Mathematics Magazine

THEORY OF EQUABILITY
--Manuscript Draft--
Manuscript Number:
Full Title: THEORY OF EQUABILITY
Article Type: Article
Keywords: Relativity; Gravitation; Classicalmechanics
Corresponding Author: SWARNAV MAJUMDER
Mansur habibullah memorial school
kolkata, Alipore INDIA
First Author: SWARNAV MAJUMDER
Order of Authors: SWARNAV MAJUMDER
Order of Authors Secondary
Information:
Abstract: The theory of equability provides us two postulates which gives us a way to find
relativistic work done and gravitational forces. Till date relativity has given us many
formulas to calculate but relativistic work done and gravitation was missing.
So, the main goal of this theory is to provide additional information about relativity and
gravitation.
Manuscript Classifications: 70: Mechanics of particles and systems; 83: Relativity and gravitational theory; 97:
Mathematics education

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Manuscipt

THEORY OF EQUABILITY
(1) POSTULATE – 1
Work done can be defined as the product of difference
of rest mass from moving mass of a body and the
difference of square of velocity of that moving body
from the square of velocity of light in vacuum (c=3*108
m/s).
Work done(w) = (m-m0)(c2-v2)
Where,
m=moving mass of a body
m0=rest mass of a body
v=velocity of that body
c=velocity of light in vacuum.
Proof: According to Einstein Special Theory of Relativity
the relativistic moving mass of a body is given by
m=m0/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2 --------------------------(1)
 Differentiating both sides w.r.t to ‘t’
 dm/dt = d(m0/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2)/dt
 dm/dt = d(m0c/[c2-v2]1/2)/dt
 dm/dt = {[c2-v2]1/2 d(m0c)/dt – m0c d([c2-
v2]1/2)/dt}/(c2-v2)
 dm/dt = {0-m0c*(1/{2[c2-v2]1/2})(-2va)}/(c2-v2)
[since,m0,c are constants]
 (c2-v2) dm/dt=(vacm0)/([c2-v2]1/2)
 Also, [c2-v2]1/2 = (m0c)/m
 (c2-v2) dm/dt = (m0cavm)/(m0c)
 Multiplying both sides by dt we get
 (c2-v2) dm = ma*vdt
 Integrating both sides we get,

 (c2-v2) dm=ma*v dt
 (c2-v2)(m-m0)=mavt ----------------------------------------(2)
 Now, we know f=ma and s(distance) = vt
 (c2-v2) (m-m0) =f*s
 We know, w=f*s
 Hence,
 w=(c2-v2) (m-m0)--------------------------------------------(3)

(1.1) RELATION BETWEEN RELATIVISTIC KINETIC

ENERGY WITH RELATIVISTIC WORK DONE.
The formula for relativistic Kinetic Energy of a
particle of rest mass m0 is given by
k=c2[m0/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2-m0]---------------------(4)
where k is the kinetic energy of a particle.
Now,
m=m0/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2
Where,
 m is the moving mass of the particle moving with
velocity v.

k=c2(m-m0)
 (m-m0)=k/c2 --------------------------------------(5)
we know that,
relativistic work done (w)
=(m-m0)(c2-v2)
 Putting the value of (m-m0) from equation (5) we
get
 w=(k)*[1-(v2/c2)]
 w=k[1-(v2/c2)]----------------------------------------(6)
(1.2) DEDUCING THE CLASSICAL EXPRESSION FOR
KINETIC ENERGY.
The formula for relativistic work done of a particle
of rest mass m0 is given by
w=(c2-v2) (m-m0)
But, m=m0/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2
Where,
m is the moving mass of the particle moving with
velocity v.
w=[m0(1-{v2/c2})-1/2-m0][c2-v2]
 w=m0[(1-{v2/c2})-1/2-1][c2-v2] ----------------------(7)
 Expanding (1-{v2/c2})-1/2 by binomial theorem we
get,
(1-{v2/c2})-1/2 = 1 + (1/2)(v2/c2)+(3/8)(v4/c4)+……
For small velocities v<<c, the terms beyond
(1/2)(v2/c2) are negligible.
Then,
(1-{v2/c2})-1/2 1 + (1/2)(v2/c2)
Making this substitution in equation (7) we obtain,
w m0 [1 + (1/2)(v2/c2)-1] [c2-v2]
w (1/2)(m0v2) [(c2/c2)-(v2/c2)]
w (1/2)(m0v2)[1-( v2/c2)]
 Comparing the above expression with the equation
(6) we get,
k (1/2)(m0v2)--------------------------------(8)
which is the classical expression for the kinetic
energy.
(1.3) DEDUCING WORK-ENERGY THEOREM FROM
EQUATION (6).
In relativity, the momentum p of a particle at any
velocity v can be defined in defined as
p=mv
But, m=m0/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2
Where,
 m is the moving mass of the particle moving with
velocity v.
p= m0v/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2
now,
force(f) = dp/dt = d(m0v/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2)/dt -----(9)
the work done by force F in a displacement ds of the
body is equal to the change in the Kinetic Energy k of the
body,
dk=Fds
 putting the value of F from equation (9) we
get,
 dk= {d(m0v/[1-(v2/c2)]1/2)/dt}ds
 (c2-v2)dk=[(m0c*c2)/[c2-v2]1/2]*(dv/dt)*ds
 But, (c2-v2)1/2=(m0c)/m
 (c2-v2)dk = [(m0c*c2m)/m0c]*(ds/dt)*dv
 (c2-v2)dk = mc2*vdv
 Integrating both sides we get,
 (c2-v2) ∫dk=mc2 vdv
 (c2-v2)k=mc2[(v2-u2)/2]
 [(c2-v2)k]/c2 = (1/2)m[v2-u2]---------------(10)
 Since, the particle starts from rest so u=0 and
w=(k)*[1-(v2/c2)]
 w=(1/2)mv2---------------------------------------------(11)

(2) POSTULATE – 2
The Gravitational Force between two particles at
rest separated by a distance from each other is
equal to the Gravitational Force between that two
particles moving with equal and uniform velocity
keeping the distance same between them.
(Gm0m’0)/r2 = [(Gmm’)/r2] [1-(v2/c2)]
Where
m0=Rest mass of first particle.
m’0=Rest mass of second particle.
m=Moving mass of first particle.
m’=Moving mass of second particle.
r=Distance between the two particles.
G=Gravitational Constant.
v=Velocity of both the particles.
c=Velocity if light in vacuum.
Proof:- According to Newton’s Law Of Gravitation
F=(Gm0m’0)/r2----------------------------------(12)
Now,
m0=m[1-(v2/c2)]1/2
 m’0=m’[1-(v2/c2)]1/2
putting the value of m0 and m’0 in equation (12)
we get,
F=[(Gmm’)/r2] {[1-(v2/c2)]1/2}2
F=[(Gmm’)/r2] [1-(v2/c2)]-----------------------(13)
Hence,
(Gm0m’0)/r2 = [(Gmm’)/r2] [1-(v2/c2)] [proved]
Equation (13) can also be said as the formula to find
relativistic Gravitational Forces.
For example:-
Two particles A and B has rest mass of 20 kg and 30
kg separated by a distance 10m. Suddenly, both of
them started to move with a velocity 2*108m/s.
Verify the theory of equability in this case.
m0 of A=20kg m’0 of B=30kg
r=10m
m of A=26.8 kg m’ of B=40.2kg
F=6G F’=5.9G=6G
Hence,
The theory of equability is Verified.