computer history 03/23/2018

history Computer is very interesting because it shows how man managesproduce the first tools to record daily
events since the beginning of civilization, when groups began forming nations and trade was already livelihood.
The evolution historicalofprocessing data is divided into four phases:
1. Technical Records
2.computing devices
3. programs card punched
4. electronic computers
a computer processes data. Companies develop data processing departments programming), (computer as
computers process data to produce information. meaningful
The data are constructed of facts and figures raw (unprocessed).
The information consists of data processed; the information has meaning, not data.
The computer and its programs perform input processing; therefore the program converts data into useful
information.
Computer; Definition:
At the most basic level, a computer processes data. Companies developdepartments data processing (computer
programming), as computers process data to produce meaningful information.
The data are constructed of facts and figures raw (unprocessed).
The information consists of data processed; the information has meaning, not data.
The computer and its programs perform input processing; therefore the program converts data into useful
information.
Datatypically entered by means of a input device such as a keyboard.The information usually an output device is
sent as a screen, a printer or a file on disk. Input andoutput computer can come from and go to many different
devices.
The computer is an electronic device capable of receiving a set of instructions and executeperforming
calculations on numerical data or compiling and correlating other information.
The world of high technology never existednot for the development of computer or computer.whole society uses
these machinesin different types and sizes, for storing and manipulating data. The computers have opened a
new era in manufacturing throughtechniques automationand have improved systems. modern
communicationThey are essential toolsvirtually all fields of research and applied technology.
ComputerHistory:
In 1670 the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz perfected this machine and
invented one that could also multiply.
The French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard, when designing an automatic loom, used thinplates wooden
perforated to control the fabric used in complex designs. During the 1880s the American statistician Herman
Hollerith conceived the idea of using perforated cards like Jacquard plates to process data. Hollerith
gotcompileinformation statistical for the census of1890 United States by using a system that pretended to punch
cards on electrical contacts.
Also in the nineteenth century British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage workedthe principles of the
modern digital computer. He invented a series of machines, such as differential machine, designed to solve
problems mathematical complex. Many historians consider Babbage and his partner, the mathematical
BritishAugusta Ada Byron (1815-1852), daughter of thepoet English Lord Byron, as the true inventors of the
modern digital computer. The technology of the time was not able to translate into practice their successful
concepts; but one of his inventions, the Analytical Engine, and had many of the features of a modern computer. It
included a current or inflow shaped package punch card, a memory for storing data, a processor for operations
mathematics and a printer for permanent registration.
Analog computers began toconstructed inearly twentieth century. The first models calculations performed by
rotating shafts and gears. With these machines the numerical approximationsare equations as too difficult to be
resolved by other methodsevaluated.During the two wars worldanalog systems were used, later first mechanical
and electrical, to predict the trajectory of torpedoes on submarines and remote operation of pumps in aviation.

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DuringII World War (1939-1945), a team of scientists and mathematicians who worked at Bletchley Park, north
London, which created the first fully electronic digital computer was considered: the Colossus. By December
1943 Colossus, 1500 incorporating valves or vacuum tubes, it was already operational. It was used by the team
led by Alan Turing to decodemessages radio encryptedfrom the Germans. In 1939 and independently of this
project,John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry had already built a prototypemachine electronic at Iowa State College
(USA). This prototype and investigations subsequentwere made anonymous, and later were overshadowed by
the development of Calculator and Electronic Numerical Integrator (English ENIAC, Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer) in 1946. The ENIAC, which as shown was based on largely on the Atanasoff-Berry
computer (ABC English, Atanasoff-Berry computer), he obtained a patent that expired in 1973, several decades
later.
The ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute, but
its program was connected toprocessor and must be modified manually. A successorthe ENIAC was built with
storage program that was based on the concepts of Hungarian-American mathematician John vonNeumann.The
instructions are stored within a call memory, freeing the computer speed limitations of paper tape reader during
execution and allowedsolve problems without reconnect tocomputer.
Inlate 1950s the use of transistor computers marcor the advent of smaller, faster andversatile than machines with
valves allow logical elements. As transistors use much less energy and have a longer shelf life, birth
development of more sophisticated machines, which were called computers or computers second generation
was due. Components became smaller and the spaces between them, so making the system was cheaper.
Inlate 1960s he appeared integrated circuit (IC), which enabled the fabrication of various transistors on a single
silicon substrate in which the interconnection wires were welded. The integrated circuit allowed a further
reduction in price,size and error rates. The microprocessor became a reality inmid-1970s, with the introduction
circuit integration large scale (LSI,stands for Large Scale Integrated) and, later, with the circuit integrationa larger
scale (VLSI, stands for Large Scale Integrated Very), with several thousands of interconnected soldiers
transistors on a single silicon substrate.

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LINUX and UNIXhistory:

LINUX born as a product of Linus Torvalds, inspired in MINIX, the operating system developed by Andrew S.
Tanenbaum in his book "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation". Book in which, after a general survey
of the services to be providedan operating system and some ways to provide these, enter your own
implementation of UNIX in code, source in Clanguage andassemblyplus the necessary instructions to install and
improve yourself.
The first version of LINUX, listed as 0.01 contained only the rudiments of the core and worked on a machine
installed with MINIX, that is, to compile and play with LINUX was necessaryhave installed MINIX Tanembaum.
On October 5, 1991, Linus announced his first "official" version, this version 0.02 and could run the bash (GNU
Bourne Shell) and gcc (GNU C compiler).
After version 0.03, Linus change this number by 0.10 and following input from an group initialof users increased
again the denomination 0.95, reflecting the clear desire to announce soon an 'official' version (under the name
1.0 ).
In December 1993 the core was in version 0.99 pH I. Currently the latest stable release is the 2.0.30 but
therealready development version 2.1.
Enumerating versions of LINUX involves tre numbers separated by periods, the first of which is the version of the
operating system is a version that distinguishes other when the differences are important. The second number
indicates the level found in this version. If an odd number means it is a development version with which we are
warned that certain core components are being tested, whether it is even considered a stable version. The last
number identifies the revision number for that version of the operating system, usually due to the correction of
small problems or add some details not previously contemplated with which does not mean a change bigin the
core. Asexample serves the Linux version with which thishas been workdeveloped,the latest stable until
recently,their number is 1.2.13, ie version 1 in its Level 2 (stable) and revision number 13 in this case it was the
last.
Note that Linux would not be what it is without the contribution of the Free Software Foundation and all software
developed under the support of this association as well as the distribution of UNIX Berkley (BSD), both programs
carried as in programs designed to this as part of some LINUX distributions.
Networks, Concept, Internet:
Networks are formed by connections between groups of computers and associated devices that allow
userselectronic transfer of information. network, Local area displayed on the left side, is an example of the
configuration used in many offices and businesses. Different computers called workstations and
communicateeach other through a cable or telephone line connected to the servers.These are computers and
workstations, but have functions administrativeand are dedicated exclusively to monitor and control access to
workstations to the network and resources shared(such as printers).The red line represents a main connection
between network servers; The blue line shows local connections. A modem (modulator / demodulator) enables
computerstransfer information via normal telephone lines. The modem converts signals digitalto analog and vice
versa, and enables communication between distant computers together. Computer networks have become
increasingly important in the development of computer technology instead. The networks are interconnected
groups of computers via communication systems. The public Internet is an example ofnetwork. computer global
Networks allow computers connected quickly exchange information and, in some cases, share a workload, so
many computers can cooperate in performing a task. They are developing new technologies of hardware and
software thataccelerate thetwo aboveprocesses.

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Internet, computer networking that allows networked computers communicate directly. The term usually refers to
an interconnection in particular character. planetarium and open topublic, that connects computer networks
official, educational and business organizations Therealso smaller systems callednetworks, intranetusually for
the use of a single organization.
Internet technology is a precursor of the socalled 'information superhighway', a target theoretical communications
computerthat would provide schools, libraries,businesses and homes universal access toinformation quality to
educate, inform and entertain. In early 1996they were connected toInternet more than 25 million computers in
more than 180 countries, and the number is increasing.
Internet is a set of local networks interconnected via a special computer for every network, known asgateway.
Interconnections between gateways are made through various communication channels, which include telephone
lines, optical fibers and radio links. Additional networks can be addedconnecting new doors. The information to
be sent to a remote machine is labeled with direction computedof said machine.
Different types of service provided by Internet use different address formats (Internet address). A format known
as dotted decimal, for example 123.45.67.89. Another format describes the name ofdestination computer and
other information for routing, for example 'mayor.dia.fi.upm.es'. Networks outsideUnited States use suffixes
indicating the country, for example (.es) to Spain or (.ar) for Argentina. Within the United States, the former suffix
specifies the type of organization that owns the computer network in question, which for example can be an
educational institution (.edu), a military (.mil), an office of the government (.gov ) or a non-profit (.org)
organization.
Once addressed, the information leaves your home network through the door. There is routed from door to door
until it reaches the local network containing the target machine. Internet has no control, central ie, no individual
computer to direct the flow of information. This differentiates Internet and networking systems like other types of
computer network services such as CompuServe, America Online or Microsoft Network.
Word processing
application used for manipulating documents. based textIt is the electronic equivalent of paper, pen, typewriter,
eraser and dictionary.Dependingthe program and the equipment used, processors wordcan display documents
either in text mode, using selection, text underline or colors to represent italic, bold and other formats, or can
displayin WYSIWYG mode in the formats and different sources on the screen as they will on the printed page. All
word processors offer features for formatting documents such as font changes, page layout, indented paragraphs
andlike. Many word processors can also check spelling,find synonyms, incorporating graphics created in other
programs, properly align mathematical formulas, create and print types of standard letters, perform calculations,
display documents on screen in several windows and allow usersmake macros that simplify difficult or repetitive
operations.
Spreadsheet
application program tasks normally used in creating budgets or forecasts, and other financial tasks. In a program
spreadsheetdata and formulas needed are introduced into forms tabular(spreadsheets or worksheets), and are
used to analyze, monitor, plan or evaluate the impact of the actual changes or proposed on a strategy. economic
Programs spreadsheet usedrows, columns and cells. Each cell can contain text, numerical data or a formula that
uses values existingin other cells to make a certain calculation. To facilitate calculations, these programs include
builtfunctions that perform standard operations. Dependingthe program, a single worksheet may contain
thousands or millions of cells. Some spreadsheet programs also allowlink a spreadsheet to another that contains
related information and can automatically update the linked data sheets. The spreadsheet programs can also
include macros utilities; some can be used to create and manage databases.The spreadsheet programs have
usually withcapabilities graphical to print your results.
CONCLUSION
The computer is an electronic machine capable of ordering process and choose a result with information.
At present, given the complexity of todayworld, with immense knowledge management and informationto this age
of technological growth is indispensablehave a tool to manage information efficiently and flexibility, this tool is the
computer. Computers have various tools to perform various actions such as word processors that letcreate
documents, edit and preview of it before printing if that is the need, also it has worksheets that allow calculation
operations repetitive or type,also create lists,balances, audits and other operationsvery useful tools in many
areas of everyday development.
These tools need a platform on whichrun. This is the role of the operating system of a computing machine that
letsmanage files, system calls, among other actions. Linux being a very efficient operating system becoming a

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very viable alternative when choosing a particular operating system, combining efficiency, speed and power of
UNIX systems with the ease of use of a graphical system such as MS Windows.