Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet.

Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science.

LAB REPORT

Group No: 10
Course Name: Equilibrium in Solution: Engg. Aspects Sessional
Experiment No: 02
Experiment Name: Standardization of HCl with standard Na2CO3 solution.
Submitted to:

Dr. Md. Tamez Uddin

Professor,
Dept. of CEP, SUST

Submitted by:

Name Registration No.

Md Afif Abrar 2017332043

Date of Experiment: 10 – 09 – 2018

Date of Submission: 14 – 09 – 2018
❖ Experiment No : 02

❖ Experiment Name : Standardization of NaOH with standard HCl solution and Na2CO3 solution.

❖ Experiment Objective : To determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide using hydrochloric acid
secondary standard and sodium carbonate primary standard in volumetric analysis
(acid-base titration).

❖ Principle of method : The concentration of hydrochloric acid can be determined by the titration
reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate solution.

Na2CO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) = 2NaCl (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

From the above equation, we measure the volume of hydrochloric acid used in the titration (the difference of reading on
the burette) and use it in calculating the concentration of hydrochloric acid. After we have measured the concentration
of hydrochloric acid, we measure the concentration of sodium hydroxide by HCl – NaOH titration. The concentration of
sodium hydroxide can be determined by the titration reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
solution.

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) = NaCl (s) + H2O (l)

Titration: Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is
used to determine the concentration of an identified analyte. It is a technique where a solution of known concentration
is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Typically, the titrant (unknown solution) is added from a
burette to a known quantity of the analyte (known solution) until the reaction is complete. Some of the significant terms
in titration are defined below.

Standard Solution : In analytical chemistry, a standard solution is a solution containing an accurately

known concentration of an element or a substance. Standard solutions are used
to determine the concentrations of other solutions in titration.

pH Indicator : A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a

solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually.

Equivalence Point : The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at
which chemically equivalent quantities of bases and acids have been mixed. In
titration, the equivalent point is the point at which the pH indicator changes color.

Titrant : The titrant is the solution involved or used in a titration to determine the
concentration of an unknown solution. The titrant is usually the solution of known
concentration.

Titrate : The titrate is the solution whose concentration is determined using the titrant. The
titrate is usually the solution of unknown concentration.
 Burette : A burette is a laboratory equipment used in analytical chemistry for the dispensing of
variable amount of a chemical solution and measuring that amount at the same time. It
is a long, graduated glass tube, with a stopcock at its lower end and a tapered capillary
tube at the stopcock’s outlet.

❖ Uses of pH Indicators :

• Phenolphthalein : Phenolphthalein is used to detect the first end point. If phenolphthalein is used, the
titration should be continued until the solution of the titrate becomes colorless.

• Methyl Orange : Methyl orange is used to determine the second ending point. If methyl orange is used,
the titration should be continued until there is the first trace of orange color in the
titrate solution.

❖ Materials :

• Apparatus : 1. Burette : Where the titrate (unknown solution) is kept.

2. Pipette : A tool used to transport a measured volume of liquid.
3. Conical flask : Where the titrant (known solution) is kept.
4. Clamp with stand : It is used to stabilize the burette.
5. Funnel : It helps in pouring the titrate onto the burette.
6. Volumetric flask : It is used to contain a precise volume of solution.

• Chemical Compounds : 1. HCl solution

2. Standard Na2CO3 solution
3. Standard NaOH solution
4. Distilled water

❖ Procedure :

1. First, we fill the burette with hydrochloric acid solution above the zero mark and record the level of
liquid in the burette in our notebook. We also record the lower level of the meniscus at eye sight.

2. Using the clean pipette and the pipette filter, we transfer 10 mL of the sodium carbonate solution
into the clean conical flask. Then we add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator.

3. We carry out titration by adding HCl solution from the burette to the conical flask, swirling the flask
constantly until the color of the solution in the conical flask changes.

4. We note the burette reading and calculate how much acid was used.

5. We repeat this procedure two more times.

 6. We calculate the concentration of the HCl solution.

❖ Experiment Data Table - 1 :

Volume of titrate
Attempt No. Volume of Volume used Average
analyte/titrant (vf – vi) volume
Initial (vi) Final (vf)

1 10 mL 50.0 mL 28.0 mL 22.0 mL

2 10 mL 27.5 mL 7.5 mL 20.0 mL 20.333 mL

3 10 mL 50.0 mL 31.0 mL 19.0 mL

We know that
nB vA MA = nA vB MB
here,
nA = number of moles of acid
vA = volume of acid
MA = molar concentration of acid
nB = number of moles of base
vB = volume of base
MB = molar concentration of base

The chemical reaction equation of HCl and Na2CO3 in this titration is as follows:

Na2CO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) = 2NaCl (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

Hence, nA = 2, vA = 20.333 mL, MB = 0.05 M and nB = 1, vB = 10 mL, MA = ?

𝑛𝐴 𝑉𝐵 𝑀𝐵 2×10×0.05
𝑀𝐴 = = = 0.049188 M
𝑛𝐵 𝑣𝐴 1×20.33

Therefore, the concentration of HCl is 0.049188 M.

❖ Standardization of NaOH :

1. We pour 10 mL of NaOH(aq) into a conical flask using a pipette and add two
drops of methyl orange indicator. Then we titrate this solution with HCl(aq)
to the endpoint.

2. We repeat this titration two more times.

3. We calculate the concentration of NaOH(aq) stock.

❖ Experiment Data Table - 2 :

Volume of titrate
Attempt No. Volume of Volume used Average
analyte/titrant (vf – vi) volume
Initial (vi) Final (vf)

1 10 mL 50.0 mL 30.7 mL 19.3 mL

2 10 mL 30.7 mL 10.0 mL 20.7 mL 20.0667 mL

3 10 mL 50.0 mL 29.8 mL 20.2 mL

We know that
nB vA MA = nA vB MB
here,
nA = number of moles of acid
vA = volume of acid
MA = molar concentration of acid
nB = number of moles of base
vB = volume of base
MB = molar concentration of base

The chemical reaction equation of HCl and NaOH in this titration is as follows:

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) = NaCl (s) + H2O (l)

 Hence, nA = 1, vA = 20.0667 mL, MA = 0.049188 M and nB =1, vB = 10 mL, MB = ?

𝑛𝐵 𝑉𝐴 𝑀𝐴 20.0667×0.049188
𝑀𝐵 = = = 0.0991 𝑀 = 0.1 𝑀 (appx.)
𝑛𝐴 𝑣𝐵 1×10

Therefore, the concentration of NaOH is 0.1 M (appx.)

❖ Cautions :

1. We make sure that we wear all proper lab equipment when handling chemicals
2. We should be careful that the clamp in the stand is not too tight to damage the burette.
3. We should not completely open the valve of the clamp in the stand while titrating.
4. We should dispose the acids and bases in a safely in the sink.