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Tanks
Tanks
The modern tank is the result of a century of development from the first primitive armoured
vehicles, due to improvements in technology such as the internal combustion engine, which allowed
the rapid movement of heavy armoured vehicles. As a result of these advances, tanks underwent
tremendous shifts in capability in the years since their first appearance. Tanks in World War I were
developed separately and simultaneously by Great Britain and France as a means to break the
deadlock of trench warfare on the Western Front. The first British prototype, nicknamed Little Willie,
was constructed at William Foster & Co. in Lincoln, England in 1915, with leading roles played by
Major Walter Gordon Wilson who designed the gearbox and hull, and by William Tritton of William
Foster and Co., who designed the track plates.[2] This was a prototype of a new design that would
become the British Army's Mark I tank, the first tank used in combat in September 1916 during the
Battle of the Somme.[2] The name "tank" was adopted by the British during the early stages of their
development, as a security measure to conceal their purpose (see etymology). While the British and
French built thousands of tanks in World War I, Germany was unconvinced of the tank's potential,
and did not have enough resources, thus it built only twenty.
Tanks of the interwar period evolved into the much larger and more powerful designs of World War
II. Important new concepts of armoured warfare were developed; the Soviet Union launched the first
mass tank/air attack at Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan) in August 1939,[3] and later developed the T‐34,
one of the predecessors of the main battle tank. Less than two weeks later, Germany began their
large‐scale armoured campaigns that would become known as blitzkrieg ("lightning war") – massed
concentrations of tanks combined with motorised and mechanised infantry, artillery and air power
designed to break through the enemy front and collapse enemy resistance.
The widespread introduction of high‐explosive anti‐tank warheads during the second half of World
War II led to lightweight infantry‐carried anti‐tank weapons such as the Panzerfaust, which could
destroy some types of tanks. Tanks in the Cold War were designed with these weapons in mind, and
led to greatly improved armour types during the 1960s, especially composite armour. Improved
engines, transmissions and suspensions allowed tanks of this period to grow larger. Aspects of gun
technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design and aiming technology.
During the Cold War, the main battle tank concept arose and became a key component of modern
armies.[4] In the 21st century, with the increasing role of asymmetrical warfare and the end of the
Cold War, that also contributed to the increase of cost‐effective anti‐tank rocket propelled grenades
(RPGs) worldwide and its successors, the ability of tanks to operate independently has declined.
Modern tanks are more frequently organized into combined arms units which involve the support of
infantry, who may accompany the tanks in infantry fighting vehicles, and supported by
reconnaissance or ground‐attack aircraft.[5]
History
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History of the tank
Era
World War IInterwarWorld War IICold WarPost‐Cold War
Country
AustraliaUnited KingdomCubaChinaCanadaNew
ZealandCzechoslovakiaFranceGermanyIranIraqItalyIsraelJapanPolandNorth KoreaSouth KoreaSoviet
UnionSpainUnited States
Type
Light tankMedium tankHeavy tankSuper‐heavy tankCruiser tankInfantry tankMain battle tankTank
destroyerTanketteAssault gunSelf‐propelled gunSelf‐propelled anti‐aircraft weaponSelf‐propelled
artillerySelf‐propelled mortarMultiple rocket launcher
AMISOM T‐55.jpg Tanks portal
Main article: History of the tank
Conceptions
The tank is the 20th century realization of an ancient concept: that of providing troops with mobile
protection and firepower. The internal combustion engine, armour plate, and continuous track were
key innovations leading to the invention of the modern tank.
Model of Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle
Many sources imply that Leonardo da Vinci and H.G. Wells in some way foresaw or "invented" the
tank. Leonardo's late 15th century drawings of what some describe as a "tank" show a man‐powered,
wheeled vehicle with cannons all around it. However the human crew would not have enough power
to move it over larger distance, and usage of animals was problematic in a space so confined. In the
15th century, Jan Žižka built armoured wagons containing cannons and used them effectively in
several battles. The continuous "caterpillar" track arose from attempts to improve the mobility of
wheeled vehicles by spreading their weight, reducing ground pressure, and increasing their traction.
Experiments can be traced back as far as the 17th century, and by the late nineteenth they existed in
various recognizable and practical forms in several countries.
It is frequently claimed that Richard Lovell Edgeworth created a caterpillar track. It is true that in
1770 he patented a "machine, that should carry and lay down its own road", but this was
Edgeworth's choice of words. His own account in his autobiography is of a horse‐drawn wooden
carriage on eight retractable legs, capable of lifting itself over high walls. The description bears no
similarity to a caterpillar track.[6] Armoured trains appeared in the mid‐19th century, and various
armoured steam and petrol‐engined vehicles were also proposed.
The machines described in Wells' 1903 short story The Land Ironclads are a step closer, insofar as
they are armour‐plated, have an internal power plant, and are able to cross trenches.[7] Some
aspects of the story foresee the tactical use and impact of the tanks that later came into being.
However, Wells' vehicles were driven by steam and moved on pedrail wheel, technologies that were
already outdated at the time of writing. After seeing British tanks in 1916, Wells denied having
"invented" them, writing, "Yet let me state at once that I was not their prime originator. I took up an
idea, manipulated it slightly, and handed it on."[8] It is, though, possible that one of the British tank
pioneers, Ernest Swinton, was subconsciously or otherwise influenced by Wells' tale.[9][10]
The first combinations of the three principal components of the tank appeared in the decade before
World War One. In 1903, Captain Léon René Levavasseur of the French Artillery proposed mounting a
field gun in an armoured box on tracks. Major William E. Donohue, of the British Army's Mechanical
Transport Committee, suggested fixing a gun and armoured shield on a British type of track‐driven
vehicle.[11] The first armoured car was produced in Austria in 1904. However, all were restricted to
rails or reasonably passable terrain. It was the development of a practical caterpillar track that
provided the necessary independent, all‐terrain mobility.
In a memorandum of 1908, Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott presented his view that man‐
hauling to the South Pole was impossible and that motor traction was needed.[12] Snow vehicles did
not yet exist however, and so his engineer Reginald Skelton developed the idea of a caterpillar track
for snow surfaces.[13] These tracked motors were built by the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car
Company in Birmingham, tested in Switzerland and Norway, and can be seen in action in Herbert
Ponting's 1911 documentary film of Scott's Antarctic Terra Nova Expedition (at minute 50, here[14]).
Scott died during the expedition in 1912, but expedition member and biographer Apsley Cherry‐
Garrard credited Scott's "motors" with the inspiration for the British World War I tanks, writing:
"Scott never knew their true possibilities; for they were the direct ancestors of the 'tanks' in
France".[15]
In 1911, a Lieutenant Engineer in the Austrian Army, Günther Burstyn, presented to the Austrian and
Prussian War Ministries plans for a light, three‐man tank with a gun in a revolving turret, the so‐
called Burstyn‐Motorgeschütz.[16] In the same year an Australian civil engineer named Lancelot de
Mole submitted a basic design for a tracked, armoured vehicle to the British War Office.[17] In
Russia, Vasiliy Mendeleev designed a tracked vehicle containing a large naval gun.[18] All of these
ideas were rejected and, by 1914, forgotten (although it was officially acknowledged after the war
that de Mole's design was at least the equal to the initial British tanks). Various individuals continued
to contemplate the use of tracked vehicles for military applications, but by the outbreak of the War
no one in a position of responsibility in any army gave much thought to tanks.[citation needed]