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Pathology 5 C PDF
Pathology 5 C PDF
New EGFR Inhibitors for Oncology Targeted Therapy (Most solid tumors)
- Imclone
- Iressa – only ~8% of people saw improvement
- Tarceva – low toxicity
- Approximately 170 new inhibitors in development
EGFR structure and distribution of types of mutation: Tremendous amount of mutations in EGFR – some affect
survival, some affect proliferation.
(A) Ligand binding to EGFR stimulates autophosphorylation
(B) and activation of signaling pathways, promoting both cell
(C) proliferation (via MAPK/ERK) and survival (via AKT/STAT).
(D) In addition to altering downstream signaling, EGFR mutations are within the tyrosine kinase inhibitor binding site and
enhance inhibition of receptor activation.
(E) Distribution of the types of EGFR mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain.
Graph showing the higher and lower % of EGFr in
different tumor types:
Fig 3. Pharmacodynamic effects of Fig 4. (E) Phosphorylated mitogen- Disease-free survival (DFS) by age -
EMD72000 punch biopsy of the skin. activated protein kinase (pMAPK): AYA Tumors
Pretreatment (left panel) and on-treatment activated MAPK was inhibited in the
(right panel) for (A) hematoxylin and eosin basal layer of epidermis; (F)
(HE); (B) epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylated signal transducer
(EGFR): no changes in expression were and activator of transcription protein
observed after treatment; (C) transforming 3 (pSTAT-3): expressed in basal and
growth factor alpha (TGF-): no changes in suprabasal layers of epidermis after
TGF- were detected; (D) phosphorylated treatment; (G) Ki-67: exhibited in
EGFR (pEGFR): activated EGFR was proliferating cells and decreased
completely inhibited in basal keratinocytes under treatment; and (H) p27kip1:
of epidermis after drug administration. staining increased in keratinocytes
after treatment, preferentially in basal
layers of epidermis.
AYA Tumors:
1. A new test for prostate cancer (PC) is developed. 90% of men with PC test positive. 80% of men without PC test
negative.
2. In a population of 1000 men, 30% (300 men) have the disease (the prevalence is 30%). Calculate sensitivity,
specificity and PPV.
Skin RR-1: 29 y.o. male with waxing and waning lesions like those
pictured. Which of the following physical findings are most likely:
A. Guiac-positive stool
B. Friction rub
C. Hyperreflexia
D. Nail damage
E. Hypertension
Need to know if it is IgG or IgA – pretty linear pattern, so go with IgG. Above: (sub-epidermal blister)
Nuclei look like a brain – “Cerebriform” nuclei = mycosis fungoides w/Sezary syndrome. EM lymphocytes look like this ^
C, Mycosis fungoides: Sezary cells = Sezary syndrome of mycosis fungoides; CD4+ cells.
MF is a dermatologic condition w/CD4+ cells in the skin. In Sezary syndrome, these atypical T cells circulate in the blood.
If you saw atypical bean-shaped cells w/CD1a and S100 positivity, tumor would be Langerhans.
• Helicobacter – gram-negative organism that causes stomach ulcers more susceptible to adenocarcinoma or gastric
lymphoma.
• Hashimoto’s – overproliferation of lymphocytes. MUST be treated. If not, at high risk for lymphoma. If given
Synthroid, not at increased risk (lifelong drug).
Figure: The walls are blue because they are filled w/calcium
metastatic calcification. Squamous cell carcinoma of lung is most
likely to make parathormone-like substance.
Above: * = intercellular bridges. SCCs also have Above: Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma – totally
intercellular bridges. Does not mean it is malignant – undifferentiated.
normal skin has these. But if you look at a mass from the
lung w/intercellular bridges, it’s a squamous cancer. Test q: A malignant tumor is removed from the liver.
Microscopically the tumor exhibits squamous pearls and
intercellular bridges. The most likely origin of this
neoplasm is: lung. (Other choices – pancreas, liver,
STAGING TUMORS: gallbladder, thyroid) REPEATED x2
- How far has the tumor spread (has NOTHING to do w/what the
tumor looks like) Test q: A 38y/o female has a left breast lumpectomy. A
- Malignant tumors only mass which measures ½ cm in greatest diameter is
excised as are two sentinel lymph nodes from the left
- Tumor size (T), lymph node (LN) involvement, distant metastases axilla. The tumor consists of well-formed glands
(M – big 3 are brain, lung, and liver.) (tubules), exhibits no mitoses and has no nucleoli. The
- Staging often involves: the Pathologist, radiology or other imaging, ductal adenocarcinoma is focally invasive and there is
lab tests (tumor markers) minimal desmoplasia. Both lymph nodes are negative
for adenocarcinoma and there is no evidence of distant
- CIS is referred to as Stage Zero – is malignant, but has not metastases in liver, lung, or bone. Special stains for
gone through basement membrane. Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Her-2 Neu are totally
- T1N0M0 = very small tumor, no lymph node involvement, no negative. The stage of this tumor is: T1N0M0
distant metastases.
Test q: A mass is biopsied from the left breast of a 42y/o
- T3N5M1 = large, 5 lymph nodes involved, 1 met – could have female. Invasive ductal carcinoma is present. All tumor
gone to liver or brain, for example cells are present as round glands. Mitoses are not seen
and nucleoli are absent. This tumor can be described
METASTASIS as: low grade. (Other choices: anaplastic,
undifferentiated, hamartoma, or CIS) The tumor
• LIVER: (spreads through portal circulation) tumors from GI tract measures 1.1cm in diameter. Three sentinel lymph
and pancreas; lung, breast, melanomas nodes are all negative for tumor. Distant metastases are
• LUNG: breast, stomach, sarcomas not detected. The stage of this neoplasm is: T1N0M0
rd
• BONE: 3 most frequent site for metastases; lung, breast,
Test q: A 76y/o man has experienced lower back pain
prostate, kidney, thyroid for the past year. On phys exam, the physician palpates
• In bone, either break down the bone or cause bone to a firm nodule in the prostate. Lab studies show an
proliferate. Osteoblastic = proliferative, bone gets denser. alkaline phosphatase level of 290 U/L and a serum
Osteolytic lesions = break down bone, see holes in bone. prostate specific antigen level of 17 ng/mL. Both are
elevated. A prostate needle biopsy specimen shows a
• PROSTATE bone gives osteoblastic lesions on X-ray and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Which of the
high serum alkaline phosphatase following mechanisms best accounts for these findings?
• Breast bone is osteolytic, break down bone and get lytic Osteoblastic metastases.
lesions.
Test q: Which of the following tumors commonly
• ADRENAL: most common endocrine site metastasize to bone? Renal cell carcinoma.
Neoplasia Case: A 38-y.o. male
has a family history of
colectomies performed between
ages 30 and 40. The slide shows
the total colectomy specimen adenomatous
from this patient. change
Answer: C, inactivation of APC. This disorder is autosomal dominant with the APC suppressor gene on chromosome 5.
COLON CANCER
- Grading is not very helpful
- STAGING: predicts clinical outcome
- TNM
Tumor Size (T) Lymph Nodes (N) Distant Metastases (M)
Tis- in situ; not through the muscularis mucosa N0- no nodes involved M0- no distant metastasis
T1- invades submucosa N1- 1-3 regional LNs M1- distant mets present
T2- into but not through the muscularis propria N2- 4+ regional LNs *note: Tx, Nx, Mx – cannot be
T3- through muscularis propria assessed
T4- invades adjacent organs
Test q: A 73y/o man undergoes a left hemicolectomy for primary colorectal adenocarcinoma.
The best prognostic indicator is: Absence of regional lymph node metastasis.
Tumor Markers:
- Management
- Detection (staging)
- Diagnosis (screening)- PSA and CA 125
- CEA- colon, pancreas, stomach, lung, breast,
(19% smokers, 3% gen. pop.) Test q: CEA is used to follow patients w/cancer of the: colon.
- AFP- hepatocellular, germ cell (>500ng/ml) Test q: Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is used to follow patients w/cancer of
- CA 125- 80% non-mucinous ovarian CA the: ovary. REPEATED x2
- CA 19-9- pancreatic CA (80%)
- PSA- (0-4 ng/ml normal) (>10 ng/ml highly Test q (shown above): How are tumor markers useful in management of
colon cancer? CEA is used to monitor tumor recurrence
suspicious); also AlkPhos elevation in prostate
CA assoc. with bone metastasis (osteoblastic) Test q: Which of the following tumor markers can be used clinically to screen
- HCG- gestational trophoblastic tumors, testicular populations for presence of malignancy? PSA.
tumors
All of the following questions were already written into the week 4 study guide:
Test q: A 50y/o woman saw her physician after noticing a mass in the right breast. Physical exam showed a 2cm mass fixed to the underlying tissues
and three firm, nontender, lymph nodes palpable in the right axilla. There was no family history of cancer. An excisional breast biopsy was performed,
and microscopic exam showed a well-differentiated ductal carcinoma. Over the next 6mo, additional lymph nodes became enlarged, and CT scans
showed nodules in the lung, liver and brain. The patient died 9mo after diagnosis. Which of the following molecular abnormalities is most likely to be
found in this setting? Amplification of the c-erb B2 (HER2) gene in breast cancer cells REPEATED x5!! (Once, answer was “Amplification of the
ERBB2 (HER2) gene”)
Test q: A 38y/o female has a left breast lumpectomy. A mass which measures ½ cm in greatest diameter is excised as are two sentinel lymph nodes
from the left axilla. The tumor consists of well-formed glands (tubules), exhibits no mitoses and has no nucleoli. The ductal adenocarcinoma is focally
invasive and there is minimal desmoplasia. Both lymph nodes are negative for adenocarcinoma and there is no evidence of distant metastases in liver,
lung, or bone. Special stains for Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Her-2 Neu are totally negative.
- The grade of this tumor is: I
- The treatment plan for this patient will include: neither tamoxifen nor herceptin
Test q: A mass is biopsied from the left breast of a 42y/o female. Invasive ductal carcinoma is present. All tumor cells are present as round glands.
Mitoses and nucleoli are absent. This tumor can be described as: low grade. (Other choices: anaplastic, undifferentiated, hamartoma, CIS)
Test q: A mass was removed from the breast of a 46y/o female. The surgery performed was a lumpectomy w/axillary tail dissection (to look for
metastatic disease in lymph nodes). The tumor measured 5.4cm in greatest diameter. Stromal invasion was extensive and desmoplasia was identified.
3-4 mitoses were present in every high-power field. Gland/tubule formation was not present and most of the tumor showed sheets and nests of
undifferentiated malignant cells w/prominent nucleoli and irregular chromatin clumping. 15 lymph nodes were harvested from the axillary tail and 6/15
were positive for adenocarcinoma. 3 of the positive nodes were matted together and fixed (surrounded by fibrosis) to the surrounding soft tissue.
Staining for estrogen receptors was entirely negative. Staining for Her2-Neu showed strongly positive cytoplasmic and membrane staining in 90% of the
tumor cells. There was no clinical evidence of distant metastases.
- An accurate grade for this tumor would be: Bloom and Richardson Grade III. - Additional treatment for this patient would include: Herceptin.
Test q: A 42y/o female has a 5.0cm tumor removed (lumpectomy) from her right breast. 2 senitel lymph nodes are negative for tumor. Histologically,
the tumor is anaplastic and shows no tubules or ducts, approx 25% of the tumor cells exhibit mitoses, and the nuclei are pleomorphic w/prominent
nucleoli and irreg nuclear membranes. These features are consistent w/a Scarff Bloom Richardson grade of: III.
Squamous metaplasia :