The document discusses stability issues that can arise in pressure vessels and pipes due to imperfections and out-of-roundness. The ASME boiler code assumes a 1% diameter out-of-roundness tolerance, but some specifications allow for 2%. For pipes outside this tolerance, adjustments may be needed for external pressure design. Column buckling and local shell buckling modes like full circle wrinkling or bending wrinkling can also occur under compressive stresses. The document provides a formula for calculating allowable compressive stress to avoid instability.
The document discusses stability issues that can arise in pressure vessels and pipes due to imperfections and out-of-roundness. The ASME boiler code assumes a 1% diameter out-of-roundness tolerance, but some specifications allow for 2%. For pipes outside this tolerance, adjustments may be needed for external pressure design. Column buckling and local shell buckling modes like full circle wrinkling or bending wrinkling can also occur under compressive stresses. The document provides a formula for calculating allowable compressive stress to avoid instability.
The document discusses stability issues that can arise in pressure vessels and pipes due to imperfections and out-of-roundness. The ASME boiler code assumes a 1% diameter out-of-roundness tolerance, but some specifications allow for 2%. For pipes outside this tolerance, adjustments may be needed for external pressure design. Column buckling and local shell buckling modes like full circle wrinkling or bending wrinkling can also occur under compressive stresses. The document provides a formula for calculating allowable compressive stress to avoid instability.
Stability is very sensitive to imperfection and out-of-roundness of the shell. The ASME procedure for external pressure design is based on 1% diametrical out-of-roundness of the shell. This is the same tolerance for most of the standard specifications on shells and pipes. However, there are some specifications, such as API-5L and ASTM A-53, which have a diametrical out-of-roundness tolerance of 2% (±1%). Some adjustments are required when using the ASME procedure for external pressure design of pipe having a diametrical out-of-roundness greater than 1%. Figure 1.9b shows some situations of instability due to axial compressive stress. The compressive load may create an overall column-buckling problem as in all structural systems. The main concern of column buckling is the sustained load such as the bellow expansion joint pressure end forces. The effect of the self-limiting compressive load, such as the thermal expansion force, is generally benign because the force is readily reduced from slackening of the buckled pipe. For local shell buckling, we have full circle wrinkling, square wave buckling, and bending wrinkling. Within the elastic range, the allowable compressive stress may be taken as [22] SAllow 0125 2 E(t R)