Word count

The word count is the number of words in a document or passage of text. Word counting may be needed
when a text is required to stay within certain numbers of words. This may particularly be the case in
academia, legal proceedings, journalism and advertising. Word count is commonly used by translators to
determine the price of a translation job. Word counts may also be used to calculate measures of readability
and to measure typing and reading speeds (usually in words per minute). When converting character counts
to words, a measure of 5 or 6 characters to a word is generally used for English.[1]

Contents
Details and variations of definition
Software
In fiction
In non-fiction
See also
References
Sources

Details and variations of definition

Variations in the operational definitions of how to count the words can occur (namely, what "counts as" a
word, and which words "don't count" toward the total). However, especially since the advent of widespread
word processing, there is a broad consensus on these operational definitions (and hence the bottom-line
integer result). The consensus is to accept the text segmentation rules generally found in most word
processing software (including how word boundaries are determined, which depends on how word dividers
are defined). The first trait of that definition is that a space (any of various whitespace characters, such as a
"regular" word space, an em space, or a tab character) is a word divider. Usually a hyphen or a slash is, too.
Different word counting programs may give varying results, depending on the text segmentation rule details,
and on whether words outside the main text (such as footnotes, endnotes, or hidden text) are counted. But
the behavior of most major word processing applications is broadly similar.

However, during the era when school assignments were done in handwriting or with typewriters, the rules
for these definitions often differed from today's consensus. Most importantly, many students were drilled on
the rule that "certain words don't count", usually articles (namely, "a", "an", "the"), but sometimes also
others, such as conjunctions (for example, "and", "or", "but") and some prepositions (usually "to", "of").
Hyphenated permanent compounds such as "follow-up" (noun) or "long-term" (adjective) were counted as
one word. To save the time and effort of counting word-by-word, often a rule of thumb for the average
number of words per line was used, such as 10 words per line. These "rules" have fallen by the wayside in
the word processing era; the "word count" feature of such software (which follows the text segmentation
rules mentioned earlier) is now the standard arbiter, because it is largely consistent (across documents and
applications) and because it is fast, effortless, and costless (already included with the application).
As for which sections of a document "count" toward the total (such as footnotes, endnotes, abstracts,
reference lists and bibliographies, tables, figure captions, hidden text), the person in charge (teacher, client)
can define their choice, and users (students, workers) can simply select (or exclude) the elements
accordingly, and watch the word count automatically update.

Software
Modern web browsers support word counting via extensions, via a JavaScript bookmarklet, or a script that is
hosted in a website. Most word processors can also count words. Unix-like systems include a program, wc,
specifically for word counting. There are a wide variety of word counting tools available online.

As explained earlier, different word counting programs may give varying results, depending on the text
segmentation rule details. The exact number of words often is not a strict requirement, thus the variation is
acceptable.

In fiction
Novelist Jane Smiley suggests that length is an important quality of the novel.[2] However, novels can vary
tremendously in length; Smiley lists novels as typically being between 100,000 and 175,000 words,[3] while
National Novel Writing Month requires its novels to be at least 50,000 words. There are no firm rules: for
example, the boundary between a novella and a novel is arbitrary and a literary work may be difficult to
categorise.[4] But while the length of a novel is to a large extent up to its writer,[5] lengths may also vary by
subgenre; many chapter books for children start at a length of about 16,000 words,[6] and a typical mystery
novel might be in the 60,000 to 80,000 word range while a thriller could be well over 100,000 words.[7]

The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America specifies word lengths for each category of its Nebula
award categories:[8]

Classification Word count

Novel 40,000 words or over
Novella 17,500 to 39,999 words
Novelette 7,500 to 17,499 words
Short story under 7,500 words

In non-fiction
The acceptable length of an academic dissertation varies greatly, dependent predominantly on the subject.
Numerous American universities limit Ph.D. dissertations to 100,000 words, barring special permission for
exceeding this limit.[9]

See also
Flash fiction
List of longest novels
Twitterature
Word lists by frequency
References
1. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America suggest 6 chars to a word (http://www.sfw
a.org/2005/01/what-is-a-word/)
2. Smiley, Jane. 2005. Thirteen Ways of Looking at the Novel. NY: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 14.
3. Smiley, 2005, p. 15.
4. Edge, Tom, "Does Size Matter?" The Guardian (UK), Booksblog, Nov. 2, 2006.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2006/nov/02/doessizematter
5. Quindlen, Anna (September 23, 2002), "Writers on Writing: The Eye of the Reporter, the Heart
of the Novelist" (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/23/books/writers-on-writing-the-eye-of-the-r
eporter-the-heart-of-the-novelist.html), New York Times, "A novelist doesn't write to space, of
course; 80,000 words, 100,000, it is up to the writer to say when the story is done.".
6. Lamb, Nancy, Crafting Stories for Children. Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, p. 24
7. Thurston, Carol (August 3, 1997), "Agents give writers the book on what's hot and what's not",
Austin American-Statesman, "no one wants more than 60-80,000 words in a mystery, 110,000
for a thriller".
8. SFWA Awards FAQ (https://web.archive.org/web/20090319043837/http://sfwa.org/awards/faq.
htm), Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America as follows:
9. Dunleavy, Patrick (2003), Authoring a PhD, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 46, ISBN 978-1-4039-
1191-9.

Sources
DeRocher, James E.; Miron, Murray S.; Patten, Sam M.; Pratt, Charles C. (1973), The
Counting of Words: A Review of the History, Techniques and Theory of Word Counts with
Annotated Bibliography (http://eric.ed.gov:80/PDFS/ED098814.pdf) (PDF), Syracuse
University Research Corporation, p. 302, ED098814.
Rothman, Chuck (2005), Word Counts: What Is a Word? (http://www.sfwa.org/2005/01/what-is-
a-word/), Science Fiction Writers of America. An article on various word count methods in
fiction publishing.
Michaels, Melisa (2005), Focusing on the Wrong Things (https://web.archive.org/web/2009041
7072033/http://www.sfwa.org/writing/wordcountredux.htm), Science Fiction Writers of America,
archived from the original (http://www.sfwa.org/writing/wordcountredux.htm) on April 17, 2009
An article on the relative importance of various word count methods in fiction publishing.

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