APPENDIX B

Calculations & Computations

Preparation of Acetic Acid

1N HAc

(17 N )( mLHAc )  (1N )(50mL) 0.25N HAc

mLHAc  2.9412 mL
(17 N )(mLHAc )  (0.25 N )(50mL)
0.5N HAc mLHAc  0.7353mL

(17 N )( mLHAc )  (0.5 N )(50mL)

mLHAc  1.4706 mL

Carbon Tetrachloride Layer

1N HAc 0.25N HAc

( N HAc )(20mL)  (0.0101N )(56.7mL) ( N HAc )(20mL)  (0.0101N )(6.7mL)

N HAc  0.0286 N N HAc  3.3835 x10 3 N

0.5N HAc

( N HAc )(20mL)  (0.0101N )(17.8mL)

N HAc  8.989 x10 3 N

Water Layer

1N HAc 0.5N HAc

( N HAc )(10mL)  (0.0878 N )(101.5mL) ( N HAc )(10mL)  (0.0878 N )(47.7mL)

N HAc  0.8912 N N HAc  0.4188 N

14
0.25NHAc

( N HAc )(10mL)  (0.0878 N )(25.1mL)

N HAc  0.2204 N

Computation of Kc & n

ln Kc = n lnC2 -lnCl

 1N - 0.5N

For 1N:

C1 = 0.8912N

C2 = 0.0286N

lnKc = n ln(0.0286) - ln(0.8912) -----(1)

For 0.5N:

C1 = 0.4188N

C2 = 8.989x10^-3N

lnKc = n ln(8.989x10^-3) - ln(0.4188) -----(2)

By solving eqn 1&2

Kc = 0.1104

n = 0.6525

 0.5N - 0.25N

For 0.5N:

C1 = 0.4188N

C2 = 8.989x10^-3N

lnKc = n ln(8.989x10^-3) - ln(0.4188) -----(1)

For 0.25N:

C1 = 0.2204N

15
 C2 = 3.3835x10^-3N

lnKc = n ln(3.3835x10^-3) - ln(0.2204) -----(2)

By solving eqn 1&2

Kc = 0.1080

n = 0.6570

 1N - 0.25N

For 1N:

C1 = 0.8912N

C2 = 0.0286N

lnKc = n ln(0.0286) - ln(0.8912) -----(1)

For 0.25N:

C1 = 0.2204N

C2 = 3.3835x10^-3N

lnKc = n ln(3.3835x10^-3) - ln(0.2204) -----(2)

By solving eqn 1&2

Kc = 0.1096

n = 0.6545

0.1104  0.1080  0.1096

Ave( K c )   0.1093
3

0.6525  0.6570  0.6545

Ave(n)   0.6547
3

16
 APPENDIX C

List of Apparatus

Beaker

It is used in the experiment to contain chemicals.

Wash Bottle

It is used in the experiment to wash the containers.

Reagent Bottle

It is used as container for prepared solutions or reagents.

Stirring Rod

It is used to mixed or stir solutions.

Watch Glass

It is used for weighing solid reagents.

Volumetric Flask

It is used to dilute concentrated solutions to a desired volume.

Pipette

It is used to transfer reagents with accurate measurements.

Pipetol

It is used to draw the liquid through the pipette.

17
Base buret

It is used as container for the titrant where accurate volume measurements can be

read.

Double Clamp for Buret

It is used to hold the buret during titration.

Iron Stand

It is used to hold the buret clamp and the buret.

Erlenmeyer Flask

It is used as a container for the adsorption solutions.

Separatory Funnel

It is used separate immiscible liquids by discharging the lower layer from the

stopcock and pouring out the upper layer from the mouth.

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 APPENDIX D

Documentation

PRE LAB

Figure 5.1.1: Figure 5.1.2:

Preparation of NaOH Solution Preparation of Acetic Acid Solutions

PREPARATION OF IMMISCIBLE MIXTURE

Figure 5.2.1: Transferring Acetic Acid Solution to Separatory Funnel

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 Figure 5.2.2: Addition of Carbon Tetrachloride

Figure 5.2.3: Constant Temperature Bath Figure 5.2.4: Separation of layers

20
TITRATION

Figure 5.3.1: Transfer of Layer Figure 5.3.2: Addition of Few Drops

To Erlenmeyer Flask of Phenolphthalein

Figure 5.3.3: Titration with NaOH solution

21
 APPENDIX E

Questions and Problems

1. At 20 °C SO2 was permitted to distribute itself between 200 cc of CHCl3 and 75

cc of H2O. When equilibrium was established, the CHCl3 contained 0.14 moles of SO2

and the H2O layer 0.05 moles. What is the distribution coefficient of SO2 between H2O

and CHCl3 at 20 °C?

GIVEN: REQUIRED : Kc between H2O & CHCl3

VCHCl3 = 200 cc = 0.2 L

VH2O = 75 cc = 0.075 L

nCHCL3 = 0.14 moles

nH20 = 0.05 moles

SOLUTION:

In Kc = n In NH2O – In NCHCl3

n= average MW in H2O layer/ average MW in CHCl3 layer

average MW in H2O layer= YSO2(MWSO2) + YH2O(MW H2O)

moles of H2O= (0.9982g/cm3)(75cm3)/(18g/mol)= 4.1592 mol

   4.1592 
64.06    18  18.5471
0.05
average MW in H2O layer= 
 0.05  4.1592   0.05  4.1592 

22
average MW in CHCl3 layer= YSO2(MWSO2) + YCHCl3(MW CHCl3)

moles of CHCl3= (1.4876g/cm3)(200cm3)/(119.35g/mol)= 2.4913 mol

   2.4913 
64.06   119.35  119.5873
0.14
average MW in CHCl3 layer= 
 0.14  2.4913   0.14  2.4913 

 18.5471 
In Kc =   In (0.14/0.2) – In (0.05/0/075)
 119.5873 

Kc = 1.4193

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2. A) Show the following data for the distribution of benzoic acid between water

and benzene at 20 °C obey quite well the relation C H2O/C C6H6 = K.

C H2O C C6H6

0.0150 0.242

0.0195 0.412

0.0289 0.970

a) k = 0.0150/0/242 = 0.0620

b) k= 0.0195/0.412 = 0.0473

c) k= 0.0289/0.970 = 0.0298

B) Show that the following relation can be obtained on the assumptions: (1) that

the dissociation of benzoic acid in water is slight and (2) that the acid is partially

completely associated into double molecules in C6H6.

k= H2O/C6H6 k= C6H6/H2O

a) k = 0.0150/0/242 = 0.0620 a) k = 0.242/0.0150 = 16.1333

b) k= 0.0195/0.412 = 0.0473 b) k= 0.412/0.0195 = 21.1282

c) k= 0.0289/0.970 = 0.0298 c) k= 0.970/0.0289 = 33.5640

Therefore if benzoic acid is the extracting solvent meaning the value of k is greater

than the value of k if water is the extracting solvent.

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3. At 25 °C the distribution coefficient of H2S between H2O and C6H6, defined as

[H2S]H2O/[H2S]C6H6 is 0.167. What is the minimum volume of C6H6 at 25 °C necessary

to extract in a single step 90% of the H2S from 1 liter of 0.1 molar aqueous solution of

H2S?

GIVEN : REQUIRED: VC6H6

k= 0.167

VH2S = 1 L

W = 0.1 molar

W-Wn = 90% (0.1 ) = 0.09 molar

n=1

SOLUTION:

W- Wn = W (KVH2O / KVH2O + VC6H6 )n

0.09 mol/L = 0.1 mol/L ( 0.167*1 L / 0.167*1 + VC6H6 ) 1

VC6H6 = 0.0186 L

25
4. Use the data of the preceding problem to find what total volume of C6H6 would

be necessary to remove 90% of the H2S from the given aqueous solution in three

separate extractions using equal volumes of C6H6 in each.

GIVEN : REQUIRED: VC6H6

k= 0.167

VH2S = 1 L

W = 0.1 molar

W-Wn = 90% (0.1 ) = 0.09 molar

n=3

SOLUTION:

W- Wn = W (KVH2O / KVH2O + VC6H6 )n

0.09 mol/L = 0.1 mol/L ( 0.167*1 L / 0.167*1 + VC6H6 ) 3

VC6H6 = 5.9693 x 10 3 L

Therefore for every single step 1.9898 x 10 -3 L of C6H6 is required.

26
5. At 25°C the distribution coefficient of C2H5OH between CCl4 and H2O k =

[C2H5OH]CCl4/[C2H5OH]H2O is 0.0244. How will 1 g of C2H5OH distribute itself

between 20 cc of H2O and 50 cc of CCl4?

GIVEN: REQUIRED: Wn (amount of unextracted)

W= 1g

k= 0.0244

V1 = 20 cc

V2= 50 cc

n=1

SOLUTION:

W- Wn = W (KVH2O / KVH2O + VC6H6 )n

1g - Wn = 1 g ( 0.0244*20 cc / 0.0244 *20 cc+ 50 cc)1

Wn = 0.9903 g

Therefore, 0.9903g of the solute will go to water and the remaining 0.0097g will go

to the carbon tetrachloride.

27