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Outline
• Introduction
• Filter Media and Filter Aids
• Types of Filtration Equipment
• Filtration Principles
1. Constant-Pressure Filtration
2. Washing of filter cakes and total cycle time
3. Continuous Filtration
4. Constant-Rate Filtration
Introduction
• Filtration is a solid-liquid separation
where the liquid passes through a
porous medium to remove fine
suspended solids.
a) Dead-end filtration
b) b) crossflow filtration
Filtration Principles
• When a slurry containing
suspended solids flow against
a filter medium by the
application of a pressure
gradient across the medium,
solids begin to build up on the
filter medium
• The buildup of solids on the
filter medium is called a cake
1 dV p
(1)
A dt R
where;
V = volume of filtrate,
t = time,
A = cross-sectional area of exposed filter medium,
- Δp = pressure drop (medium + cake),
µ = viscosity of the filtrate,
R = resistance of the porous bed (total resistance).
Filtration Principles
• In this case, R is a combination of the resistance of the filter
medium (Rm) and the resistance of the cake solids (Rc ):
(2)
• It is convenient to write the cake resistance Rc in terms of specific
cake resistance, α as follows:
V
Rc cs (3)
• A
where cs is the mass of dry cake solids per volume of filtrate (kg/m3).
• Thus, the resistance increases with the volume filtered
• Combining Eq. (1), (2) and (3), we obtain
1 dV p
A dt csV (4)
Rm
A
Filtration Principles
Specific cake resistance
• The pressure drop is influenced by the specific cake
resistance, α
• α can be increased if the cake is compressed
• Cakes are typically compressible when cells and other
biological materials are being filtered
• the relationship between specific resistance, α and pressure
drop, (- Δp) :
p
0
s
(5)
V 2 (7)
t K pV
B
V 2
Example 1
Data for the laboratory filtration of CaCO3 slurry in water
at 298.2 K are reported as follows at a constant pressure
(- Δp) of 338 kN/m2. The filter area of the plate-and-frame
press was 0.0439 m2 and the slurry concentration was cs
= 23.47 kg/m3. Calculate the constants α and Rm from the
experimental data given, where t is time in s and V is
filtrate volume collected in m3.
Solution
1. Plot (t/v) versus V
2. Find the slope and intercept Kp/2 = 3.00 x 106 s/m6
3. Find α and Rm B = 6400 s/m3
Example 2
Time required to perform a filtration.
In Example 1:
A1 = 0.0439 m2, Kp1 = 6.00 x 106 s/m6 , B1 = 6400 s/m3.
A2 17.46
• B is proportional to 1/A. 1
B1 A1 A2
B2 1 A1
A
2
A1 0.0439
B2 B1 (6400) 16.10 s / m
3
A2 17.46
• The time required to perform the filtration, t :
2
2. Washing of filter cakes and total cycle time
• For constant pressure filtration, using the same pressure in
washing as in filtering:
dV 1
dt f K pV f B (8)
dV 1 1
dt f 4 K pV f B (9)
• After washing is completed, additional time is
needed to remove the cake, clean the filter, and
reassemble the filter.
dV 1 1
1.737 103 m3 / s
dt f 4 37.933.37 16.10
• Volume of wash water = (0.1)(3.37) = 0.337 m3
• The time of washing: (0.337 m3 )
t 3.23 min
3 m 60 s
3
1.737 10
s min
Solution
The total filter-cycle time = filtration time
+ washing time
+ cleaning time
t ft c (11)
2 f p
1/ 2
V
• Flow rate =
(12)
At c tc cs
V
Rm / tc R / t 2cs p f /( tc )
2
m
2
c
1/ 2
(14)
At c cs
• Volume of filtrate, V can be related to W, the kg of
accumulated dry cake solids as follows:
cx
W csV V (15)
1 mcx
where;
cs = kg solids/ m3 of filtrate
cx = mass fraction of solids in the slurry
m = mass ratio of wet cake to dry cake
ρ = density of filtrate in kg/m3
Example 4
Filtration in a continuous rotary-drum filter
A rotary-vacuum –drum filter having a 33% submergence
of the drum in the slurry is to be used to filter a CaCO3
slurry as given in Example 1 using a pressure drop of 67.0
kPa. The solids concentration in the slurry is cx = 0.191 kg
solid/kg slurry and the filter cake is such that the kg wet
cake/kg dry cake = m = 2.0. The density and viscosity of
the filtrate can be assumed as those of water at 298.2 K.
Calculate the filter area needed to filter 0.778 kg slurry/s.
The filter-cycle time is 250 s. The specific cake resistance
can be represented by
(4.37 10 )(p)
9 0.3
cx 996.9(0.191)
cs 308.1 kg solids/m 3 filtrate
1 mcx 1 (2.0)(0.191)
kg slurry kg solid
0.778 0.191
V 0.778(c x ) s kg slurry
tc (cs ) kg solid
308.1 3
m filtrate
V
4.823 10 4 m 3 filtrate/s
tc