9) a)

i) The null hypothesis is that trained mice are equally likely to make a correct decision as are
untrained mice. The alternative null hypothesis is that trained mice are more likely to make a
correct decision than are untrained mice.
ii)
𝑍 = [𝑂11 /𝑟1 − 𝑂21 /𝑟2 ] / [{𝑐1 /𝑛 (1 − 𝑐1 /𝑛)}/𝑟1 + {𝑐1 /𝑛 (1 − 𝑐1 /𝑛)}/𝑟2 ]

To answer this question, you have to look at the formula for z given above. If the alternative
hypothesis is true you would expect that the proportion of trained mice making a correct decision
(𝑂11 /𝑟1 in the notation of formula) to be greater than that the proportion of untrained mice making
a correct decision (𝑂21 /𝑟2 in the notation of formula). This implies that that if the alternative
hypothesis is true you would expect z to be positive. Therefore, the test is one sided-up.
iii)
The convenient formula for Z is:

𝑧 = {(𝑜11 × 𝑜22 – 𝑜21 × 𝑜12 ) √𝑛 /√(𝑟1 × 𝑟2 × 𝑐1 × 𝑐2 )}

𝑧 = {(90 × 90 – 72 × 72) √324 /√(162 × 162 × 162 × 162)}

Z= 2
iv)
Approach II
P-value is Prob(Z ≥ 2) = 0.0227. This is greater than alpha=0.01, so we do not have enough
evidence to reject the null hypothesis.