392
3, SEPTEMBER 2002
Performance Analysis of a Three-Phase Induction
Motor Under Mixed Eccentricity Condition
Subhasis Nandi, Member, IEEE, Raj Mohan Bharadwaj, Member, IEEE, and Hamid A. Toliyat, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—A substantial portion of induction motor faults is
eccentricity related. In practice, static and dynamic eccentricities
happen to exist together. With this point in mind, an analytical
approach to evaluate performance of a three-phase induction
motor under mixed eccentric condition has been presented in this
paper. Clear and step–by–step theoretical analysis, explaining
completely the presence of certain harmonics in the line-current
spectrum in presence of eccentricity, is discussed. More important,
it is shown for the first time that a link exists between the low- and
high-frequency elements of these harmonics. It is also shown that
these high-frequency components are not very strong in all types
of machines. These results will be useful in generating rules and
laws to formulate online tools for machine-condition monitoring.
Finite-element results to substantiate the inductance values used
in the simulation are also included. The analysis is validated by the
line-current spectrum of the eccentric machine obtained through
simulation using modified winding-function approach (MWFA)
and experimentation.
Index Terms—Induction motor fault diagnosis, mixed
eccentricity.
I. INTRODUCTION
E CCENTRICITY-RELATED faults constitute a consider-
able portion of the faults related to induction motors. Ma-
chine eccentricity is the condition of unequal air gap that exists
between the stator and rotor [1], [2].
There are two types of air-gap eccentricity: the static air-gap
eccentricity and the dynamic air-gap eccentricity. In the case of
the static air-gap eccentricity, the position of the minimal radial
air-gap length is fixed in space. Dynamic eccentricity occurs
when the center of the rotor is not at the center of the rotation
and the position of minimum air-gap rotates with the rotor. Ref-
erences[1]–[3] describe both types of eccentricities in detail.
In reality, static and dynamic eccentricities tend to coexist. An
inherent level of static eccentricity exists even in newly manu-
factured machines due to manufacturing and assembly method
[3]. This causes a steady unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) in
one direction. With usage, this may lead to bent rotor shaft,
bearing wear and tear, etc. This might result in some degree of
Manuscript received May 15, 2000; revised January 13, 2002. This work
is based in part upon work supported by the Texas Advanced Research Pro-
gram under Grant 95-P083 and by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant
DE-FG07-98ID13641.
S. Nandi is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6 Canada.
R. M. Bharadwaj is with Corporate Research and Development, General Elec-
tric, Schenectady, NY, 12309 USA.
H. A. Toliyat is with the Electric Machines and Power Electronics Laboratory,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station,
TX 77843 USA.
Publisher Item Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2002.801995.
0885-8969/02$17.00 © 2002 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 17, NO.
dynamic eccentricity. Unless detected early, these effects may
snowball into stator to rotor rub causing a major breakdown of
the machine [4].
Air-gap eccentricity in induction machines is usually detected
by analyzing the stator line-current spectra. The equation that
describes such frequency components for eccentricity is given
by [2], [5], [6]
(1)
where in case of static eccentricity, in
case of dynamic eccentricity ( is known as eccentricity order),
is the fundamental supply frequency, is the number of rotor
slots, is the slip, is the number of fundamental pole pairs,
is any integer, and is the order of the stator time harmonics
that are present in the power supply driving the motor (
etc.). The principal slot harmonics (PSHs) are also
given by the above equation with , , .
Frequency components given by (1) that are related to triplen
(multiple of 3) pole pair numbers should ideally be absent in the
line current of a three-phase machine. However, due to machine
supply and constructional unbalances, some of them may be
visible even in a healthy machine.
Equation (1) is to be used with caution. Stated succinctly, for
a healthy machine to produce a spectrum of PSH, the pole pair
number (where is the number of rotor slots, the
harmonic order number and the number of fundamental pole
pair) should be equal to the pole pair number of the space har-
monics produced by a phase of the stator winding [7], [8]. The
same is also true in the case of eccentricity–related components,
where the pole pair number can be , , 1, 2.
It is shown later in the paper that in presence of mixed form
of eccentricity, certain low-frequency components given by
(2)
will also be present in the stator current spectrum of any
three-phase induction machine irrespective of and com-
bination, where is the rotational frequency of the machine.
The most dominant of these frequency components [for
in (2)] have already been shown [3] to exist while providing
a good measure of mixed eccentricity. The paper also proves
that will give rise to other additional high-frequency current
spectra described by (1). Moreover, the paper demonstrates
through analysis and MWFA-based simulation studies that for
some machines, the high–frequency spectral components due
to mixed eccentricity are not easily detectable. The inductance
profiles generated using MWFA are verified using finite–el-
ement methods. Experimental results clearly show a need to
NANDI et al.: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 393

monitor as well as , wherever possible, to detect the mixed

form of eccentricity.

II. ANALYSIS OF MIXED ECCENTRIC MACHINE

The following analysis is carried out on two parts, namely,
for the low-frequency components such as and the resulting
high-frequency components .

A. Production of
Analysis carried out on the same lines as [3] shows that mixed
eccentricity gives rise to multiple current components ([3] de-
scribes only the first two) around the fundamental. They also
give rise to additional mixed eccentricity-related components Fig. 1. Eccentric machine. C1 is the center of rotor, and C2 is the center of
as described by (1). stator. With static eccentricity, C1 is the center of rotation and with dynamic
In the following analysis, the well known transformation eccentricity, C2 is the center of rotation. With mixed eccentricity, center of
rotation can be anywhere between C1 and C2.
[3] is applied. Stator frame of reference is transformed into
rotor frame of reference by adding rotor speed to
the rotor-referenced angular position. Similarly, rotor frame
of reference is transformed into stator frame of reference by
subtracting from the stator–referenced angular position.
are phase shifts introduced by the rotor circuit.
MMFs due to stator currents are of the form

(3)

where ; is the number of harmonic, usually; is the

line frequency in radians per second; and is the angular posi-
tion from the stator frame of reference in radians. The specific
permeance function [1] with static and dynamic eccentricities
can be approximately expressed as

(4)

The specific permeance function is based on [3]. While is

the average part of the said function, and are the peaks of
static and dynamic eccentricity parts, respectively.
It is shown next that the rotor MMF, generated due to the
interaction of (3) with one type of eccentricity, must interact
with the other type of eccentricity in order to produce all of
the low-frequency components , as described by (2). It is also
shown that interactions involving similar type of eccentricity
can alter the fundamental of the line current.
Consider the components of the air-gap flux density produced
by the interaction of (3) only with the static eccentricity com-
ponent of (4). They are of the form with respect to stator

(5)
or Fig. 2. Plots of mutual inductance between rotor loop 1 and stator phases
obtained from simulation and finite–element analysis. From top to bottom row:
healthy machine (“a” phase), mixed eccentric machine (phases “a,” “b,” and
“c,” respectively) with 15% SE and 5% dynamic eccentricity (DE).

(6) The flux density components of (6) induce voltages in

the rotor. These induced voltages cause rotor currents that
with respect to rotor. is the angular position from the rotor generate corresponding rotor MMFs. The interaction of these
frame of reference in radians. rotor MMFs with the dynamic eccentricity component of (3),
394 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 17, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2002

(expressed in rotor frame), produce air-gap flux i) The MMF produced by these components can be
density components such as described as

(12)

They act on to produce air-gap flux density com-

ponents given by
(13)

with respect to stator, or

(14)
(7) with respect to rotor. These components produce ( )
It is clear from (7) that at least the first and the fourth term pole pair rotor MMF harmonics [9], [10]. These har-
can induce voltage in the stator as the pole pair numbers of only monics upon acting on produce air-gap flux density
these terms will match with those in (3) for any [7], [8]. components of the type
Adding and expressing these terms with respect to stator (re- (15)
placing by ) yields
with respect to rotor, or

(16)
(8)
with respect to stator.
Simplifying the above expression after substituting
which clearly shows that extra components of stator currents are
by ( ) and by gives
introduced at and . Proceeding on the same line, it
can be shown that at least some of the air-gap flux density com-
ponents, produced by the interaction of the rotor MMF due to
(6) and the static eccentricity component of the specific perme-
ance function, are of the form (17)

(9) ii) Similar interaction involving constant part of the air-gap

and static eccentricity can give rise to components of the
when expressed in stator reference frame. Components such as form
those in (9) will affect the fundamental flux. Thus, the funda-
mental induced voltage and, consequently, the fundamental line
current is altered.
Similarly, some components of the air-gap flux density pro- (18)
duced by the interaction of (3) first with only the dynamic eccen-
tricity component of (4) and later with static eccentricity com- iii) In the same way, interaction involving constant part of
ponent also induce stator currents at . Similarly, inter- air-gap and dynamic eccentricity produces components
actions involving only the dynamic eccentricity component will such as
change the fundamental component of the line current. Also,
these components through the same process will sequen-
tially yield components such as
(19)
(10)
where
Equation (10) can be combined with and rewritten as
iv) Finally, the interaction involving static and dynamic
(11) eccentricity produces components such as

Equation (2) can be easily derived from (11) by dividing it on

both sides by 2 .
(20)
B. Production of
Low-frequency components, such as those described by (2) where , 2.
or (11), in the line current, produce the additional harmonics as Depending upon , combinations [7], [8], flux density
given by (1) the following way. components defined by (17)–(20) will induce voltage in stator.
NANDI et al.: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 395

Fig. 3. Simulated spectra of the line current of machine under load around Fig. 5. Simulated, normalized spectra of the line current of machine under load
the fundamental and PSH. Upper row: healthy. Lower row: with mixed around the PSH. Upper: healthy. Lower: with mixed eccentricity (41.37% SE,
eccentricity (38.46% SE, 5% DE). The plots are normalized with respect to 20.69% DE). R = 28, slip = 0:022.
their fundamentals.

zero [13]. Thus, the MWFA has to be used for determining the
self-inductances of the rotor loops, stator coils, as well as the
mutual inductances between the stator coils and rotor loops.
These inductances are then used to describe the stator and rotor
circuit equations. Expressions for computing inductances under
static and dynamic eccentricity conditions using MWFA can be
developed as described in [14].
In the presence of mixed eccentricity the air gap can be mod-
eled as

(21)
(22)

where , are the amount of static and dynamic eccentricity,

respectively, and is the average air gap.
The inverse air-gap function can then be defined as

Fig. 4. Simulated, normalized spectra of the line current of machine under (23)
load around the fundamental. Upper: healthy. Lower: with mixed eccentricity
(41.37% SE, 20.69% DE). R = 28, slip = 0:022.
with

These induced voltages will produce high-frequency compo- (24)

nents of stator current as given by (1). However, some of these
components will be very weak. They correspond to the ones (25)
given by (20). This is because the quantity in (20) is
usually quite small. Thus, certain machines for which , The inverse air-gap function is approximated as
will generate very weak even though is quite strong. Simi-
larly, machines, which do not conform to (17)–(20), are also ex- (26)
pected to generate weak high-frequency harmonics in line cur-
rent due to presence of mixed eccentricity. (27)

III. MODELING OF THREE–PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR UNDER (28)

MIXED ECCENTRIC CONDITION USING MWFA
Analysis of three-phase induction machine using WFA is well The modified winding function of a coil [13] can be expressed
documented in literature [11], [12]. However, in presence of as
air-gap eccentricity, those equations are not valid any more as
the average value of the winding function no longer remains (29)
396 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 17, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2002

where is the turns function of the winding, and

(30)

(31)

In a smooth, noneccentric air-gap machine, where the inverse

air-gap function is a constant (reciprocal of the air-gap length)

(32)

where is the winding function.

The inductance of coil A due to current in coil B in terms of
turns, modified winding, inverse air-gap function, where is the
stator inner radius and the axial stack length, is computed [13]
using

(33)

where and are the turns and winding

functions of coils A and B, respectively.
For an electric machine, neglecting saturation and other non-
linearities, the electromagnetic (EM) torque expression is given
by
Fig. 6. Simulated, normalized spectra of the line current of machine under load
around the PSH. Upper: healthy. Lower: with mixed eccentricity (38.46% SE,
20% DE). R = 42, slip = 0:029. SEC1 and SEC2 are static eccentricity like
spectral lines obtained with n = 0 and  = 1 in (1).

The stator ‘a’ phase of this machine has a turns function given
(34) by
where is stator phase current vector and its transpose;
is the rotor loop current vector and its transpose; , ,
, and are stator phase mutual and self–inductance, stator
phase to rotor loop mutual inductance, rotor loop to stator phase
mutual inductance, and rotor loop mutual and self–inductance (35)
matrices, respectively.
Equation (34) can be derived easily by computing the partial where is the number of series connected turns. The turns
derivative of the magnetic co-energy of a linear electric machine function of the ‘b’ and ‘c’ phases can be obtained by substituting
with respect to [12]. In a mixed eccentric machine, even the by and , respectively, in (35).
stator mutual and self-inductance terms are not independent of The th rotor loop turns function is given by
. Thus, unlike in a healthy machine with smooth air gap, the
, terms are not zero.
The complete modeling and simulation of a three-phase in-
duction motor using the coupled magnetic approach involves
(36)
describing stator and rotor circuit, torque, and angular velocity
equations in the compact state-space form and then numerically
- (37)
solving them. MATLAB software has been used to run the sim-
ulations based on MWFA. Detailed description of the modeling
where the - is expressed as a fraction .
and simulation can be found in [15].
For finite-element studies, the software MAXWELL [16] has
been used. After describing the complete machine geometry,
IV. FINITE–ELEMENT AND SIMULATION RESULTS including slot shapes, mixed eccentricity is introduced as shown
Initially, to verify the inductance profiles obtained by the in Fig. 1 by selecting the center of rotation on the horizontal line
MWFA technique, they were compared with finite-element connecting C1 (center of rotor) and C2 (center of stator). The
results. The machine used for this comparative study is a horizontal distances between the center of rotation and C2 and
four–pole, three–phase, 3-hp, 460-V, 60-Hz machine. It has 36 C1 provide the measurement of static and dynamic eccentricity,
stator slots with full pitch concentric winding and 44 rotor slots respectively. The inductance value between a rotor loop and a
(skewed by one rotor slot). stator phase is obtained by computing the flux linkage of the
NANDI et al.: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Fig. 7. Simulated variation of the first sideband components (normalized) at
no load (solid line) and under load (broken line) at different levels of mixed
eccentricity. From top to bottom row: LSB around fundamental, USB around
fundamental, LSB around PSH, USB around PSH. R = 44 and p = 2.
rotor loop due to the current in the stator phase at every two–
degree interval by moving the stator with respect to the rotor.
Fig. 2 shows the plots of for healthy and , ,
, respectively, for the same machine with mixed eccen-
tricity (15% static and 5% dynamic) obtained through MWFA
and finite element. As saturation is neglected in MWFA, the
Carter’s coefficient has to be adjusted in order to match the ma-
chine performance under load and no load. This is the cause for
difference in magnitude between linear MWFA–based compu-
tation and finite–element results. Otherwise, the similarities are
very much apparent.
Fig. 3 shows the power spectral density (PSD) of the healthy
and the faulty machine around the fundamental and principal
slot harmonic (PSH) with . The load considered is of
dynamometer type. The principal low- and high-frequency com-
ponents, as given by (2) and (1), respectively, are all present.
With and , air-gap flux density components,
as given by (17) and (20) (with ) are only responsible
for inducing these high-frequency components as the pole pair
numbers associated with these flux density components match
with some of those in (3). Thus, this method of simulation is
able to completely replicate the effects of eccentricity in an ac-
tual machine. The static eccentricity was 38.46%, and dynamic
397
Fig. 8. Experimental, normalized spectra of line current under load around the
fundamental and PSH. Upper row: Healthy, lower row: with mixed eccentricity
(38.46% SE, inherent DE). R = 44, slip = 0:029.
eccentricity was 5%. A more complete low– and high-frequency
spectra with 41.37% static and 20.69% dynamic eccentricity for
a four-pole, 3-hp machine with 28 rotor slots ( -
) are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The stator “a” phase of this
machine has a turn function given by
(38)
The rotor loop turns function is similar to (36).
In order to prove that not all machines will produce strong,
high-frequency components in presence of the low-fre-
quency components , a four–pole, 42-rotor-bar motor was
simulated with mixed eccentricity. The stator of the motor is
considered similar to the 44 bar motor. Fig. 6 shows low- and
high-frequency spectra of the machine. Though the low-fre-
quency components are quite prominent, the high-frequency
components are not. In case of an actual machine, these compo-
nents are very likely to get submerged in the noise floor of the
spectra. The simulation results thus validate the fact that some
machines produce weak high-frequency-related components in
the presence of mixed eccentricity.
The magnitude of PSD obtained from the first lower and
upper sidebands (LSB and USB) around fundamental and PSH,
with different values of eccentricities under loaded (as described
earlier) and unloaded conditions are given in Fig. 7. The values
of static eccentricities used are 38.46, 25.64, and 12.82%. Sim-
ilarly, dynamic eccentricity values are chosen to be 5, 10, and
20%. It is interesting to note that only the USB around the fun-
damental in the no-load case is appreciably above the same in
the loaded case.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Experimental results were initially obtained on a similar
four–pole, 44–rotor bar machine as used for the simulation.
A nominal 38.46% static eccentricity was introduced by
machining the bearing housing of the machine end bells.
The inherent machine dynamic eccentricity (expected to be
398 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 17, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2002

Fig. 9. Experimental, normalized spectra of the line current of machine under

load around the fundamental. Upper: healthy, lower: with mixed eccentricity
(41.37% SE, 20.69% DE). R = 28, slip = 0:022.
Fig. 10. Experimental, normalized spectra of the line current of machine
under full load around the PSH. Upper: healthy. Lower: with mixed eccentricity
41.37% SE, 20.69% DE). R = 28, slip = 0:022. Another component marked
approximately 5%) was used in the experiments. The results by an arrow also shows considerable increase.
are plotted in Fig. 8. The value of slip is 0.029.
Fig. 8 shows that even with healthy end-bells the low fre-
quency components as given by (2) are found around the funda-
mental. Machine saturation can be a possible cause for these low
frequency sidebands. These components only changed margin-
ally when the static eccentricity was introduced. While the upper
sideband changed from 53.89 to 52.14 dB from healthy to
eccentric case, the other sideband remained the same.
This shows error in fault diagnosis can occur if decision is
taken based only on low frequency components. However, the
high frequency components clearly identified the presence of
eccentricity. The USB increased from 95.15 to 90.24 dB,
whereas the LSB increased from 89.06 to 84.03 dB when
the eccentric end-bells were used.
In order to obtain a clearer picture on the effects of mixed
eccentricity, more experiments were performed on a four-pole,
28-rotor slot machine, similar to the one simulated with 41.37%
Fig. 11. Experimental, normalized spectra of the line current of machine under
static and 20.69% dynamic eccentricity. For this machine, static no load around the fundamental. Upper: healthy. Lower: with mixed eccentricity
eccentricity was created by placing eccentric sleeves in the (41.37% SE, 20.69% DE). R = 28, slip = 0:0028.
bearing housings of the end bells. Dynamic eccentricity was
introduced by first building up on the shaft under the bearings
and then machining the area eccentrically. This way, the shaft
does not get weakened. With this motor, the first lower and
upper sidebands around the fundamental showed an increase
of approximately 22 ( 59 to 37.3) and 24 ( 65 to 41) dB,
respectively (Fig. 9). The first lower and upper sidebands
around the PSH showed an increase of around 35 ( 95 to 60)
and 23 ( 88.5 to 65.8) dB, respectively (Fig. 10).
Thus, compared to the 44-bar machine, the sidebands near
fundamental as well as PSH showed large increases once ap-
preciable dynamic eccentricity was introduced. The other com-
ponents around the fundamental and the PSH [as given by (2)
and (1)] showed a noticeable increase only under light load con-
ditions. Locations of some of these components are marked by
arrows in Figs. 11 and 12. Many of them do not show signif- Fig. 12. Experimental, normalized spectra of the line current of machine
icant increase when the machine is loaded and, hence, cannot under no load around the PSH. Upper: healthy. Lower: with mixed eccentricity
(41.37% SE, 20.69% DE). R = 28, slip = 0:0028.
be detected under loaded condition (Figs. 8 and 9). This implies
that loading damps out some of the eccentricity related low- and
high-frequency components. These observations clearly show on the basis of low-frequency components alone, particularly
that error in fault diagnosis can occur if decision is taken only when degree of static and/or dynamic eccentricities are low.
NANDI et al.: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Also, loading seems to have a predominant effect on some of
the components described by (1) and (2). Thus, the experimental
results suggest that a pragmatic approach to detect mixed ec-
centricity requires examination of high-frequency and low-fre-
quency components under different load conditions.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents results from detailed simulation studies
for the first time on mixed eccentric induction machines using
MWFA. The inductance profiles used for the simulation have
been verified using finite-element techniques. The simulations
results, well supported by experiments, clearly show all of he
mixed eccentricity-related low- and high-frequency harmonics
predicted by simple and concise analysis. The paper also
demonstrates that the high-frequency components, which are
not easily detectable in all machines, are actually caused by
the low–frequency components. Simulations and experimental
results indicate a need to monitor low– and high–frequency
spectral components under different load conditions, wherever
possible, in order to identify eccentricity-related faults.
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Subhasis Nandi (S’97–M’00) received the B.E. degree from Jadavpur Univer-
sity, Calcutta, India, in 1985, the M.E. degree from the Indian Institute of Sci-
ence, Bangalore, India, in 1988, and the Ph.D. degree from the Texas A&M
University, College Station, in 2000, all in electrical engineering.
He joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univer-
sity of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada where he is currently Assistant Professor.
Between 1988 and 1996, he was with TVS Electronics and the Central Power
Research Institute, Bangalore, working in the areas of power electronics and
drives. His main research interests are power electronics and drives along with
analysis and design of electrical machines, with special emphasis on fault diag-
nosis.
Raj Mohan Bharadwaj (S’96–M’01) received the B.Sc. (Engg.) degree in elec-
trical engineering from Bhagalpur College of Engineering, Bhagalpur, India, in
1993, the M.Sc. (Engg.) degree in high–voltage engineering from Indian Insti-
tute of Science, Bangalore, India, in 1997, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, in 2000.
In December 2000, he joined General Electric Global Research Center,
Niskayuna, NY, and is currently Diagnostics Engineer in the Energy and
Propulsion Technologies Departments. His research interests are in the field
of neural networks, hybrid belief networks, nonlinear state filtering, fault
diagnosis, system identification, and system optimization.
Hamid A. Toliyat (S’87–M’91–SM’96) received the B.S. degree from Sharif
University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1982, the M.S. degree from West
Virginia University, Morgantown, in 1986, and the Ph.D. degree from University
of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1991, all in electrical engineering. He is currently an
Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College Station.
His main research interests and experience include multiphase vari-
able–speed drives for traction and propulsion applications, fault diagnosis of
electric machinery, analysis and design of electrical machines, and sensorless
variable–speed drives. He has published more than 160 technical papers in
these fields.
Dr. Toliyat received the Texas A&M Select Young Investigator Award in
1999 and Eugene Webb Faculty Fellow Award in 2000. He also received the
Space Act Award by NASA in 1999 and the Schlumberger Foundation Tech-
nical Award in 2000 and 2001. He is an Editor of IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
ENERGY CONVERSION, an Associate Editor of IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
ELECTRONICS, and a member of the Editorial Board of Electric Machines and
Power Systems Journal. He is also vice-chairman of IEEE-IAS Electric Ma-
chines Committee and is serving on several IEEE committees and subcommit-
tees and is a member of Sigma Xi. He is the recipient of the 1996 IEEE Power
Engineering Society Prize Paper Award.