SOC SCIE 110 – REVIEWER (CHAPTER 11-12) - usually females and

perform other roles while not in religious

RELIGIOUS AND BELIEFS SYSTEM practice.
3. SORCERERS AND WITCHES
 RELIGION - set of attitude, beliefs an
 SORCERER - uses materials,
practices pertaining to supernatural beings
objects and medicines to invoke
and forces.
supernatural malevolence.
- may vary withing a culture
 WITCH - uses thoughts
and among societies.
and emotions to invoke
- May change through time.
malevolence.
-
4. PRIESTS - sole preoccupation
 PATTERNS OF RELIGION:
is to officiate religious ceremonies and
1. ANIMISM - the beliefs in spirits
rituals.
- spirits can be good or bad form and
interacts and influences humans in various
 TYPES OF RELIGIOUS
forms.
ORGANIZATION/CULTS:
2. POLYTHEISM - worship of
1. INDIVIDUALISTIC - Individuals are
many deities.
able to access the divine without
- earliest form of religion (David Hume,
restrictions or need for intercesions.
1755)
- practices in foraging
- Rooted in the events of life (Launay,2005)
societies.
3. MONOTHEISM - worship of one
2. SHAMANISTIC - believes in the
God.
shaman.
- present in
 TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES:
egalitarian societies that are based
1. MAGIC - manipulation of
on foraging, horticulture and
supernatural forces for the purpose of
pastoralism.
intervening in a wide range of human
- healing, intercession
activites and natural events.
and punishment.
2. DIVINATION- gain from the divine
3. COMMUNAL- allow direct access
practical answers to for any concern.
to the divine except in situations
3. SORCERY AND WITHCRAFT
where the expertise of shamn or
 SORCERY - inflict harm on
witch is needed.
individuals by the use of materials.
- present in societies
 WITCHCRAFT - use of emotions
with labor.
and words to inflict harm on victim.
4. ECCLESIASTICAL - full time
4. PRAYERS, FEAST, AND SACRIFICES
religious practitioners referred to as
- direct interaction with the divine through
priests.
uttered request, celebrations, and gifts.
- present in highly stratified
societies.
- encourage unequal access
to supernatural cults creating the
 RELIGIOUS PRACTITIONERS:
need for regular intercessors.
1. SHAMAN - community healer
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF RELIGION
- high status in the
- when beliefs and rituals are
community.
codifed and when worship of
- usually male.
deities is structured.
- involved in other
- Origins during the growth of
non-religious activities.
Neolithic societies.
ELEMENTS:
2. MEDIUM - involved in healing
- Wide-scale Religious Cult
rituals and divination while in a
- Hierarchical Leadership
possessed trance.
and Memebership
 - Codified Rituals - embodies the rationalization of
 RELIGION-STATE RELATIONS individuals on illness, with
THEOCRACY - polities where political these rationalizations are
leaders also assume religious leadership. rooted on their set of values
SEPERATION OF CHURCH AND STATE. and morality.
- Health issues can be best
understood through this.
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS

 HEALTH - state of complete physical,

mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity. (HO, 1946:
Preamble)
 DISEASE - disorder of structure or
function in an animal or plant of such a degree
SYSTEMS OF PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS
as to produce or threaten to produce
AND HEALING:
detectable illness or disorder.
- universal problem affecting 1. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
individuals and society. belives that health conditions are
interrelated to human and divine
 ILLNESS - feeling, an experience of
unhealthy which is entirely personal, interior to interventions.
2. WESTERN MEDICINE
the person of the patient.
reliance of science as the sole source of
- often it accompanies disease,
knowledge and information for health-
but the disease may be
related issues.
undeclared, as in the early
3. ALTERNATIVE HEALING
stages of cancer or
SYSTEM/COMPLIMENTARY ALTERNATIVE
tuberculosis or diabetes.
- Sometimes illness exists where MEDICINE
- unlike traditional medicine that
no disease can be found;
competes with Western
sometimes culture-specific
medicine, CAM recognizes the
latter’s importance and
efficiency by accepting its
 TYPES OF DISEASES: prescriptions and techniques
1. ENDEMIC - present in large part while creating alternative
of the population. forms of healing.
2. EPIDEMIC - affects a significant
part of the population, whrerein the THE PHILIPPINES PUBLIC SYSTEM
disease is normaly uncommon to the - supervised by the DOH.
people and area. DOH ATTACHED HEALTH AGENCIES
AND CORPORATIONS.
3. CHRONIC - disease that lasts for NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES
a long time. LOCAL HEALTH SERVICES
4. ACUTE - short duration PRIVATE HEALTH SERVICES
diseases.
ISSUES IN PHILIPPINE HEALTH SYSTEM:
 THEORIES ON SOCIAL HEALTH: - Lack of funding of public
1. STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE hospitals.
- systemic process of putting - Lack of access of people to
several sectors of society in health services.
greater vunerability to - Lack of proper funding in
dreaded diseases. public institutions.
2. LOCAL MORAL WORLD
- Lack of knowledge/awareness
in certain health concepts.