen based on the
loudness that it offers. The buzzer has a maximum Sound pressure level (SPL) of 85dB at
12Vdc/10cm. The 85dB level is loud enough to be heard 15 meters away from the buzzer.

Below is a computation for the sound pressure level of a buzzer at a distance of 15 meters.

where: r1=reference distance from the buzzer

r2=second distance from the buzzer
L1=SPL at distance r1
L1=SPL at distance r2

The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at a distance 15 meters from the buzzer is 21.47dB
which is on average, still an audible sound based on the graph on figure___. SPL is the measure
of the intensity of a sound Another factor considered in choosing this buzzer is on the low
current rating which is only at 7mA. This type of buzzer is also cheaper than other types of
buzzers.

(a) (b)

Figure 6. a.) Graph of the Buzzer b.) placement of the buzzer on the bucket

In remote mode operation, when the bucket has an air leak, the SmartBoket will notify
the owner via SMS to alert the owner that the bucket has an air leak. A GSM module is used to
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establish communication between the Arduino microcontroller in the SmartBoket and the
mobile device of the owner.

Figure 7. Gsm Module

The GSM module that the researcher used is SIM800L GSM module and shield. SIM800L
is a quad-band GSM/GPRS module, that works on frequencies GSM850MHz, EGSM900MHz,
DCS1800MHz and PCS1900MHz. The frequency bands of E-GSM-900 and DCS-1800 are needed
in order to work on the Philippine Carriers (specifically Globe and Smart). SIM800L GSM
module operates at a voltage between 3.4 V and 4.4 V but the typical value is a 4.0V, which is
compatible with the operating voltage of the microcontroller.

MANUAL MODE

When the system detects an air leak on the bucket, a buzzer will turn on which notifies
the owner that the bucket needs maintenance. And when the 14 days fermentation is over, the
buzzer will turn on which notifies the owner that the biowaste is ready for disposal.

Figure 8. SmartBoket Manual Mode Operation Model

REMOTE MODE
When the system detects an air leak on the bucket, a notification message will be sent
via SMS which notifies the owner that the bucket needs maintenance. And when the 14 days
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fermentation is over, a notification message will be sent via SMS which notifies the owner that
the biowaste is ready for disposal.

Figure 9. SmartBoket Manual Mode Operation Model

e) its ability to remotely inform the owner on the status of air extraction, drain of Bokashi tea
and duration of fermentation.

In remote mode operation, the GSM module will send a text message to the owner
every 6pm regarding the status of the bucket. A GSM module is used to establish
communication between the Arduino microcontroller on the SmartBoket and the mobile device
of the owner.

The GSM module that the researcher used is SIM800L GSM module and shield as
mentioned earlier.

The figure below shows the messages that the GSM module will be sending when it
detects air leak in the bucket and when the 14 days fermentation is over. This messages contain
the status of the bucket such as number of tea extraction, air extraction and the two weeks
fermentation date will be over.

Figure 10. SmartBoket Fermentation Monitoring Model

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DISCUSSION

The results from the researches supported the hypothesis of the study. The findings
showed slight significant difference in the extraction time of the vacuum pump. It was found
out that it takes longer to extract the air inside the bucket compared to 3.8 minutes that was
expected. There was also significant difference found in the power consumption of the vacuum
pump where the result shows that more power is consumed. These results should be taken into
account when considering the extraction time of the system.

The expectation was that the vacuum pump will automatically shut down when current
spike occurs, and tea is extracted at high level. The results provide insight into the relationship
between current and overloading of the device. The data contributes a clearer understanding
that an air free container overloads the vacuum pump which results in a current spike of the
motor. The data suggest that a high level tea opens the ball valve in line with the flow and
closes at low level.

In tracking the duration of fermentation, the results seem consistent with the
researches from similar subjects. In a study done by Maxim Integrated Products, Inc (2013), it
was found that the RTC device can track time with minimal difference. In case of alerting the
owner in case of air leak, the data suggest that the buzzer is loud enough to inform the owner
in manual mode. In the remote mode, the data suggest that the module is capable of notifying
the owner via SMS in cases of malfunction. The power consumption did not show a significant
difference in line with the hypothesis of low power consuming devices.

The reliability of the results is limited by the available researched data only. Due to lack
of available data, actual experimentation is needed to establish the results which cannot be
confirmed.

The greatest problem with this study was changes in the behavior of the variables. For
theoretical purposes variables are controlled, biowaste used is pre-set and comment to cause
an effect. Components specifications are based on the manufacturer’s data and are accurate.
Practical implication subject to changes and may affect the expected output. The components
are prone to slight reading errors which could change the desired measurements. This means
that the researchers cannot always be certain on the changes of the variables.

Even then, the Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket) is still a feasible solution to the
challenges on biodegradable waste management in areas with very limited space for biowaste
disposal. As proof of its many benefits, the gathered data of the research group from Perpetual
Help on the phosphorus test from PHILCOA (Philippine Coconut Authority) showed that the
sample of Bokashi tea from automated process has 0.271% amount of phosphorous, while
sample of bokashi tea from manual process has 0.236% amount of phosphorous. The tea from
the automated bokashi has higher phosphorus content, which is better because phosphorus is
important for root development and growth, establishing new plants and productive flowers,
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fruits and vegetables. Moreover, it was also seen on their data that Automated Bokashi is
efficient in avoiding the growth of unwanted bacteria, this results in the production of efficient
fertilizer for crops and plants. Based on their gathered results, the automated bokashi is
effective in notifying the owner whenever the Bokashi end-products are ready to be harvested.

CONCLUSION

This project study aimed to design and construct a Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket):
Biowaste Bin with Air and Tea Monitoring and Extraction and Remote Notification. The
SmartBoket can help solve the current challenges in the biowaste collection in urban areas such
as the city of Baguio. Based on the findings and though limited by the current social
restrictions, it can be concluded that the expected minimum hardware requirements identified
are satisfactorily met by the SmartBoket. However, it would have truly been better if an actual
experimentation on the entire project was conducted in order to come up with a more accurate
conclusion. Nonetheless, the SmartBoket could still be one practical solution to biowaste
problems in a smaller scale as in the case of households in urban areas where biowaste
collection is sometimes deferred. It is also one important advocate of kitchen waste recycling in
small and contained system that is suitable indoors.

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Christel, Dana Mae (2017). The Use of Bokashi as a Foil Fertility Amendment in Organic Spinach
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