1

rmwd u m pmrsuf E S m

tcef ; (1) ouf O D ; qH y d k f i f b k & if r sm;ES i f h ‚if ; wd k @ . wd k i f ; Ed k i f i H r sm; (bD p D 2500- at'D 1885)
jrefrmhordkif; 3
ordkif;qdkonfrSm 4
'¾m&Drsm;xJrS ordkif; tpOftvmrsm; 5
a&S;umvrsm;qDu vlwdk@b0 6
a&S;bk&ifhwdkif;jynfrsm; 7

tcef ; (2) ud k v d k e D e ,f c h s J a cwf (1885 - 1948)

udkvdkeDe,fchsJpepf 10
t*Fvdyf - jrefrm ppfyGJrsm; 11
udkvkdeDacwftkyfcsKyfa&; 12
udkvdkeDe,fchsJpepf. jrefrmEdkifiHtay:±dkufcwfr_rsm; 13
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlrsKd;uGJrsm; ydkrdkwdk;yGg;vmjcif; 14
jynfyomoemjyK tzGJ@rsm; 15
udkvdkeDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; 16
ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifhocifv_yf&Sm;r_ 18
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 19
udkvdkeDacwf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; 20

tcef ; (3) 'k w d , urB m ppf (1940 - 19 45)

'kwd,urBmppf. a,bl,so±kyfo¿mef 21
&JabmfoHk;usdyf 22
*syefodrf;ydkufjcif; 23
Armjynfvrf;r}uD;ESifh vD'dkvrf;r 24
ppfwGif;umv (BIA) ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um;&dS jy\emrsm; 25

tcef ; (4) vG w f v yf a &; v_ y f & S m ;r_ }ud K ;yrf ; r_ r sm; (1945 - 1948)
zqyv tzGJ@csKyfESifh atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf 26
yifvHkpmcsKyf 27
vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh !d‡@Ed_if;&mwGif +Adwdo#wdk@. tcef;u¾ 28
1947 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' 29
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@ vkyf}uHcH&jcif; 30

2
 tcef ; (1)

oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. wdkif;EdkifiHrsm; (bDpD 2500 - at'D 1885)

jref r mh o rd k i f ;
jrefrmhordkif;qdkonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;aexdkif
=uoltm;vHk;wdk@. tjzpftysufta=umif;t&mrsm; jzpf
onf? wenf;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&dS wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonfh &cdkif/ Arm/ csif;/ u&if/ u&ifeD/ ucsif/
&Srf;ESifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pki,frsm;. tjzpftysuf
t a=umif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf? oifw@kd onf jrefrmEdik if rH jS zpf
v#if TpHowfrw S cf sut
f & oifw@kd . tjzpfoepf rsm;onf
vnf; jrefrmhordkif;. wpdyfwydkif;yifjzpfonf?
oifwkd@onf oifwdk@. ordkif;a=umif;udk ydkrdkxyfrH
avhvmcGifh&dSouJhodk@ jrefrmEdkifiHrS tjcm;olwdk@. ordkif;
a=umif;udkvnf; xyfrHavhvmcGifh&dSaeygonf? oifonf
jrefrmhordkif;ESifhywfoufI wpHkw&mod&dSxm;+yD; jzpfonfh
tavsmuf ordik ;f qdo k nfrmS acwfumvwavsmuf t a&;
ygonf h j zpf & yf r sm;/ topf & S m azG a wG @ &d S r _ r sm;/ jzpf a y:wd k ;
wufrr_ sm;/ tajymif;tvJtcsK;d tauG@rsm;ESihf xifay:ausmf
=um;olwdk@. ta=umif;rsm;jzpfonf[lI trSwf&yg?

ordkif;qdkonfrSm
jrefrmhordkif;onf ,cktcsdefxdwdkif tjiif;yGm;
zG,&f mjzpfonf? a&S;,cifumvrsm;Yyif TurBmajrjyifwiG f
aexdik =f uol rsm;. uAsmrsm;/ oDcsi;f rsm;ESihf yHjk yifrsm;xJwiG f
yg0ifaom ordkif;rsm; uGJjym;cJh=u&m ,ae@umvxdwdkif
ordkif;ESifhywfoufI oabmrwl=uao;ay?
,if;uJhodk@ tjiif;yGm;ae=u&mwGifyg0ifonfh t
csuw f pfcsurf mS jrefrmjynfo@kd rnfonfv h rl sK;d tkypf k tvsif
a&muf o enf ; qd k
onfudkyifjzpfonf?
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;
tk y f p k t awmf rsm;
rsm;rS v nf ; ‚if ; wd k @
OD ; pG m a&muf & d S c J h = u
a=umif; oufaojy
xm; =uygonf? u
&ifvrl sK;d tawmf rsm;
rsm;u ‚if ; wd k @ onf
,ck jref r mEd k i f i H [ k
ac:qd k a om Ta'
ysLwd k @ . abmabm}uD ; apwD a wmf ood@k bDpD (739) cef@
uwnf ; u a&muf
3
&dSaexdkifcJh onf[k qdkygonf? ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;. ,lq
csuf r S m awmif a y:aevl t k y f p k r sm;onf a&S ; ES p f a xmif
aygif ; rsm;pG m uyif jref r mjynf o d k @ a&muf & d S a exd k i f c J h = u
aomfvnf; ,if; rwdik rf D vlrnfr#a&muf&aSd eonfqo kd nfukd
rcef @ rS e f ; Ed k i f = uay? jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f ysLvl r sKd ; wd k @ . rif ;
aejynfawmfukd tapm qH;k bk&ifEh ikd if w H pfc. k oufaotjzpf
awG@&cSd &hJ onf? ysLwd@k onf at'Dyxr&mpkuwnf;u +rdK@jy
Edik if wH nfaxmifc=hJ uonf? ArmtcsK@d u ysLwd@k onf Armwd@k
. bdk;ab;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdk=uaomfvnf; tcsKd@url ysLr
a&mufrED iS hf Armwd@k u waumif;+rdK@ukd xlaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf[k
qdyk gonf? waumif;onf &Sr;f wd@k .+rdK@awmfjzpfonf [k &Sr;f
vlrsdK;tcsdK@uqdkjyefonf? &cdkifvlrsm;wdk@uvnf; ‚if;wdk@.
a&S;rif; aejynfawmfrsm;tay: *k%, f =l u+yD; rGew f @kd uvnf;
‚if;wdk@onf ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif tajccsaexdkifcJh=uonf
rSm ESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfcJh+yD[k qdkygonf?
tjzpftysurf sm;onf tvGe=f umjrifv h +S yDjzpfojzifh
taotcsmajymEdkif&ef cufcJvSonfjzpf&m jrefrmEdkifiHodk@
rnfonfh vlrsKd;tkyfpk tvsifa&muf&dScJhonfESifhywfoufI
ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; tajzrxkwfEdkfifay?
ordkif;wpfav#mufxif&Sm;onfh yk*~dKvfrsm;tay:
wGiv f nf; uGjJ ym;onfh tjriftrsK;d rsK;d &daS eygonf? bk&ifwpf
yifa&$xD;onf Armwdkif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf ol&Jaumif;
wpfOD;jzpfaomfvnf; rGefvlrsKd;wdk@twGuf zdESdyf&ufpuf
olwOD;jzpfaejyefonf? xdk@tjyif u&ifwdkif;&if;om;wdk@rS
vnf; wyifa&$x;D onf “wemxl;apm” [kac:aom u&if
vlrsKd;wOD; jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unf=uygonf? ordkif;ynm&Sif
rsm; }udK;pm;az:xkwfxm;onfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif wdkif;
&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;onf vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu
yif tajccs aexdik cf =hJ ua=umif; a&S;umvrsm;Y vlrsm;uJo h @kd
trsKd;om;a&; tawG;tac: jyif;xefr_r&dSa=umif; od&yg
onf? qdv k okd nfrmS a&S;umvrsm;Y vlwa,mufonf vl
rsKd;tkyfpkrsm;pGmESifh w}udrf odk@r[kwf t}udrfzefrsm;pGm ul;
vl; qufqHEdkifcJha=umif; qdkygonf?
jrefrmhordkif;ESifhywfoufI tjcm;ar;cGef;wpfckrSm
twdwfumvjrefrmEdkifiH&dS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;t
=um; qufqHa&;jzpfonf? ArmvlrsKd;tawmfrsm;rsm;u
ajymqdak e=uonfrmS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tkypf rk sm;onf um
v&Sn=f umpGm csp=f unf&if;ES;D pGmjzifh aexdik cf =hJ u+yD; Armbk
&ifrsm;u vlrsK;d tkypf w k ikd ;f udk nD!w
G af pcJo
h nf[q k ykd gonf?
aqG ; aEG ; csuf ? ? jref r mord k i f ; ES i f h y wf o uf I tb,f h a=umif h t,l t qrsm; rwl n D = ua=umif ; ud k aqG ; aEG ; yg?
4
,if;,lqcsurf mS jrefrmEdik if oH m;rsm; nD!wG pf mG aexdik o
f ifh
a=umif; Armwdk@u cyfvG,fvG,f&Sif;jyxm;jcif;w&yf jzpf
onf? odk@aomf tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;uvnf; ‚if;
wdk@tm; v$rf;rdk;csKyfcs,fvdkaom Armtygt0if tjcm;vl
rsKd;tkyfpk}uD;rsm;ESifh t+rJwap wdkufcdkufaecJh=uonf [kqdk
onf? ,if;,lqcsufrSm ‚if;wdk@onf Armwdk@. tpdwft
ydkif;w&yf rjzpfvdka=umif; cyfvG,fvG,f &Sif;jyxm;jcif;jzpf
onf? jzpfEdkifzG,f&dSonfh trSefw&m;rSm rwlnDonfh vlrsKd;
tkyfpktcsif;csif; wcgw&H wdkufcdkufcJh=u+yD; wcgw&H twl
wuG tvkyfvkyfcJh=uonf[laom t,ltqESpfck=um;Y
jzpfzG,f&dSonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif;Y okawoejyKvkyf&ef cufcJvS
aoma=umifh ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;onfvnf; tjiif;yGg;zG,&f m
ta=umif ; t&mrsm;twG u f *Ce% tajzxk w f E d k i f & ef
cufcJygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;onf
rdrdwdk@. udk,fykdifxifjrif,lqcsufrsm; xm;&dSonfhenf;wl
oifonfvnf; ordkif;udk avhvmaomtcg rdrd udk,fykdif
oD;jcm; xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk xm;&dSEdkifygonf?
 '¾m&D r sm;xJ r S ord k i f ; tpOf t vmrsm;?
jrefrmEdkifiH&dS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;onf bk & if w yg;jzpf v mcJ h y gonf ? ‚if ; xD ; eef ; pd k u f & m tqd k y g
‚if ; wd k @ rnf u J h o d k @ pwif q if ; ouf c J h y H k r sm;ES i f h y wf o uf I t&yfudkvnf; “rdkif;arm0f”aejynfawmf[k ac:wGif apcJh
'¾m&Dordik ;f rsm; &d=S u ygonf? tqdyk g '¾m&D ordik ;f rsm;udk onf? “arm0f” [kac:aom &Sr;f bmompum;.t"dyg` ,rf mS
od x m;&ef vd k t yf + yD ; od k @ rS “acgif;udkufjcif;” jzpf+yD; tqdkyga'oY rdcifbk&ifr}uD;
om‚if;wdk@. "avhxHk;wrf; acgif;ukdufpOf iSuf}uD;rS okwfcsDoGm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf
tpOftvmrsm;udk em;vnf [kqdkxm;ygonf?
Ed k i f r nf j zpf o nf ? wd k i f ; &if ; '¾m&Dwck.tqdkrSm u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@onf oJajr
om;wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@. '¾m rsm; pD; qif;&mt&yf udk jzwfausmI f ,ck jrefrmEdik if H [kac:
&D o rk d i f ; rsm;ud k vl } uD ; rS v l qd k & mt&yf o d k @
i,fo@kd “yg;pyf&mZ0if”tjzpf 0ifa&mufco hJ nf
tqif h q if h vuf u rf ; cJ h = u [k qd k y gonf ?
ygonf? a&S;'¾m&Drsm;xJrS tqd k y g ae&m
tjzpf t ysuf o nf trS e f w opftm; u&if
u,f j zpf c J h o nf [ k ,ae@ bmomjzifh
acwf u mvY r,H k = unf E d k i f “aumf v m;”
avmufaomfvnf; a&S;tcg [k trnfay; cJh
rG e f v l r sKd ; wd k @ . a&$ [ oF m xd k i f ; jref r me,f p yf qd k i f ; yk ' f w ck
u '¾m&Drsm;xJwiG yf g&aSd om &m pd r f ; vef ;
trS w f v uQ % mtcsKd @ onf ,ae@acwf u mvtwG u f aomwd k i f ; jynf [ k t"d y ` g ,f & yg onf ? tvG e f v S y aom
ta&;}uD;vsufyif&dSaeygonf? Oyrm - rGefvlrsKd;wdk@. ae&ma'ojzpf a oma=umif h “aumf o l ; av;”[k u&if
tvHawmfY a&$[oFmiSuftm; trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%m bmomjzifh ajymif;vJrSnfhac:cJh=u+yD; om,mvSyI jynfhpHk
tjzpf xm;&dSjcif;jzpfonf? ºuG,f0+yD; +idrf;csrf;aomwdkif;jynf[k t"dy`g,f&ygonf?
rGe'f ¾m&Dwck.tqdw k iG f Ak'j< rwfpmG psejf zihf ºuGcs&D m csi;f wd@k . '¾m&DwpfcYk vnf; a&S;tcgu urBm}uD;
,ae@ yJcl;[kac:aom awmt&yfY a&$[oFmiSufESpfaumif onf tvG e f w &marS m if r d k u f o G m ;cJ h z l ; onf [ k q d k o nf ?
tm;awG@&cSd &hJ onf[k qdyk gonf? ausmufaqmifpeG ;f wckay: csif;bm omjzifh “oZifef” [kac:onfh tarSmifxkxJY
wGi&f aSd eaom [oFmzdak y: Y [oFmru &yfvsu&f &Sd m wae@ pdk;&GH@xdwf vef@zG,f&mjzpf&yf trsm;tjym; jzpfyGm;cJhonf
aomtcg Ta'oY +rdK@}uD;w+rdK@ pnfyifxGef;um;vdrfhrnf [k qd k y gonf ? t&mtm;vH k ; ru xif ; ajcmuf r sm;ES i f h
jzpfa=umif; Ak'<u rdef@=um;cJhonf[k tqdk&dSygonf? ,ae@ ausmuf wHk;rsm;yif touf&Sifaeojzifh vlwdk@onf rD;udk
umvY tqdyk ga'otm; [oFmuke;f bk&m;tjzpf ud;k uG,f rnfodk@r# rjyKvkyfEdkifyJ jzpf=u&onf? Txdwfvef@zG,f&m
xm;&dSygonf? tarS m if x k } uD ; tqH k ; owf o G m ;+yD ; aemuf vl w d k @ onf
&Sr;f wd@k . '¾m&Dwckt& “wDvif;u” [kac:aom “csif;vHk” [kac: aom taygufrSwqifh urBm}uD;xJodk@
iSuf}uD;waumifu ukd,fav;vuf0efjzpfaeaom bk&ifr jyefvnfa&muf&dScJh=uonf[kqdkonf?
}uD;tm; olraexdkifonfh Ak'<zGm;jrif&m a'oteD;&dStdrf
awmfrS awmeuf}uD;xJodk@ okwfcsDoGm;cJhonf[k tqdk&dScJh
onf? xd@k aemuf rif;om;i,ftm; awmeuf}uD;xJY arG;zGm; aqG ; aEG ; csuf
cJ&h +yD; }uD;jyif;vmaomtcg ewfw@kd u rif;om;tm; apmif; ±d k ; &m'¾m&D y H k j yif r sm;onf vl w d k @ twG u f t
wvufudk vufaqmiftjzpf ay;cJhonf[kqdkonf? wae@ b,f h a =umif h ta&;ygoenf ; ?
aomtcg rif;om;onf apmif;oHjzifh qifrsm;udOk ;D aqmifI
rdcifbk&ifr}uD;tm; iSufcsD&mt&yfodk@ ta&mufjyefEdkifcJh+yD;

5
 a&S;umvordkif;rS vlwdk@.b0
a&S;bk&ifhwdkif;jynfrsm;
c&pfray:rDESpfaygif;wpfaxmiftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH
[k u|eEf ykf w f @kd ,ckac:qdak omt&yfa'ood@k vlrsm;a&G@ ajymif;
a&muf&cSd o hJ nf[k qd=k uonf? xd@k aemuf uGjJ ym;onf v h rl sK;d
tkyfpkrsm;onf Ta'oY aexdkifcJh=u&mtcsKd@rSm ajrjyef@
ydik ;f wGif +rdK@awmfrsm;wnfaxmifc=hJ u+yD; tcsK@d rmS awmifuek ;f
awmifwef;rsm;ay:wGif &GmwnfIaexdkifcJh=uonf? Ta'
o&dS tiftm;}uD;rm;aombk&ifrsm;onf wcgw&HwGif w
±kwf/ tdENd,ESifh wdkif;EdkifiHtxdwdkifatmif ‚if;wdk@. tifyg
,mrsm;udk xlaxmifc=hJ uonf? tqdyk g bk&ifEh ikd if rH sm;Y yHak o
e,fpyfoyfrw S x f m;&djS cif;r&db
S J bk&ifEh ikd if .
H tiftm;tenf;
trsm;tay:rlwnfI wdik ;f jynf. yHo k ¿mefEiS hf t&G,t f pm;
ajymif;vJc=hJ uonf? bk&if.=oZmtm%monf wdik ;f jynf.
A[kYd xda&mufr&_ +Sd yD;e,fpeG ef ,fzsm;a'oY tm;aysmah e avh
&dSaoma=umifh TuJhodk@aom bk&ifhEdkifiHrsm;udk ordkif;ynm
&Sifrsm;u rE<vpuf0dkif; (Mandalas) [kac:=uonf?
xdk@tjyifbk&if. =oZmtm%monf bk&ifhEdkifiH
twGif;&dSy¾mqufwdkif;jynfi,fav;rsm;. acgif;aqmif
rsm;tay: Yvnf ; rl w nf a ewwf o nf ? tjyef t vS e f
tm;jzifh bk&ifonf Tacgif;aqmifi,frsm;udk tumt
uG,fay;&onf? Tpepfudk A[dkrS tm%mjzef@a0pD;qif;
aompepf (Hierarchy) [kac:qd=k uonf? tqdyk gpepfwiG f
bk&ifonf =oZmtm%mt}uD;qH;k jzpfI rif;nDrif;om;rsm;
ES i f h t jcm;t}uD ; tuJ r sm;rS m =oZmr&d S o avmuf y if j zpf
onf? &Gmol}uD;rsm;rSmrl =oZmtrJhqHk;yifjzpfayawmhonf?
yk * H + rd K @/ r*F v mapwD a wmf ?
13 &mpkwGifwnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhonf?
6
a&S;tcgu ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'oonf vlOD;a&
rsm;jym;jcif; r&dSojzifhaexdkiftajccs&ef e,fajr us,f0ef;
cJhonf? wdkif;jynf t}uD;tuJrsm;onf pyg;pdkuf&ef/ bk&m;
ausmif;rsm;aqmufvkyf&ef ppfwdkuf&efESifh EdkifiHchsJxGif&ef vl
rsm;vdktyfonfjzpf&m ta0;wkdif;jynfrsm;udk ppfEdkifonfht
cgY tqdyk gppf±;H_ wdik ;f jynfrv
S rl sm;udk +rdK@awmf. teD;0ef;usif
odk@r=umc% ac:aqmifvmwwf=uonf? &v'ftaejzifh
uGjJ ym;onfh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tkypf rk sm; a&maESmoGm;=u+yD;
tEkynmtygt0if todynm/ twwfynm/ udk;uG,f,Hk
=unfr_ESifh v,f,mvkyfief;vkyfukdifyHkrsm; r#a0aygif;pyfukef
=uonf? xd@k tjyif ‚if;wd@k onf vlrsK;d tkypf rk sm; tcsi;f csi;f
aoG;aESmaygif;pyfum r[mrdwfrsm;jzpfvm=u+yD; tjcm;a'
orsm;udk ppfrufwdkuf cdkufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvm=uonf?
omref j ynf o l r sm;
bk&ifrsm;ppfwdkufae=uonfhtcgY vnf;aumif;
eef;awmfrsm;wnfaqmufae=uonfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif;
omrefjynf oltrsm;pkonf pyg;pdu k /f ig;zrf; ponfjzifh om
touf&iS af exkid cf =hJ uonf? &Gmi,frsm;wGif aexdik f =uaom
omrefjynfolrsm;wGif &Gmol}uD;wOD; odk@r[kwf rif;om;
wyg;yg;rS tkycf sKyf+yD; tqdyk g&mG ol}uD;u ‚if;xuf ydI k =oZm
}uD;aom t}uD;tuJrsm;udk vufaqmify¾m qufo&av
onf? xdk@twGuf &Gmom;rsm;onf aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;ukd
ydrk kd &SmazGpak qmif;&onf? od@k r[kwf bk&ifph pfwyfwiG f vduk yf g
&ef u k e f + rd K @&d S tpP v rf o moemAvD a usmif ; awmf
tr_xrf;&onf? awmifay:a'owGif aexdik f =uolrsm;onf tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmyif v$rf;rdk;cJhonf?
r=umc% a&$@ajymif;aexdik =f uolrsm; jzpf=u I bk&ifah ejynf xd@k aemuf tqdyk gewfu;kd uG,, f =kH unfro
_ nf aemufyikd ;f wGif
awmfESifh tquftoG,f odyfr&dSvSay? 0if a &muf v maombmomrsm;ES i f h a&maES m oG m ;cJ h o nf ?
[dENLbmomESifh Ak'<bmomonfvnf; Ta'oodk@ a&S;ESpf
udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ aygif;rsm;pGmuyif tdEdN,rS a&muf&dScJhonf? ta&S@awmif
,ae@umvuJhodk@yif a&S;umvvlrsKd;rsm;Yvnf; tm&S a 'orsm;wG i f ax&0g'Ak ' < b momud k ; uG , f r _ rsm;
taumif;ESifhtqdk;rSm t+rJ'GefwGJvsuf&dSaecJhonf? vlrsm; pGmxGef;um;cJhonf? tpPvrfbmomonf (13) &mpkESpf
onf tjzpftysuf/ ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk }uHKawG@cJh+yD; wGifa&muf&dScJh+yD; ,ae@ jrefrmEdkifiH[kac:onfh a'o.
aemuf tb,fha=umifh ,if;odk@jzpfysufcJhonfukd em;vnf taemufbufodk@ v$rf;rdk;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf c&pf,mefbm
&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? xdk@twl tqdk;udk rnfuJhodk@ a&Smif omtm; Oa&myom;rsm; ESihf tar&duef omoemjyKrsm;u
&Sm;&rnfenf;/ aysmf&$ifr_udk rnfodk@&SmazG&rnfenf;ponf Ta'ood@k a&muf&aSd pcJo h nf? Tud;k uG,, f =kH unfrt _ m; vH;k
wdk@udkvnf; em;vnf&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? ,if;odk@}udK; onf jrefrmEdkifiH&dS uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh wdkif;&if; om;vlrsKd;
pm;&mwGif udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_u ‚if;wdk@udk taxmuftyHh tkyfpktm;vHk;twGuf ta&;ygv#ufyif&dSaeonf?
jzpfapcJhonf?
a&S;umvrsm;Y ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'owGif udk; aqG ; aEG ; csuf
uG,f,Hk=unfr_trsKd;rsKd;v$rf;rdk;cJh&m ewfudk;uG,fonfh0g'/ jref r mh v l r _ b 0rsm; rnf u J h o d k @ ajymif ; vJ c J h o
[dELN bmom/ r[m,meAk'b < mom/ ax&0g'Ak'b < m omESihf enf ; ? a&S ; umvrsm;Yvnf ; rnf o d k @ ajymif ; vJ c J h o enf ; ?
tpPvrfbmom ponfwdk@jzpfonf? ewfudk;uG,f ,Hk=unf ,ae@umvxd w d k i f vl r _ b 0rsm;wl n D v #uf y if &d S y go
jcif ; onf ta&S @ awmif t m&S a 'o ud k ; uG , f , H k = unf r _ . vm;?

a&S ; bk & if h w d k i f ; jynf r sm;

jrefrmhordik ;f wav#mufwiG f uGjJ ym;onfh vlrsK;d tkypf rk sm;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_rsm;tcsi;f csi;f xdawG@vr$ ;f rd;k r_rsm;&dcS o
hJ nf?
ordkif;a=umif;rStcsKd@ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;/ ae&ma'orsm;ESifh vlrsm;udk atmufyg twdkif; awG@&onf?
awmifay:aevlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;onf tifyg,mrsm; xlaxmifjcif;/ tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&dS=uyJ
‚if;wdk@.ae&ma'orsm;Yom tajccsaexdkif=uonf? u&if/ u&ifeD/ ucsif/ csif;/ em*/ ytdk0fh/ yavmif/ ya'gif/ udk;uef@/
0 ESifh tjcm;vlrsKd;/ tkyfpktcsKd@onf awmifay: a'orsm;wGif aexdkif=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsdefumv=umjrihfvS+yD
jzpfojzift
h qdyk gawmifay:aevlrsK;d tkypf wk @kd . touf&iS af exdik =f uyHEk iS yhf wfoufI ordik ;f qdik &f mtaxmuftxm;rsm;&&d&S ef
cufcJvSygonf?

at'D(1) &mpk
ysLvlrsKd;rsm; Ad\Edk;+rdK@udk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf?

at'D(2) &mpk
rGefvlrsKd;rsm;u ok0Àblrd(,ckoxHk+rdK@)udk xlaxmif+yD; ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'orsm;ESifh ukefoG,fcJh=uonf?

at'D(3) &mpk
&cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;onf "n0wDaejynfawmfudk xlaxmifcJh+yD; T+rdK@awmfonf tdEdN,ESifhukefoG,f&mYta&;
ygcJhonf?
7
at'D(4) &mpk
tdENd,Y‘*kw’tifyg,mxGef;awmufcsdefjzpfonfh (at'D 320-467)Y Ta'oodk@ ukef;vrf;/ a&vrf;/ ukef
oG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;wav#muf Ak'<0g'ESifh [dENL0g' wdk@v$rf;rdk;cJhonf?
at'D(5) &mpk
ysLvlrsKd;wdk@u [efvif;ESifh oD&dacwW&m+rdK@rsm;xl axmifcJh+yD; tdENd,“*kw”
tifyg,mESifh qufoG,fr_rsm; &dS cJhonf?
at'D(6) &mpk
&cdkifvlrsKd;wdk@. "n0wDEdkifiHawmf us±_H;cJhonf?
at'D(7) &mpk
ysL ESifh &cdkifvlrsKd;wdk@ qufoG,fr_&dScJhonf?
Ad \ Ed k ; +rd K @a[mif ; wnf a e&m
at'D(8) &mpk k
ysLvlrsKd;wdk@ oD&dacwW&m+rdK@tm;wnfaxmif+yD;aemuf xD;eef;us±_H;cJhonf? tm&Swdkuftv,fydkif;rS
ArmvlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm; ydkrdktajccsvmojzifh Ta'oY Armwdk@ . =oZmtm%m wdk;yGm;vmonf?
at'D(9) &mpk
• w±kwfawmifydkif;&dS “eefcsKd” bk&ifEdkifiHrsm;u txufjrefrmjynfodk@=oZmchsJ xGifvmonf?
• &Srf;vlrsKd;wdk@. “rdkif;arm0f” bk&ifhwdkif;jynf=oZm}uD;rm;vmonf?
• rGefvlrsKd;wdk@u “&mrn”a'o[kac:aom yJcl;ESifh oxHkY eef;wnfcJh=uonf?
• ArmESifh ysLvlrsKd;wdk@ yk*Haejynfawmftm;xlaxmifonf?
at'D(11) &mpk
ArmESifhrGefvlrsKd;wdk@t=um;xdawG@qufqHr_
1057 Y Armbk&if taemf&xmu rGefbk&if rEl[mukd ppfEdkifojzifh oxHkrS yk*Hodk@
,laqmifonf? ax&0g' Ak'<&[ef;awmfrsm;/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;ESifh Adokumynm&Sifrsm;udk
oxHkrSac:aqmifI ooemhtaqmuftOD;ESpfaxmif eD;yg; yk*HwGif wnfaqmufapcJhonf?
rGefpmaytm;tajccHI Armpmtm;wDxGifonf?
- 1084wGif yk*HY usefppfom;eef;wufonf? ‚if;udk tdENd,ESifhrGef,Ofaus;r_wdk@
v$rf;rdk;onf? usefppfom;rif; onf Ak'<bmomudk tm;ay;olwpfOD;jzpf+yD; ausmf=um;vS
onfh tmeENmapwDudk wnfxm;cJhonf?
at'D(12) &mpk taemf & xmbk & if
yk*HY ArmESifh rGefwdk@. ,Ofaus;r_vuf&mrsm; txGwftxdyfa&mufonf?
at'D(13) &mpk
-1287w0dkufwGif rGef*dkwdk@onf ‚if;wdk@.tifyg,mtm; w±kwfawmifydkif;rS Ta'oodk@chsJxGif+yD; yk*Htiftm;
udk usqif;ap+yD; &Srf;wdk@.tiftm;udk }uD;rm;apcJhonf?
-&Srf;jynfe,fi,ftrsm;pkonf ‘armh0f’bk&if‘qdk;crfzm’(hsohkanfah) (1311-1364).tkyfcsKyfr_atmufY &Sd
cJhonf? xdkbk&if.tm%monf tdEdN,tmoHtxdysH@ESH@cJhonf?

8
 -qlux kd ikd ;f (Sukothai)ESihf vefe(Lan-na) a'owd@k wiG f ‘wdik ;f ’(Tai) bk&ifEh ikd if aH wmfw@kd . =oZmtm%m}uD;
rm;cJhonf?
-‘0g&D&k’trnf&Sdaom rGef-&Srf;aoG;pyfaombk&ifonf vefeESifhqludkxdkif; wdk@ESifh tquft oG,f&SdcJh+yD;
yJcl;ESifhrkwWrY [Hom0wD [kac:wGifaom bk&ifhEdlifiHawmfudk wnf axmifcJhonf?
-,ckuarBm'D;,m;wnf&Sd&m tefumtifyg,mrS crmvlrsdK;rsm;onf rGefESifhwdkif; e,fajrrsm;txda&muf&Sd
cJhonf?

at'D(14) &mpk
-ArmESihf &Sr;f vlrsK;d wd@k tif;0aejynfawmfukd wnfaxmif
onf? ArmpmayxGef;awmufcJh+yD; bmoma&;qdkif&mtEkynm
vuf&mrsm; zefwD;cJh=uonf?
- jrefrmEdkifiHawmfajrmufydkif;Y &Srf;rif;om;rsm;=oZm}uD;
vm+yD; Armbk&iftm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonf?

at'D (15) &mpk &cd k i f j ynf / ajrmuf O D ;

&cdkifvlrsKd;wdk@ajrmufOD;Y eef;wnfonf? 1433rS 1785xdwdkiftiftm;EdkifiHwcktm; xlaxmifEdkifcJh+yD; tdENd,
ESifh b*gFvD ,Ofaus;r_v$rf;rdk;cJhonf? &cdkifvlrsKd;wdk@. ajrmufOD;acwfY ausmf=um;vSonf? tEkynmvuf&mrsm;
xGef;um;cJhonf? Ta'oodk@ Oa&myom;rsm; yxrOD;qHk;a&mufvm+yD; rGefvlrsKd;wdk@ESifh ukefoG,fcJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@u
ppfwyfESifh tjcm;twwfynmrsm; ,laqmifvmcJh=uonf?

at'D (16) &mpk

tENd,e,fajrtpdwftydkif;tcsKd@tm; ay:wl*Dwdk@ odrf;ydkuf+yD; 'ufcsfwdk@u tif'dkeD;&Sm;udk odrf;,lonf?
t*F vdy/f jyifopfEiS hf tjcm;vlrsK;d wd@k ta&S@awmiftm&SEiS hf ukef oG,=f uonf? Armbk&ifrsm; awmifiYl eef;wnf=uonf?
awmifib l &k ifrsm;jzpfonfh wyifa&$x;D ESihf bk&ifh aemifw@kd .vufxufrsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k . tifyg,mrsm;udk
t&yfrsuEf mS toD;oD;od@k chsx
J iG &f ef }udK;yrf;cJ=h uonf? ‚if;wd@k onf rGe/f &Sr;f ESihf &cdik rf sm;qDrS vufaqmify¾m rsm;&&dcS =hJ u+yD;
,ckxdkif;[kac:aom ,dk;',m;ESifhvnf; ppfwdkufcJh=uonf? TppfyGJrsm;u tifyg,mudk csdeJ@apcJhonf? ay:wl*DvlrsKd;
zdvpf'DA&pfwdkac: iZifum u oHvsifudk odrf;,lI +rdK@awmf wnfaxmif&ef}udK;yrf;cJhonf? odk@aomf =um&Snf rcHcJhay?
at'D (18) &mpk
ArmvlrsKd;wdk@ ukef;abmifrif;qufudk xlaxmifonf? a&$bdk/ tif;0/ tr&yl&ESifh rE Wav;wdk@Y +rdK@awmfrsm;
wnfaxmif tkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? Armbk&if tavmif;bk&m; (1752-1760) onf rGef/&cdkifESifh awmifay:ae vlrsKd;pkrsm;
udk ‚if;. tifyg,m twGif;odk@ odrf;,lcJhonf?
at'D (19) &mpk
rGef/&Srf;/&cdkifESifh awmifay:aevlrsKd;pkwdk@u ukef;abmifbk&ifrsm;tm; qef@usifawmfvSefcJh=uonf? ukef;abmif
bk&ifrsm; ESihf +Adwo d #w@kd onf 1824/ 1852 ESihf 1885 ckEpS rf sm;wGif ppfyrJG sm; jzpfymG ;cJ=h uonf? 1885wGif uke;f abmif
rif;quftqHk;owfI jrefrmEdkifiHtm; +Adwdo#wdk@ odrf;ydkufcJhonf?

aqG ; aEG ; csuf

jref r mEd k i f i H & S d uG J j ym;vS a om vl r sKd ; tk y f p k r sm;onf tcsif ; csif ; enf ; rS e f v rf ; rS e f r sm;jzif h rnf u J h o d k @
v$ r f ; rd k ; cJ h = uoenf ; ? tcsif ; csif ; qd k ; 0g;&uf p uf a om enf ; vrf ; rsm;jzif h rnf u J h o d k @ v$ r f ; rd k ; cJ h = uoenf ; ?

9
 tcef; (2)
udkvdkeDe,fchsJacwf (1885 - 1948)
udkvdkeDe,fchsJpepf
Oa&mywd k i f ; jynf r sm;onf 1500 ck E S p f r sm;wG i f Edil if &H v
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tm&S/ tar&du/ tmz&duESifh urBmhtjcm;a'orsm;odk@ jcif;cH&aom vlrsdK;trsm;Y wdk;wufaom,Ofaus;r_rsm; t
udv k ekd eD ,fy,frsm; chsx
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rsm;rS vl r sm;ud k ‚if ; wd k @ od r f ; yd k u f & mEd k i f i H r sm;qD o d k @ yd k @ I ynma&;/ usef;rma&;ESifhEdlifiHa&pepfrsm;udk acwfrSDwdk;wuf
tpdk;&rsm; xlaxmifum Xmaejynfolrsm;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf apjcif;jzifh a'ocHvx l u l t kd axmuftuljzpfvrd rhf nf[k tcsKd @
cJ=h uonf? ay:wluw D @kd onf ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'ood@k OD;pGm Oa&mywd k u f o m;rsm;uxif j rif c J h = uonf ? tcsKd @ vl e nf ;
a&muf&cSd +hJ yD; ,if;aemufwiG f pyde/f +Adwo d #/ 'ufcs/f jyifopfEiS hf pkrsm;u tqdkyg tultnDrsm;udk }udKqdkcJh=u+yD; tcsKd@rSm
tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;toD;oD;odk@ a&muf&dScJh=uonf? 17 &mpk ‚if;wdk@.a'orsm;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaponftxdyif&SdcJhonf?
twGi;f +Adwo d #w@kd u tdE, dN Y tifyg,mwck pwifxal xmif Oa&myomoemjyKrsm;uvnf; c&pf,mefbmomudk tqdk
cJ h + yD ; 19 &mpk w G i f jref r mEd k i f i H t xd ch s J x G i f c J h = uonf ? yga'orsm;wGif ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fvmap&ef }udK;yrf; cJh=u+yD;
tqdkyg+Adwdo#tifyg,monf urBmht}uD;qHk;tifyg,m tcsK@d a'ocHrsm; vufc, H =kH unfI tcsK@d u‚if;wd@k . rd±;kd zvm
tifyg,mrsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfcJh+yD; 20&mpkY ‚if;wdk@. tifyg ,Hk=unfr_udk qufvufxdrf;odrf;cJh=u onf?
,mtqHk;owfcJhonf? udv k ekd eD ,fcsh pJ epfonf urBmudk t}uD; tus,v f r$ ;f
Oa&myom;wdk@onf pD;yGg;a&;/ EdkfifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ rd;k cJ&h m Edik if w H umukeo f , G af &;udk wd;k jr‡iahf pcJ+h yD; urBmt&yf
bmoma&; ta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh udkvdkeDe,fy,frsm; &yf&dS rwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;/ 0g'rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomt&m
chsJxGifcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. tpdk;&rsm;ESifh yk*~vdu rsm;u tcsi;f csi;f awG@xw d ;kd wdu
k rf ad pcJo
h nf? trsm;pkaom
ydkifukr`%D}uD;rsm;onf tqdkyge,fajrrsm;rS obm0t&if; udv k ekd ED ikd if rH sm;onf 18&mpk/ 19 &mpk ESihf 20 &mpkrsm;wGif
tjrpf r sm;ES i f h uk e f = urf ; ypP n f ; rsm;ud k tvd k & d S c J h = uonf ? vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? odk@&mwGif udkvdkeD
aiGa=u;&vdkr_ESifh urBmhae&ma'otm;vHk;tm; xdef;csKyfvdk e,fcsh w J @kd . "avhx;kH wrf;rsm; ESihf ‚if;wd@k ord ;f ydu k cf &H olw@kd .
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vm&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? xdk@tjyifOa&myom;trsm;pk xd w d k i f ud k v d k e D e ,f c h s J p epf . a&mif j yef [ yf r _ t csKd @ tm;
onf Oa&myjyify&dSvlrsm;udk r,Ofaus;olrsm; odk@r[kwf awG@&dSEdkifygonf?
tod ^ m%f t & vl p Of r rD = uol r sm;[l I yif ,H k = unf c J h
=uonf? aqG ; aEG ; csuf ? udkvdkeDe,fchsJpepf. tusKd;oufa&muf
Tta=umif;a=umifyh if olw@kd onf olw@kd e,fcs@J &m r_ r sm;ud k aqG ; aEG ; yg?

20 &mpk t apmyd k i f ; +Ad w d o #tif y g,mjyajryH k

10
 t*F v d y f - jref r mppf y G J r sm;
t*Fvdyfwdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; tdENd,rSwqifh eufEiS hf ppfwyfrsm;&daS oma=umifjh zpfonf? tjcm;ta=umif;
odrf ;f ,lc=hJ uonf? od@k aomf jrefrmEdik if t
H m; w}udrwf nf;jzpf tcsufwckrSm ukef;abmifbk&ifrsm;Y tjcm;aomjy\em
odrf;yddkufcJhjcif; r[kwfay? +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@onf 17 rsm; &dSaejcif;jzpfonf? bk&ifhrdom;pktwGif;Yeef;wGif;a&;
&mpkEiS hf 18 &mpktwGi;f e,fpyftjiif;yGg;r_ukd ta=umif;jyKI jy\emrsm; &dSaeonfhtjyif Armtifyg,mudk awmfvSef
uke;f abmifacwfjrefrm bk&ifrsm;ESihf ppfyrJG sm; jzpfygG ;cJo
h nf? ykeu
f efae=uonfh tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d tkypf rk sm; &daS e
xdt k csed Yf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;wGif eef;wGi;f a&;vnf; ±_yaf xG;ae ojzifh wdkif;jynftm; xdef;odrf;ae&onfh jy\emvnf;
cJhonf? "g;jytkyfpkrsm;onf wcgw&HY &cdkifa'o&dS jrefrm bk&ifY &dSaecJhonf? &v'ftaejzifh bk&ifh=oZmusqif;cJh
ydik ef ufrsm;udk 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u
kd I
f +Adwo d #-tdE,
dN e,fajr onf? r[mAE<KvuJhodk@aom Armppfol}uD;rsm;onf t*F
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"g;jy tk y f p k r sm;ud k
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rsm; apv$wcf hJ onf? t=um;wGif jzpfyGg;
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otm; jrefrmEdik if H . &yfrsm;tm;vH;k onf
ydkif euf[lI rSwf,l ppf a &;ud p P & yf r sm;
=u+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@u omr[k w f c J h a y?
oabmrwl = uacs? vlr_a&;/ udk;uG,f
Tjzpf & yf u t*F ,Hk=unfr_ESifh ±dk;&m
vdyf -jrefrmppfyGJudk "avhrsm;wGiv f nf;
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wd k @ t=um; jy\
t*F v d y f j ref r m 19 &mpk Y +Ad w d o #wd k @ ujref r mwd k @ tm;wd k u f c d k u f y H k o &k y f a z:yef ; csD u m;
em&yf r sm;pG m &d S
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rsm;tjyif &cdik Ef iS hf weoFm&Da'orsm; udyk g odr;f ydu k cf o hJ nf? onf ? rE W a v;eef ; wG i f ; od k @ +Ad w d o #wd k @ yxrt}ud r f
xdk@aemuf 1852 wGif t*Fvdyfjrefrm 'kwd,ppfyGJjzpfyGg;cJh+yD; a&muf&dScsdefY eef;wGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf&mwGif t*Fvdyfwdk@
t*Fvdyfwdk@onf atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ykdufcJh=uonf? zdeyfrc|wfvkd=uacs? ,if;ESifhywfoufI Armwdk@ tvGefa'g
aemufqHk;t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJudk 1885 wGif jzpfyGg;cJh&m ojzpfcJh=u&+yD; t*Fvdyfwdk@u tqdk yg"avhonf ‚if;wdk@ESifh
t*Fvdyfwkd@onf rE Wav;+rdK@udk odrf;ydkufcJh+yD; Armukef; tvGefpdrf;onfjzpfI bk&m;&ifjyifay:odk@ wufa&mufonf
abmifrif;quf tqHk;owfcJh&onf? xkd@aemuf t*Fvdyfwdk@ jzpfap/ eef;wGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufonfjzpf apzdeyfrc|wf=uay?
onf Armbk&if oDaygrif;ESifh ‚if;. awmf0ifrdom;pk tm; Armbk&ifrsm;u Tonfudk t*Fvdyfwdk@u rav;rcef@ jyK
tdENd,odk@ ydk@aqmifcJh=uonf? 1886 ESifh 1887 ckESpf rsm; vkyo f nf[k owfrw S cf =hJ uonf? xk@d a=umifh t*Fvyd Ef iS hf Arm
twGi;f +Adwo d #qef@usiaf &;awmfveS yf ek u f efrr_ sm; ay: ayguf wdk@onf ppfudka&SmifvGJEdkifrnfh tjcm;enf; vrf;wpHkw&m
cJo
h nfjzpf&m t*Fvyd w f @kd onf tqdyk gawmfveS yf ek u f efrr_ sm; twGuf wbufEiS w hf buf pum;ajym&ef tvGew f &m cufcJ
udk EdrS ef if;cJ=h u+yD; jrefrmEdik if o
H nf +Adwo d #tifyg,m. tpdyf cJh=uonf?
tydkif;w&yf jzpfcJh&onf? aqG ; aEG ; csuf
t*F v d y f j ref r mppf y G J o H k ; }ud r f j zpf c J h & mY Armuk e f ; t*F v d y f - jref r mppf y G J t ay:wG i f +Ad w d o #ES i f h
abmifbk&ifrsm;udk +Adwdo#wdk@ tEdkif&&dScJhonfhta=umif; Armwd k @ t=um; uG J j ym;onf h t jrif ± _ a xmif h r sm; &d S a ecJ h
&if;rsm;teuf wcsurf mS +Adwo d #w@kd Y aumif;rGeaf om vuf =uonf ? ,if ; tjrif ± _ a xmif h r sm;tm;aqG ; aEG ; yg?

11
h ud k v d k e D t k y f c sKyf a &;
vuf&dSjrefrmEdkifiH. e,fajra'otm;vHk;udk +Adwd
o#w@kd u odr;f ydu k cf o hJ nfjzpf&m ‚if;wd@k onf jrefrmEdik if H tm;
rnf o d k @ tk y f c sKyf & rnf q d k o nf u d k twd t us qH k ; jzwf c J h
=u&onf ? uG J j ym;
jcm;em;onf h e ,f a jr
a'o toD ; oD ; &d S v l
rsm;onf u k e f ; abmif
bk & if t m;qef @ usif c J h
=uonfukd +Adwo d # wd@k
aumif;pGmod&dScJh
=uaomfvnf;uGJjym;
vS o nf h vl r sKd ; tk y f p k
rsm;t=um; quf q H
a&;udk wdwdyy rod
&d S c J h a cs? a,bl , s
tm;jzif h +Ad w d o #wd k @
awG ; xif c J h o nf r S m
awmif a y:ae vl r sKd ;
tkyfpkrsm;ESifh ajrjyef@
aexdkifcJholrsm;t=um;
tajccHtm;jzifhuGJjym;
jcm;em;=uonf [ l
1853 rS 1878 xd t k y f c sKyf c J h a om Iomjzpf o nf ? trS e f
rif ; wk e f ; bk & if . yH k w l y ef ; csD
wu,ftm;jzifah jrjyef@
Yvnf; uGJjym;onfhvlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;pGm&dSouJhodk@ awmifay:
Yvnf; vlrsKd;tkyfpkuGJrsm;pGm&dScJh=uonf? Oyrm - u&if
vlrsKd;trsm;pkonf "Burma Proper" [kac:onfh jynfrY
aexk d i f = uouJ h o d k @ uG J j ym;onf h v l r sKd ; tk y f p k t rsm;
tjym;aexkdifonfh awmifay:a'orsm;wGifvnf; aexdkifcJh
=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; 1897 wGif oD;jcm;a'orsm; (Ex-
cluded Area) ac: a0;vHa'orsm;ESihf tpdk;&wdkuf±dkuf
tkycf sKyfonfah 'orsm; (Ministerial Burma) ac: jynfra'
orsm;ukd cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfonfhpepfjzifh +Adwdo#wdk@u e,fajr
a'orsm; ykdif;jcm;oyfrSwfcJh=uonf? Frontier Area [k
vnf;ac:qdkaom oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;wGif&Srf;jynf
e,frsm;/ ucsifjynfe,fwpdwfwa'o/ csif;/ em*ESifh &cdkif
awmifay:a'orsm;yg0if+yD; e,fajryrm%tm;jzifh jrefrm
EdkifiH. oHk;yHkwpfyHkcef@ &Sdonf?
12
+Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; jynfe,fjynfr
[lI a'oESpfcktjzpf cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfonfh rl0g't& wdkuf
±dkuf tkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh tpdk;&tapmifha&SmufcHtkyfcsKyfa&;[l
I toHk;jyKcJh=uonf? tcGefaiG&&dSa&;twGuf +Adwdo#wdk@
onf awmifwef;a'oac: oD;jcm;a'orsm;ukd oG,f0dkuf
tkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;u +Adwdo#tifyg
,mtm; =oZmcHaeor#umvywfvHk;tm%m&&dSaeonfh
pepfjzpfonf?
+Adwo d #w@kd onf uke;f abmifb&k ifw@kd u wcgw&H Y
tkyfcsKyfcJh=uonfhenf;wlOya'jyKtkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf?ukef;
abmifbk&ifrsm;xHodk@ vufaqmify¾mqufo&onfhae
&mwGif +Adwdo#wdk@utcGefaiGaumufcHcJhonf? oD;jcm;tkyf
csKyfa&;a'orsm;Yyifv#if +Adwdo#wdk@u tcsdefumvt
vdkuf uGJjym;onfhtkyfcsKyfa&;ay:vpDrsm; ajymif;vJusifhoHk;
cJh=uonf? csif;awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh u&if
eDa'otkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwdk@udk toGifjcm;em;xm;onf?
tpdk;&w&yf vnfywfEdkif&ef tvdk@iSg +Adwdo#wdk@
onf tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;a'oESifh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;r[kwf
onfha'o[lI cGJjcm;xm;cJhonf? a&S;umvrsm;Y wnf&dS
cJhaom uGJjym;onfh bk&ifhEdkifiHrsm;t=um; e,fjcm;rsOf;
rsm;onf umv=umjrifhvmonfESifhtnD ajymif;vJvmcJh
onf? odk@aomf+Adwdo#wdk@onf xdkif;w±kwfESifh tdENd,e,f
pyfrsOf;rsm;udk yHkaooyfrSwfcJh=uonf? ,if;uJhodk@tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;ESifh e,fjcm;rsOf;oyfrSwfonfhtcgY tcsKd@vlrsKd;
tkyfpkrsm;udk cGJxkwfcJh+yD; tcsKd@udk EdkifiHwckcktwGif;odk@ ac:
aqmifpkpnf;cJhonf? EdkifiHrsm;t=um; yHkaoe,fpyfrsOf; rsm;
oyf r S w f o nf h e nf ; wl vl r sKd ; tk y f p k r sm;t=um;Yvnf ;
yHkaoe,fpyfrsOf;rsm; owfrSwfEdkif&ef +Adwdo#wdk@ }udK;pm;cJh
=uonf? a&S;umvrsm;Ywdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;t=um; &dS
e,fpyfrsOf;rsm;onf vlrsKd;tkyfpkwckcsif;pD.=oZmwuf
vmyHkay:wGifrlwnfI ajymif;vJr_rsm; &dScJhonf? odk@aomf
vnf; Oa&myom;wdk@u rnfolonf rnfonfhvlrsKd;jzpf
onf[k cGJjcm;xm;onfhtjyif vlrsKd;tkyfpkwckESifh wckudk
vnf; cGjJ cm;xm;&dcS o hJ nf? Tonfukd cGjJ cm;tkycf sKyfa&; rl0g'
(divided and rule policy) [k ac:wGifcJhonf? +Adwd
o#wdk@onf vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;ukd cGJjcm;xm;&dSjcif;jzifh ‚if;wdk@
taeESifh tkyfcsKyf&vG,fulonf[k ,lqcJh=uonf? xdk@t
jyif ao;i,fI tiftm;enf;yg;onfh vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;
udk }uD;rm;onfhvlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;rS tumtuG,f ay;&m
a&mufonf [lIvnf; +Adwo d #w@kd txif &Scd o
hJ nf? Oyrm-
+Adwdo#bm;rm;ppfwyfudkpwif xlaxmifonfhtcg u&if/
ucsif/ csif;ESihf tjcm; vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;udk +Adwdo#wdk@u
ppfom;tjzpf toHk;jyKcJh=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; awmf
vSefykefuefr_rsm;udk EdSrfeif;&ef +Adwdo#wdk@u tqdkygppfom;
rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJh=uonf?
umv=umjrif h v monf h t cgoD ; jcm;tk y f c sKyf a &;
a'orsm;wGif jynfe,fjynfrESifhuGm[onfh tajctae
w&yfjzpfay:vmonf? oD;jcm; tkycf sKyfa&;a'orsm;&dS vlt
awmfrsm;rsm;u +Adwo d #w@kd onf‚if;wd@k . oD;jcm;tkycf sKyfa&;
a'orsm;udk zG@H +zdK;wefoavmuf zG@H +zdK;ap&ef jyKvkyrf ay; od@k r
[kwf xdu k o
f ifo
h nfh ynma&;udk vkyaf qmifray;[k xifjrif
vm=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;
&d S v l r sm;onf ‚if ; wd k @ . a'oacgif ; aqmif r sm; tm%m
udkvdkeDe,fchsJpepf. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ±dkufcwfr_rsm;
+Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtm; udkvdkeDtjzpfodrf;ydkuf
tkyfcsKyf&mwGif jrefrmhpD;yGg;a&;/EdkifiHa&;/vlr_a&;ESifh bmom
a&;udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_rsm;tay: ±dkufcwfr_rsm;pGm&dScJhonf?
udkvdkeDpepfu pD;yGg;a&;udk ajymif;vJapcJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@
onf ‚if;wdk@oHk;aiGa=u;udkjrefrmhajray: Yvnf;vma&muf
oHk;pGJcJh+yD; vlwdkif;tm; toHk;jyKapcJhonf? a&S;,cifumv
rsm;qDu qefpyg;ESifh tjcm;aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;udk pm;oHk;
&ef pdkufysKd;cJh=uaomv,form;rsm;onf +Adwdo#wdk@xH aiG
a=u;jzif h a &mif ; cs&ef pwif p d k u f y sKd ; cJ h o nf ? +Ad w d o #wd k @
onfu|ef;opf/ a&eH/ oHESifh ausmufrsuf&wemrsm; tp
&do
S nfh uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm;ukd t*Fvyd o f @kd jyefy@kd jcif; od@k r[kwf
tjcm; odk@ a&mif;csjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?
+Adwo
d #w@kd onf jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f Edik if aH &;pepf ajymif;
vJrr_ sm;vnf;jyKvkycf =hJ uonf? uke;f abmifrif;qufuv kd nf;
tqH k ; owf a pcJ h + yD ; aus;&G m rsm;ud k om;pOf a jr;quf
tkyfcsKyfcJh=uaom +rdK@ol}uD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@
tpm; ol}uD;rsm;ESifh aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm; cef@xm;cJh
=uonf?+Adwdo#wdk@udk,fYbk&ifpepfjzifhtkyfcsKyfaom wdkif;
jynfjzpfaoma=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; +Adwdo#bk&ifr
. tkycf sKyfaomwdik ;f jynfwcktjzpfo@kd a&muf&cSd &hJ onf? jref
rmEdkifiHtwGufbk&ifcHwpfOD;xm;&dS+yD; +Adwdo#-tdENd,tif
yg,mtwGuf aumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;wpfOD;ESifh vufaxmuf
13
wnfqJ jzpfaoma=umifh ydrk v kd w
G v
f yfc=hJ uonf? Tod@k jzifh
tqdkygjynfe,fjynfrESifh awmifwef;a'o&dS vlrsm;onf
ydkrdkuGJuGmvmcJh =uonf? ,if;uJhodk@ uGJjym;oGm;cJhjcif;onf
aemifwGif ta&;}uD;onfh t}udK;qufrsm;ukd jzpfay:vm
apcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&dS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; tkyfpkrsm;t
=um;&dS jy\emtm;vHk;u jzpfay:vmap&ef +Adwdo#wdk@u
rjyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; ‚if;wdk@t=um;&dS uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk
+Adwdo#wdk@u ydkrdkwdk;yGg;apcJhonf?
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
jynf e ,f / jynf r yd k i f ; jcm;oyf r S w f c J h j cif ; . a&
&S n f t usKd ; quf t m; aqG ; aEG ; yg? tu,f I +Ad w d o #
wd k @ pwif t k y f c sKyf p Of u wnf ; ua'owpf c k w nf ; tjzpf
jrefrmEdkifiHudkodrf; ydkuftkyfcsKyfcJhv#if ,ae@tcsdefwGif
rnf u J h o d k @ jzpf v mrnf [ k oif x if o enf ; ?
wOD;wdk@xm;&dStkyfcsKyfapcJhonf? trsKd;rsKd;aomXmersm;udk
tkyfcsKyf&ef e,fchsJudkvdkeDt&m&dSrsm;xm;&dScJh=uonf? 1923
aemufyikd ;f wGif +Adwo d #w@kd u 'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;pwifc+hJ yD;
jrefrmvlrsK;d tenf;i,fonf tpd;k &tzG@J . tkycf sKyfa&;&mxl;
ae&mtcsKd@udk&&dScJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;ta&;}uD;onfh
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfonfh&mxl;rsm;udk +Adwdo#wdk@quf
vuf&,lxm;cJ=h uonf? 1935ckEpS w f iG f +Adwo
d #w@kd onft*F
vdyf rsm;uJhodk@ ArmESifh tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;udk &mxl;ae&m
ay;xm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDtm; puULjzLpmwrf;t&
cGifhjyKcJhonf?
+Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmwdk@. vlr_b0rsm;udkvnf;
tvm;wlajymif;vJapcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@onf +rdK@awmfrsm;ukd
acwfrDatmif wnfaqmufcJhojzifh aus;vufaejynfol
rsm;ESifh +rdK@jyaeolwdk@t=um; vlr_b0vGefpGmuGmjcm;cJh=u
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf; ausmif;rsm;ESifhaq;±Hkrsm; aqmuf
vkyfay;cJhaomfvnf; txl;ojzifh +rdK@}uD;rsm;wGif ydkrdkwnf
aqmufay;cJhonf? t*Fvdyfwdk@onf ausmif;rsm;wGif +Adwd
o#tifyg,m}uD;u jrefrmjynfolwdk@tm; rnfodk@aumif;
rGefatmifjyKvkyfay;xm;onf ponfhaumif;uGufrsm;udk
om oif=um;ayaomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtm;
odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom rnfonfhqdk;
usKd;ukdr# aqG;aEG;oif=um;jcif;r&dSay? t*Fvdyfwdk@onf &
xm;vrf;/ um;vrf; ponfho,f,lykd@aqmifa&;u¾tm;
wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;apcJh+yD; tjcm;tajccHtaqmuftOD;rsm;ukd
vnf; wnfaqmufay;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh +rdK@jyrsm;wGif
aexdkifolrsm;onfusef;rma&;/ynma&;/enf;ynm ponfh
tpdk;&0efaqmifr_rsm;udk &&dScHpm;Edkif=uonf? e,fchsJOa&m
yom;rsm;onfa'ocHjrefrmrsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&mY tult
nD&&dS&ef odk@r[kwftvkyform;rsm;tjzpftoHk;jyK&ef tdENd
,ESifh w±kwfvlrsKd;rsm;ukd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@ ac:aqmifvm
cJh=uonf?
aemufqHk;wGif udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@pepfonf udk;uG,f
,Hk=unfr_udkvnf; ajymif;vJapcJhonf? ukef;abmifrif;rsm;
jyKvkyfouJhodk@ +Adwdo#wdk@onf Ak'<bmomudk umuG,fay;
jcif; od@k r[kwf jyef@ymG ;apjcif;rsm; rjyKvkycf ahJ y? twdwu
f m
jref r mEd k i f i H t wG i f ; vl r sKd ; jcm;rsm; yd k r d k w d k ; yG g ;vmjcif ;
udkvdkeDpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;teuf t
a&;ygonfh tcsufwckrSm vlrsKd;jcm;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmjcif;jzpf
onf? +Adwdo#ESifhOa&myom;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHudkodrf;
ydkuftkyfcsKyf&mwGif tcsKd@rSm a'ocHjrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh
tjyeftvSef vufxyfI om;orD;rsm; xGef;um;cJhonf?
xdk@tjyif +Adwdo#wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@. tpdk;&±Hk;rsm;wGif 0ef
xrf;tjzpf toHk;jyK&eftdENd,EG,fzGm; pma&;pmcsDrsm;udk
jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ ac:aqmifvmcJh=uonf? tqdkygtdENd,om;
rsm;udk t*Fvdyfwdk@uOD;pGmavhusifhoif=um;cJhzl;+yD; ‚if;wdk@
. ta=umif ; uk d +Ad d w d o #t*F
vdyfwdk@ aumif;pGmem;vnfo
abmaygufxm;onfjzpf&ma'
ocHjrefrmwdk@tpm;tdENd,om;
wd k @ ud k ± H k ; 0ef x rf ; rsm;tjzpf t
oHk;cs&ef t*Fvdyfwdk@ydkrdkvdkvm;
cJh=uonf?rsm;pGmaom tdEdN,
vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh w&kwfrsm;onf
v,f o rm;rsm;tjzpf v nf ;
rE Wav;&dS[dENLbk&m;ausmif;wck aumif ; / aqmuf v k y f a &;ES i f h
vrf ; azmuf v k y f a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm;uJ h o d k @ tajccH t aqmuf
tOD;wnfaqmufa&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif tvkyo f rm;rsm;tjzpf
vnf ; aumif ; vk y f u d k i f c J h = uonf ? ud k v d k e D t jzpf o d r f ; yd k u f
tkyfcsKyfjcif;rcH&rDuyif w&kwfESifhtdEdN, vlrsdK;tcsdK@&SdaecJh
onf? od@k aomf (19)&mpktwGi;f wGio f m vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;vm
cJo
h nf? tcsKd@rSmjrefrmbmompum;oif,l+yD; jrefrmtrnf
14
vrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH&dSvltrsm;pkonf Ak'<bmom odk@r
[kwf ewfudk;uG,folrsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;
+Adwdo#wdk@ 0ifa&mufvm+yD; aemuf omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;u
vltcsKd@wdk@tm; c&pf,mef bmom0iftjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;
a&muf&dSapcJhonf? omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf awmifwef;
a'orsm;wG i f a exd k i f = uaom ewf u d k ; uG , f o l r sm; ud k
c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mY tvGef
atmifjrifr&_ cSd =hJ uonf? rsm; pGmaom ucsi/f csi;f / u&ifEiS hf
u&ifeDvlrsKd;rsm;onf c&pf,mef bmomudk;uG,folrsm;
jzpfvmcJ=h uonf? xd@k twl tdE, dN ESihf w±kwv f rl sK;d rsm;onf
vnf ; ‚if ; wd k @ .ud k ; uG , f , H k = unf r _ r sm;ud k jref r mEd k i f i H o d k @
,laqmifvmcJh=uonf?
cH,lI jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpf vmcJh
onf ? od k @ aomf v nf ; ‚if ; wd k @ . ±d k ; &m"avh
ESifhbmompum;rsm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;cJh=uonf?
tcsKd @jrefrmEdil if o H m;rsm;twGuf TvlrsKd ;uGt J opf
rsm;udv k ufc&H efcufco J nf? tcsKd @u jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf;rsm;
aysmufuG,foGm;rnfudk pdk;&drf=u+yD; tdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;udk
+Adwdo#wdk@.taygif;tygrsm;tjzpfxifjrif=uI tdEdN,vlrsKd;
rsm;udrk ESpo f uf=uay? jrefrmh ordkif;wGif jrefrm - w±kwf/
jrefrm - tdENd,/ yËdyuQrsm; t}udrf}udrf jzpfyGg;cJh=uonf?
ud k v d k e D w d k @ acwf t wG i f ; td E N d , om;trsm;tjym;onf
aiGwdk;acs;pm;olrsm; odk@r[kwf v,fydkif&Sif}uD;rsm; jzpfvm
cJh=u+yD; ‚if;wkd@tm;cspfwD;rsm;[k ac:qdkcJh=uonf? ‚if;wkd@.
v,fajrrsm;udk rw&m;odr;f ydu k cf &H onfh jrefrmrsm; a'go
jzpf=u&+yD; wcgw&HwGifv,fydkif&SifcspfwD; rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf
cJ=h uonf? 'kw, d urBmppf aemufyikd ;f +Adwo d #w@kd jrefrmEdik if rH S
qkwcf gG csed Yf tdE, dN vlrsK;d ig;ode;f cef@onf t*Fvyd w f @kd EiS t
hf wl
tdENd,odk@ jyefvnfxGuf ajy;cJh=uonf? tb,fha=umifhqdk
aomf jrefrmppfom;rsm;ESihf a'ocHjrefrmrsm;u ‚if;wk@d tm;
wd k u f c d k u f = uaoma=umif h jzpf o nf ? td E N d , om;rsm;
pGmtowfcHcJh&aomfvnf; tcsKd@ rSmjrefrmjynfYusef&pfae
xdkifcJh=uonf?
w±kwfvlrsKd;tcsKd@wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;usef
&dScJh=u=u+yD;tcsKd@rSm'kwd,urBmppfaemufydkif;wGif0ifa&muf
vm=uolrsm;jzpf =uonf? tdENd,om;rsm;uJhodk@ aiGa=u;
ESifh =oZmtm%mydkrdk&&dSvdkolrsm;jzpf=u&m pD;yGg;a&;vkyf
ief;rsm;wGifw±kwfvlrsKd;rsm;atmifjrifcJh=uonf?ArmtcsKd@
u‚if;wkd@tm; rl&if;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@jyefydk@vdk=u+yD; w±kwf
-Arm t"du±k%f;rsm; jzpfyGg;cJh=uonf? tqdkygvlrsKd;a&;
t"du±k%f;rsm;onf pD;yGg;a&;usyfwnf;+yD; vltrsm;t
ouf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf yifyef;}uDpGm ±kef;uef&csdefrsm;
wGif jzpfyGg;avh&dSonf?
1967 ckEpS w f iG f tcsKd @aomw&kwrf sm;uqefukd aps;
¹rSifha&mif;jcif;ESifhtcsdK@uolwdk@ w&kwfacgif;aqmifarmfpDwkef;
udk axmufcHonfudkjyoonfhtaejzifh‘armfpDwkef;’&kyfyHkESifh
pmwrf;rsm;yHkESdyfxm;onfh t0wftxnfrsm;udk 0wfqif
jcif;wdk@a=umifh &dkufESufwdkufcdkufcHcJh&onf? ,if;uJhodk@aom
jy\em&yfrsm;udkajz&Sif;&ef vkdtyfonfh tajccHta=umif;
w&m;rsm;pGm&dSaomfvnf; jy\emajyvnfatmif tpdk;&
uajz&Sif;ay;cJhjcif;r&dSojzifh tjypfrJhjynfoltrsm;tjym;
aoqHk;cJh=u&onf? ,if;odk@ owfjzwfr_cHcJh=u&aomfvnf;
jrefrmjynf&dS tdENd,om;ESifh w±kwfvlrsKd;tm;vHk;wdk@onfaiG
a=u;csrf;omI =oZm}uD;rm;olrsm; r[kwf=uacs?
,ae@csdefcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;tjzpf&&dS&ef
tvG e f w &m cuf c J v S o nf ? vl r sKd ; jcm;rsm;taejzif h ‚ if ;
wkd@.bdk;ab;rsm;onf yxr t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJ (1824)
rwdkifrD jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; tajccscJha=umif;oufaojyEdkif
jynf y omoemjyKtzG J @ rsm;
1800 jynfhESpftapmydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif tar&duef
omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf atmufjrefrmjynfodk@a&muf&dS
cJh=u+yD; yxr t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJt+yD;wGif ydkrdk0ifa&muf
vmcJh=uonf? tqdkygomoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf rsm;pGm
aom ucsif/ u&if/ u&ifeDESifh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;udk c&pf,mef
bmomodk@ ul;ajymif;a&muf&dSapcJh=uonf? bwfyfwpf
(Baptists) ESihf uufovpf(Catholic)*d% k ;f rsm;tygt0if
trsKd;rsKd;aom uGJjym;onfh omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm; jrefrmEdkif
iHodk@ a&muf&dSvmcJh=uonf?
tcsKd@olrsm;onf c&pf,mefbmomodk@ul;ajymif;
a&muf&dS+yD; tcsKd@rSm ,if;odk@ul;ajymif;jcif;r&dScJh=uacs? t
b,fha=umifhqdkaomf ArmESifh rGefvlrsKd;uJhodk@aom Ak'<bm
omudk &mpkESpfrsm;pGm udk;uG,fvm=uolrsm;onf c&pf
,mefbmomudk rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;r_ r&dS=uacs? u&ift
ajrmuftrsm;rSm rd±dk;zvmudk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udkqufvuf
cH,laeqJjzpfonf? u&ifwkd@wGif ‚if;wdk@.b0tajctae
rsm;udk wdk;wufajymif;vJaprnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;a&;
15
1930 0ef ; usif c ef @ u &ef u k e f & d S w ±k w f u k e f p d r f ; onf r sm;
rSomv#if Ekid if jH zpfyikd cf iG &hf aSd vonf? Trl0g't& jrefrmEdik if H
onf vlwdkif;tm;EdkifiHom;tjzpf vufrcHEdkifa=umif;jyo
ae+yD; uGjJ ym;onfh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tkypf k rsm;t=um;jcm;
em;csufrsm;udkvnf; a&mifjyef[yfaeavonf?
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
ud k v d k e D a cwf E S i f h ,if ; aemuf y k d i f ; umvrsm;t
wG i f ; w±k w f E S i f h t d E N d , EG , f r sm;tay: jref r mtcsKd @ ut
b,f h a =umif h rES p f + rd K @=uoenf ; ? jref r mEd k i f i H o m;
jzpf c G i f h O ya'onf w&m;r#wr_ & d S o nf [ k oif x if y go
vm;? tb,f h a =umif h w&m;r#woenf ; ? od k @ r[k w f
tb,f h a =umif h w&m;r#wr_ r&d S o enf ; ?
om;xm;onfh pmtkyw f tkyEf iS t
hf wl vljzLnDuakd wmfw OD;
a&muf&dSvmvdrfhrnf [laom a&S;±dk;yHkjyif &dSxm;onf?
omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;u orRmusrf;pmtkyfESifhtwl ‚if;wdk@
xH a&muf&dSvmaomtcg rsm;pGmaom u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;u
,if;twdwferdwfaqmifaomyHkjyif jynfhpHkrSefuefav+yD[k
,Hk=unfvufcHcJh=uonf? urBmha'o tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
c&pf,mefomoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf tzdEdSyfcH odk@r[kwft
pGef@y,fcHvlrsm;udk tjypfwdk@rS u,fwifjcif;owif;pum;
ESifh ‚if;wkd@. aumif;rGefaom vlr_a&;pGrf;aqmifr_ uwdu
0wfrsm;jzifh c&pf,mefbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;a&muf&dSapcJh
onf? rnfuJhodk@yif toGiftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ul;ajymif;apumrl
c&pf,mefbmomonf vltrsm;xH aysmf±$ifjcif;ukdaqmif
usOf;ay;onfh bmomw&m;jzpfavonf?
c&pf,mefomoemjyKrsm;u bmomul;ajymif;
olrsm;tay: vkyfaqmifay;onfh t"dutcsufrsm;teuf
wckrSm ‚if;wdk@tm;pma&;pmzwfoif=um;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfav
onf? c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tzdk@ orRmusrf;pmudk zwf
Edkif&ef ta&;}uD;onf[k c&pf,mefomoemtzGJ@rsm;u cH
,lxm;=uonf? odk@&mwGif rsm;pGmaomxdkvlrsdK;rsm;wGif
olw@kd .pum;udak &;om;aompmr&Sad oma=umifh omoemjyK
rsm;u bmompum;ta&;tom;udk 4if;wdk@twGufwDxGif
zG@+H zdK;ay;cJo
h nf? 1834 ckEpS w f iG f omoemjyKrsm;u u&ifbm
ompum;twGuf tuQ&mpmvHk;rsm;udkwDxGifay;cJhonf?
1890ckEpS w f iG f c&pf,mefomoemjyK tdv k m[efqefu ucsif
bmompumtwGuf tuQ&mpmvHk;rsm;wDxGifay;cJhonf?
xd@k twlomoemjyKtzG@J rsm;onf bmomul;ajymif; olrsm;
. b0tajctaersm;wdk;wufvmap&efaq;±Hkrsm;/ ausmif;
rsm;wnfaqmufay;cJh=uonf?
c&pf,mefomomemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf ,if;uJhodk@
aom tusKd;w&m;rsm; jzpfxGef;atmif vkyfaqmifcJh=u
aomfvnf; ,if;od@k vyk af qmifrr_ sm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f
bmomajymif;vJu;kd uG,rf r_ sm;ESihf rud;k uG,o f rl sm; t=um;
jy\emrsm; jzpfygG ;apcJo h nf? tcsKd @wikd ;f &if;om;tkypf rk sm;rSm
bmoma&;a=umifhuGJ=u&onf? omoemjyKrsm;u c&pf
,mefbmom0ifrsm;udkulnDonf? odk@&mwGif c&pf,mefr
[kwfaomolrsm;rSmtjcm;c&pf,mefr[kwfaomjrefrmvl
rsdK;rsm;ESifh ydkrdkqufqHa&;ajyvnfcJhonf? jrefrmEdlifiH&Sdc&pf
,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf +Adwo d #w@kd EiS hf ydrk ekd ;D uyfaomquf
qH a &;&S d c J h + yD ; +Ad w d o #wd k @ ud k q ef @ usif a omjref r mrsm;ur_
c&pf,mefbmomodk@ajymif;vJolrsm;udk EdlifiHjcm;om;rsm;ESifh
aygi;f oif;qufqaH oma=umifrh ESp+f rdK@=uay? tcsKd@jrefrmrsm;
u vlwdkif;onf rdrdESpfoufonfh bmomudk vGwfvyfpGm
,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh&dSonf[k cH,l=uaomfvnf; tcsKd@rSm
jrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udk Ak'<bmom0if jzpfapvdk=uonf?
&v'ftaejzifh wcgw&H jrefrmtcsKd@uc&pf,mefbmom0if
rsm;ukd wdkufcdkufwwf+yD; owfjzwfjcif;rsm;yif&SdcJhonf?
ud k v d k e D q ef @ usif a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;
+Ad w d o #tk y f c sKyf a &;ud k u&if v l r sd K ;rsm;avmuf
rnfolr#oabmrusacs? tjcm;aomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ur_
+Adwdo# wdk@wdkif;jynftay:tkyfcsKyfyHkudkrESpfoufay? 4if;wdk@
onf jrefrmEdlifiHudk +Adwdo#vufatmufrSvGwfajrmufum
pnf ; vH k ; nD ! $ w f a omEd l i f i H w pf c k j zpf v d k a oma=umif h
jrefrmhtrsdK;om;a&;0g’udkaxmufcHcJhonf?
yxrtcsuftaejzifh t*Fvdyfwdk@onfAk'<bmom
udkrav;rpm;jyKonf[k Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;
16
tdkv[ufqHESifh bmomul;ajymif;vmaomucsifvlrsKd;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH&dSc&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onftum
tuG,f&&dS&ef +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;qDodk@ ydkrdk
eD;uyfoGm;apcJhonf? rsm;pGmaom c&pf,mefbmom0if
u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@onf t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJrsm;ESifh'kwd,urBm
ppfwGif;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif t*Fvdyfwdk@bufrS yg0ifwdkufcdkufay;
cJh=u+yD; jrefrmwdk@u tqdkygu&ifvlrsKd;rsm;ukdtjypfay; &ef
}ud K ;pm;cJ h = uonf ? +Ad w d o #wd k @ vuf a tmuf o d k @ jref r mw
EdkifiHvHk;usa&mufoGm;csdefwGifu&ifvlrsKd;rsm;pGmuaysmf±$if
=u+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@u‚if;wdk@tm;Armrsm;&efrStumtuG,f
ayvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_qdkif&m
udpPonf jrefrmjynfY tjiif;yGg;zG,f&mudpPwpfcktaejzifh
wnf&q Sd jJ zpfonf? od@k &mwGif ,ae@umvwGif vlrsm;pGmu
“tpd;k &uonf bmomwpfcu k okd mtm;ay;jcif;rjyKbJ jynf
ol wdk@.vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fr_tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;
&rnf”[laom t,ltqudkvufcH,Hk=unfvm=uonf?
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
“tpd k ; &uonf bmomwpf c k u d k o m tm;ay;
jcif;rjyKbJ jynfolwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fr_ tcGifht
a&;ud k umuG , f a y;&rnf ” [l a omt,l t qtm; oif
axmuf c H y govm;? tb,f h a =umif h e nf ; ?
xifjrif=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@u jrefrm
bk&iftm; z,f&Sm;+yD;aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY rnfol@
udkr#bmoma&;acgif;aqmiftjzpfodk@ ta&muf&dSrcHawmh
acs? 1906 ckESpf twGif; Armynmwwf tcsKd@u Young
Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA) ac:
Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0toif;udkbmoma&; ESifh,Ofaus;
r_w;kd wuf&eftvd@k imS xlaxmifchJ =uonf? 1916 od@k a&muf
aomtcg 0dkiftrfbDattoif;onf EdkifiHa&;tcef;u¾
w&yf u d k a z:aqmif v mcJ h o nf ? tb,f h a =umif h q d k a omf
t*Fvdyfwdk@u Ak'<bmombk&m; ausmif;ueftwGif;odk@ 0if
aomtcg Ak'<bmom0ifjrefrmrsm;uJhodk@ zdeyfc|wfjcif;r&dS
aoma=umif h ,if ; uJ h o d k @ aomEd k i f i H a &;tcef ; u¾qD o d k @
a&muf&dSvmjcif;jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh 1920 wGif YMBA
toif;}uD;onftjcm;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;I Greater
Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) toif;
tjzpf zG@J pnf;cJ=h uonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif tdE, dN ESihf jrefrmEdik if H
cGJxGufa&;ESifh +Adwdo# wdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&,lvdkaom
ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; ay: aygu&f ef *spD b D aD t toif;u
pnf;±Hk;aqmif±GufcJhonf? *sDpDbDat acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf
OD;cspvf i_d /f OD;bazwd@k yg 0ifc=hJ uonf? &cdik v f rl sK;d &[ef;awmf
OD;OwWr tygt0if OD;0dpm& tp&Sdonfh Ak'<&[ef;awmf
rsm;onfAk'<bmomudk umuG,f&eftvdk@iSg EdkifiHa&;wGif
yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? +Adwdo#wdk@onf tqdkyg&[ef;awmfrsm;
udzk rf;qD;axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csc&hJ m &[ef;awmfO;D 0dpm&onf
axmif w G i f ; ouF e f ; ±H k c G i f h r &ojzif h tpmiwf c H q EN j y&m
tusOf;axmifwGif;Yyif ysHvGefawmfrlcJhonf? tqdkyg&[ef;
awmfrsm;u jrefrmrsm;udk +Adwdo# qef@usifa&;pdwf"gwf
ydkrdkwdk;yGg;apcJhonf?
xkdtcsdefY EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif ynmoif
=um;ae=uaom jrefrmvli,frsm;onf'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh
vGwfvyfa&;tp&dSonfh 0g'rsm;udk avhvmoif,lcJh=u+yD;
jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&dSvmum +Adwdo#qef@usif
a&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? ‚if;wkd@onfukd,fydkif
trsKd;om;ynma&;pepfw&yfxlaxmif&ef1920wGifausmif;
om;oydwf}uD;udk a&$wd*Hkbk&m;Y jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?+Adwdo#
tpdk;&u &efukefwuUodkvfESifhtwltrsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;
zGifhcGifhay;+yD; jrefrmrsm;u tqdkygausmif;rsm;ukdwm0ef,l
zGifhvSpfoif=um;ay;cJhonf? trsKd;om;ausmif;wGif wuf
a&mufynmoif,lonfh jrefrmvli,frsm;onf ,cifu
t*Fvdyfausmif;rsm;wGifoif=um;ay;onfhordkif;bmom&yf
ESifh tvGefw&m uGJjym;jcm;aom ordkif;ukd avhvmoif,l
cJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh trsKd;om;a&;ausmif;rsm;wGif wuf
a&mufoif=um;olrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t*FvdyfvHk;0
r&dSoifh[k,HkcJh=uonf?
usyfwnf;vSonfhpD;yGg;a&;tajctaersm;a=umifh
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif awmifolv,form; ykefuefr_rsm;vnf;
ay:aygufcJhonf? 1930 pD;yGg;ysufuyf}uD; urBmw0Srf;±dkuf
cwf&m pyg;aps;rsm;usqif;+yD; v,form;rsm; tcGefay;
17
aqmif&ef cufcJvmcJh=uonf? rnfr#yifqif;&Jaomolrsm;
jzpfygap“o\ar"”[kac:onfhtcGefukdvlwdkif;ay;aqmif
=u&onf?v,form;rsm;pGmwdk@onf‚if;wdk@aiGa=u;acs;,l
xm;aom tdENd,om; cspfwD;rsm;xH‚if;wdk@.v,f,majr
rsm;udka&mif;cscJh&onf? &[ef;awmfwyg;jzpfcJhzl;olq&mpH
onf 1930 rS 1932
txd v ,f o rm; yk e f
uefr_rsm;ukd OD;aqmif
cJhonf? jrefrmv,fo
rm;rsm;onf +Ad w d o #
wdk@ukd awmfvSefwdkuf
cdkufcJh+yD; +Adwdo# wdk@rS
vnf ; jyif ; xef p G m Ed S r f
eif;cJh=uonf? v,fo
rm;trsm;tjym; ao
qH k ; cJ h & +yD ; q&mpH t m; OD ; OwW r
}udK;rdef@ay;cJhonf? tqdkygawmf vSefykefuefr_onf +Adwdo#
tk y f p d k ; r_ u d k q ef @ usif a wmf v S e f &ef j ref r mjynf o l r sm;uk d
v_H@aqmfEdkifcJhonf? aemiftcg +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifyg0if
vmonfh a'guw f mbarmfEiS hf OD;apmwd@k onf ,if;awmifol
v,form;ta&;awmfyHkwGifay:xGufvmolrsm;jzpf=uonf?
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
ArmtrsKd ; om;a&;0g'D r sm;ud k vuf w H k @ jyef & m
wG i f +Ad w d o #wd k @ onf jref r mjynf t k y f c sKyf a &;wG i f t
ajymif ; tvJ w csKd @ jyKvk y f c J h o nf ? Oyrm-&ef u k e f
wuU o d k v f a usmif ; rsm;ud k zG i f h c G i f h a y;cJ h o nf ? tjcm;w
bufYvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ onf rdrdudk qef@usifol rsm;ukd
jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef qef @ usif E d S r f e if ; cJ h = uonf ? Oyrm-
q&mpH o l y k e f x r_ w G i f yg0if o l r sm;ud k Ed S y f e if ; cJ h j cif ; jzpf
onf ? oif o nf 1920 jynf h v G e f E S p f r sm; od k @ r[k w f
1930 jynf h v G e f E S p f r sm;wG i f +Ad w d o #ud k v d k e D w OD ; jzpf
cJhv#if Armt rsKd;om; a&;0g'udk rnfuJhodk@ vufwHk@jyef
rnf e nf ; ? tb,f h a =umif h ,if ; od k @ oif a &G ; cs,f o enf ; ?
“o\ar"”tcG e f
o\ar" [l o nf u m; wd k i f ; jynf E d k i f i H Y ay:
ayguf j zpf x G e f ; or#aompD ; yG g ;csrf ; omwd k @ rS m rl ; rwf j ynf
ol w d k @ ES i f h !d ‡ E _ d i f ; I rnf a &G @ rnf r # aumuf c H x m;onf h
Oya'twdkif;tydktvdkr&dSemusnf;&atmiftcGeftwkwf
cH , l j cif ; wnf ; ? (ud k ; um; - o*F [ w&m;av;yg;)
 ArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh ocifv_yf&Sm;r_
u|Efkyfwdk@ ,cifuavhvmcJh=uouJhodk@ jrefrmvl
i,f trsm;tjym;onf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qef@usif=u
aom trsKd;om;a&; 0g'Drsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? 1920 jynfhESpf
rsm;wGif+Adwdo#tkyfpdk;r_udkrauseyfaomausmif;om;tcsKd@
onf ‚if;wdk@ udk,fudk “ocif” [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJvmcJhonf?
,if;rwdkifrDumvrsm;wGif +Adwdo#wdk@udkocif[kjrefrmwdk@
u ac:a0:cJah omfvnf; aemufyikd ;f wGif rdrw d @kd vrl sK;d onf om
rd r d w d k @ . t&S i f o cif j zpf o nf [ k jref r mtrsKd ; om;a&;
acgif;aqmifwdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhonf? 1931 ckESpftapmydkif;wGif
,if;ocifrsm;u'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;ukdpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
+Adwdo#wdk@tm;qef@usif&efESifh trsKd;om;a&;cH,lcsufrsm;
udkaz: jy&ef jrefrmEdkifiHweHwvsm;&dSvli,frsm;onf 'dk@Arm
tpnf;t±Hk;wGif yg0ifvmcJh=uonf?
'd k @ Armtpnf ; t±H k ; wG i f emrnf } uD ; jref r mh a cgif ;
aqmif trsm;tjym;yg0if+yD; ocifbaomif;ESifhocifav;
armifwdk@u pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf? trsm;oligav;pm;
onfh ausmif;q&mESifhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol o
cifudk,fawmfrd_if;onfvnf; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;.ta&;yg
onfh tcef;u¾wGif yg0ifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif aemufydkif;Y
tvGefausmf=um;onfh acgif;aqmifESpfOD;jzpfaom AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhOD;Ekwdk@onfvnf;'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;
jzpfcJh=uonf? tqdkygausmif;om;ESpfOD;onf 1936 wGif
&efukefwuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;or*~0ifrsm;jzpf=u+yD;‚if;
wdk@. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh &efukefwuUodkvfrS
ausmif;xkwfcH=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? udkEku ausmif;aygif;pkH
tm; pnf;±Hk;aecdkufwGif udkatmifqef;u +Adwdo#qef@usif
a&;owif;pmwapmifwGif t,f'DwmvkyfaecJhonf? xdk@
aemuf udkatmifqef;ESifhudkEkwdk@ausmif;xkwfcH&onfhtay:
tjcm;wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;uqef@usiq f ENjycJ=h uonf?
vGwfvyfa&;&v#if ynma&;/ EdlifiHa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm; udk,fwdkifcsrSwfqHk;jzwfEdlifrnfjzpfI
tqdkygausmif;om;rsm;onf +Adwdo#tpdk;&xHrS vGwfvyf
a&;udkydkrdk &,lvdkvm=uonf?
ESpftenf;i,f=umonfhtcg tqdkygausmif;om;
rsm;onf tvkyform;/v,form;ESifhaygif;pnf;rdcJhonf?
Todk@jzifh 1933wGiftvkyform;or*~udkzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;1938
18
wGif a&eHajrtvkyform;oydwf}uD; ay:aygufcJhonf? Arm
trsK;d oma&;v_y&f mS ;r_ pwiftm;aumif;vmcJo h nf? 1938
wGif +Adwdo#wdk@tm;qe@fusifonfh +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyyGJwckY
wuUov kd af usmif;om;wOD;jzpfol udak tmifausmf towfcH
cJ&h onf? ‚if;.aoqH;k r_a=umifh jrefrmjynfov l xl k tvGew f
&mrausreyfjzpfcJh=u&+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@tm;qef@ usifwdkufcdkuf
&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf ydkrdkcdkifrmvmapcJhonf?
ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ t&dSeft[kefjyif;xef
vmcJhaomfvnf;jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfa'orsm;wGifaexdkif=u
olrsm;tm;vHk; tqdkygv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;yg0ifcJhjcif;r&dSay? Armh
trsKd ; om;a&;0g'D r sm;tm;vH k ; onf v l r sKd ; tk y f p k t m; jzif h
Armwck w nf ; r[k w f a y? rG e f a cgif ; aqmif OD ; cspf v d _ i f E S i f h
&cdkifacgif;aqmifOD;OwWrwdk@onf tqdkygtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf
&Sm;r_tm; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf axmufcHcJh=uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif aexdkifoltenf;
i,fuom ‚if;wdk@.a'oudk jrefrmEdkifiH. tpdwftydkif;w
&yftjzpfvufcHcJh=u+yD; trsm;pkrSmonf ArmjynfrESifh r
aygif;vdk=uay? rsm;pGmaomwdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pktkyfpk
rsm;onf ‚if ; wd k @ ud k , f y d k i f E d k i f i H r sm;ud k tvd k & d S c J h = uonf
(odk@r[kwf)+Adwdo#wdk@tm;tm%m&dS+rJ&dSapvdkcJh=uonf?
‚if;wdk@wGifArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifhrwluGJjym;aom ‚if;wdk@
udk,fydkiftrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &dSaecJh=uonf? ,if;t
a=umif;a=umifh ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGifwdkif;jynf
wGif;&dSvlwdkif;yg0ifcJhjcif;r&dSay?
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
Armh t rsKd ; om;a&;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o nf j ref r mEd k i f i H
twG i f ; &d S wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; pk t m;vH k ; tay:pd w f 0 if
pm;r_ & d S a =umif ; jyocJ h y govm;? ,if ; v_ y f & S m ;r_ w G i f
wd k i f ; &if ; om;tk y f p k t m;vH k ; yg0if c J h y govm;? 1930
ck E S p f r sm;wG i f wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; tk y f p k t m;vH k ; yg0if
aom trsKd ; om;a&;v_ y f & S m ;r_ jzpf a y:Ed k i f v d r f h r nf [ k
oif x if y govm;?
 Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ;

“AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_. ta&;ygqHk;acgif;

aqmifrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&;zcif[k ol@
udk vltrsm;uowfrSwf=uonf? olonf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf +Adwdo#
tpdk;&. ,Hk=unfr_udk&&dS&ef}udK;yrf;cJh+yD; aemufqHk;wGif vlrsm;pGm.tultnDjzifh
atmifjrifr_&&dScJhonf? ”

armif x d e f v if ; [k trnf & aom vl i ,f w OD ; uk d nD!Gwfaomwdkif;jynfwpfckjzpfvmap&ef olonf +Adwdo#

1915 azaz:0g&D(13)wGifjrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;ewfarmuf tpdk;&ESifhvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif rsm;ESifh
+rdK@i,fav;wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? aemifwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmif vnf;aumif; aphpyf!dS@Ed_if;r_rsm;jyKvkyfEdlifcJhonf? olonf
qef;[k xif&Sm;vmrnfhvli,fjzpfonf? ol@tm;odu|rf; 1947 Yvkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&onf?
olrsm;u atmifqef;onf tvGe±f ;kd om;ajzmifrh wfonf [k AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf aphpyf!d‡@Ed_if;aqG;aEG;a&;
qd k = uonf ? ol o nf bk e f ; awmf } uD ; ausmif ; ynma&;ud k udk ,Hk=unfolwpfOD;jzpf+yD; +Adwdo#udkvdkeDwdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;
oif,l+yD;aemuf trsKd;om;ausmif;wGifqufvufoif,lcJh !d‡@Ed_if;cJhouJhodk@ vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
onf? olonfxl;c|efaomausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfonfhtjyif vnf; aqG;aEG;!d‡@Ed_if;EdkifcJholjzpfonf? ol. ±dk;ajzmifhaom
(19)&mpkwiG +f Adwo d #w@kd tm;ckcaH wmfveS cf o hJ l Advk v f a&mifEiS hf p±dkufa=umifh vltrsm;u ol@udk ,Hk=unfudk;pm;=uonf?
aqGrsKd ;awmfpyfojl zpf&m txl;ojzifh jrefrmhtrsKd ;om;a&;0g' tu,fI olomouf&dSxif&Sm;&SdaecJhv#ifjrefrmEdkifiHonf
tay:pdwf0ifpm;r_}uD;rm;cJhonf? ,ckvuf&dS tajctaeESifh tvGefjcm;em;aevdrfhrnf[k vl
udkatmifqef;onf 1932 wGif &efukefwuUodkvf tawmfrsm;rsm;u ,Hk=unf=uonf?
odk@a&muf&dScJh+yD; EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifyg0ifvmum &ef
ukew f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. td;k a0r*~Zif; t,f aqG ; aEG ; csuf
'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&u G f cJo
h nf? 1936 ausmif;om;oydww f iG f aphpyf!d‡@E_dif;tajz&SmEdkifjcif;onf acgif;aqmif
acgif ; aqmif w OD ; jzpf c J h o nf ? ES p f t enf ; i,f t =umY rsm;twGuf tb,fha=umifh ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk aqG;
udak tmifqef;onf 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k od@k 0ifa&mufc+hJ yD; Edik if H aEG ; yg?
a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udw k pduk rf wfrwf aqmif±u G cf &hJ m vltrsm;
. tav;xm;r_ukd cHvm&onf? 1941 wGif udak tmifqef;
onf tjcm;aom vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmif 29 OD;
ESit hf wl ppfynm oif,&l ef *syefEikd if o H @kd oGm;a&mufco hJ nf?
jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefa&mufvmcsdefwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfr
awmf (BIA) udpk wifz@JG pnf;cJ+h yD; ol@ukd Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;[k
vlodrsm; vmcJhonf?
tapmydkif;Y AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfjrefrmhvGwf
vyfa&;&&dS&eftvdk@iSg *syefwdk@ESifhtwlyl;aygif;cJhaomfvnf;
aemufydkif;wGif *syefa&mt*Fvdyfudkygjrefrmhajray:rSarmif;
*syef a cwf j ref r mh v G w f v yf a &;tcrf ; tem;
xkwf&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf? jrefrmEldifiHudkvGwfvyfI pnf;vHk;

19
 ud k v d k e D a cwf wd k i f ; &if ; om;acgif ; aqmif r sm;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ArmhtrsKd;om;a&; acgif;
aqmifrsm;u t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&&dS&ef }udK;yrf;
aepOf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpktawmfrsm;rsm;ut*Fvdyf
tumtuG,fjzifh aevdk=u+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&dS
onfhtcg ArmESifhaygif;v#if ‚if;wdk@.uH=urRmrnfokd@jzpf
rnfudkraocsmcJh=uay? tcsKd@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;
u ‚if;wdk@.e,fajra'otwGif;&dS t*FvdyfESifhArmwdk@tm;
wdkufxkwfI udk,fydkifEdkifiHxlaxmifvkd=u+yD; tcsKd@u Arm
vlrsKd;tkyfpkESifh yl;aygif;I tem*wfjynfaxmifpkw&yf xl
axmifa&;aqG;aEG;&ef qEN&dScJh=uonf? ,if;tcsdefY wdkif;
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; /'l ; 0g;qif 0 g;aemif E S i f h p 0f a &$ o d k u f
&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpktcsKd@onftzGJ@tpnf;tcdkiftrm&dScJh=u
+yD;tcsKd@rSm cdkifrmonfhtzGJ@tpnf;tjzpfodk@ra&muf&dSao;
ay? &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;taejzifh zGJ@pnf;r_ tcdkiftrm&dS
cJh+yD; 1922wGifapmfbGm;p0fa&$odkufOD;aqmifonfh&Srf;acgif;
aqmifrsm;jzifh &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;jynfaxmifpkaumifpDukd zGJ@
pnf;cJh=uonf? wqufwnf;Y qif0g;aemif tp&dSonfhu
csif'l;0g;rsm;uvnf; ucsifvlxkudk OD;aqmifaecJh=u+yD; OD;
cspfaomif;ESifh Edkifzdk;csKdwdk@uvnf; rGefvlrsKd;wdk@udk OD;aqmif
aecJh=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;wkd@rSm ‚if;wdk@. bmom pum;
a&;om;ajymqdyk ikd cf iG rhf sm; ydwyf ifc&H rnfudk pd;k &drf cJ=h uonf?
&cd k i f w d k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; tk y f p k r S v nf ; ,if ; tcG i f h
ta&;rsm;tay: pdk;&drfcJh=u+yD; OD;pdENm acgif;aqmifI bm
ompum; tcGifhta&;tjyif tjcm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;
twGuf awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? OD;bDwl;&,ftygt0if u&if
eDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf u&ifeDvGwfvyfa&;udk tvdk&dScJh=u
onf? wpfbufYvnf; csif;acgif;aqmif OD;0rfokra0gif
onfArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;vkyfudkif
vdkonfh qENrsm;&dScJh+yD; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; Armhwyfr
awmftm;ulnDI e,fchsJwdk@udkwdkufxkwfay;cJhonf? a'guf
wmpHpDzdk;/ ref;a&$xGef;ausmfESifh apmbOD;}uD; wdk@onf xif
&Sm;onfh u&ifhacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfonf?

a'gufwmpHpDzdk;
a'guw f mpHpzD ;kd tm; 1870 ckEpS af tmufwb dk m(4)&uf wGif ykord +f rKd @teD;wGif arG;zGg;cJo h nf? ‚if;wd@k rdom;pkonf
paumu&ifvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf+yD; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? i,fpOfu pHpDzdk;onf tar&duefomoemjyK
ausmif;Y ynmoif,cl +hJ y;D tar&duefEikd if aH q;wuUov kd wf ckwiG q
f ufvufomG ;a&mufynmoif,cl o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf
1894wGif jrefrmEkid if o H @kd jyefa&mufvm+yD; aq; ±Hw k ckukd xlaxmifvyk u f ikd cf o
hJ nf? a'guw f mpHpzD ;kd onf u&ifvrl sK;d
wd@k . tem*wfukd tvGepf w d yf g0ifpm;oljzpfonft h avsmuf 1915 wGif ArmOya'jyKaumifpYD t*Fvyd t f pd;k &rS
‚if;tm;wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf? xk@d aemuf a'guw f mpHpzD ;kd onf 1925wGif u&iftrsK;d om; tpnf;t±H;k (KNA).
acgi;f aqmifjzpfvmcJo h nf? ,if;umvonf ArmtrsK;d om;a&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u t*Fvyd w f @kd xrH S ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyf
a&;awmif;qdkaecsdefjzpfonf? twdwfY ArmESifhu&ifvlrsKd;wdk@t=um;wGif yËdyuQrsm;pGm&dScJhaoma=umifh t*Fvdyfwdk@jrefrmEdkifiHrS
xGucf gG aomtcg ArmvlrsK;d wd@k onf u&ifvrl sK;d wd@k ukd w&m;r#wpGm qufqv H rd rhf nfr[kwf [k a'guw f mpHpzD ;kd ,H=k unfco hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh
ArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifwdk@. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf a&;awmif;qdkr_udkqef@usifcJh+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfaomtcg vGwfvyfaom
u&ifEikd if u H xkd al xmif vdo k l jzpfonf? olonf +Aw d ed of @kd oGm;a&mufc+hJ y;D ‚if;.u&ifvrl sK;d rsm;tay: pd;k &drrf t _ m; +Aw d o d # wd@k xH &Si;f jycJo h nf?
“ArmESiu hf &ifrsm;” trnf&aSd om pmtkyu f kd a&;om;jyKpkc&hJ mwGif “jrefrm jynf&w Sd ikd ;f &if;om;ESihf jynforl sm; tm;vH;k tae jzifh auseyf
avmufz, G &f m oifw h ifrh #waom &ydik cf iG /hf r#waomtkycf sKyfyikd cf iG rhf sm;tm; tmrcHaomjyXmef;csuf r&do S r#umvywfv;kH olw@kd .tajc
taeonf pdwcf sEikd af vmufaom aoG;pnf;cdik rf mr_ &dv S rd rhf nfr[kw”f [k a&;om;cJo h nf?
a'guw f m pHpzD ;kd onf ol.tawG;tjrifrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm; r#a0vdo k nft h wGuf atmufvw $ af wmfwiG f wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;
xrf;aqmifco hJ jl zpfonf? olonf jy\emrsm;udk awG@qkH aqG;aEG;a&;enf;vrf;jzifh jyefvnf&if=um;aphvo kd l jzpfaoma=umifh u&ifrsm;/
Armrsm;ESihf tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;uyg av;pm;jcif;cH&oljzpfonf? 1946 ckEpS f ZGev f (7) &ufae@wiG f tzsm;a0'emjzifh uG,v f eG cf +hJ yD; ol@tm;
ta&;ygonfh acgi;f aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlrsm;utrSww f & &d=S uonf?f
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
a'guf w mpH p D z d k ; . tawG ; tac:ES i f h Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; . tawG ; tac:wd k @ onf rnf u J h o d k @ uG J j ym;jcm;em;
+yD ; rnf u J h o d k @ wl n D r _ & d S o enf ; ?
20
 tydkif; (3)
'kwd, urBmppf (1940 - 1945 )
'k w d , urB m ppf . a,bl , so±k y f o ¾mef
1930 jynfEh pS rf sm;wGi*f syef/ *smr%DEiS hf tDwvDEikd if H ajrmufrsm;pGmonf pD;yGg;
wdk@onf tifyg,mrsm;pwifxlaxmifvmcJh=uonf? *syef a&;t&ESi±hf yk yf ikd ;f qdik &f m
u w±kwEf ikd if u H ukd sL;ausmI f tDwvDu tDo, D ykd ;D ,m; udk t& xd c d k u f y suf p D ; cJ h &
wdu k cf u
kd cf o
hJ nf? xd@k twl *smr%DEikd if u H jyifopfEiS hf csuu f kd onf?
pvdAk ufu;D ,m;udk odr;f ydu k &f ef}udK;yrf;vmcJo h nf? *syeftpd;k *smref t pd k ; &
&udk bk&if[D±dk[DwdkuOD;aqmif+yD; *smr%Dudkta'ghzf[pfw onf vlrsKd;oef@pifa&;
vm u OD;aqmifum tDwvDukd rlqv kd ekd u
D OD;aqmifco hJ nf? [kac:onfrh sK;d jzKwfowf
,if;oHk;EdkifiHonf zufqpfEdkifiHrsm;jzpfcJh+yD; 0if±dk;wef;Edkif jzwfr_}uD;ukd usL;vGefcJh
iH r sm;[l I r[mrd w f r sm;tjzpf p k p nf ; cJ h = uonf ? tapm +yD; *sL;vlrsK;d 6 oef; ESihf
ydkif;umvrsm;Y Oa&my. tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif rusL; tjcm;vlrsKd;tkyfpkwdk@t
ausmfa&;rl0g'tm; vdkufemcJh=uaomfvnf; 1939 wGif owfcHcJh=u&onf? xdk@
1945 em0gpuD w G i f tEk j rLAH k ; usJ c spOf
*smr%Du ydkvefEdkifiHtm; pwifusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvdkuf aemuf tar&duefu *s jrif & aomwd r f w d k u f o ¾mef a yguf u G J r _
onf? +Adwed f ESihf jyifopfw@kd u 0if±;kd wef;tkypf 0k ifEikd if rH sm;udk yef+rdK@awmf rsm; jzpfonfh
ppfa=ujimjcif;jzifh wH@k jyefco hJ nf? 1941 aESmif;ydik ;f wGif tar&d [D±dk&DS;rm;ESifh em*gpuD+rdK@rsm;udk tEkjrLAHk;usJcscJh+yD; vl
uefjynf axmifpo k nf'wk , d urBmppfxyJ g0ifvm+yD; aemuf aygif ; wpf o ef ; ausmf a oqH k ; cJ h & onf ? ,if ; aemuf 0 if ± d k ;
qdAk ,D uf ESihf w±kwEf ikd if rH sm;onfvnf; tvm;wl ppfxyJ g wef;tkyfpk0ifEdkifiHrsm; vufeufcscsdef 1945 ckESpfwGif 'kwd
vmcJhonf? tqdkygEkdifiHrsm;udk r[mrdwftiftm;pkEdkifiHrsm; ,urBmppf}uD;+yD;qHk;cJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;.ta&;yg
(Allied powers) rsm;[k ac:qdck =hJ uonf? onfhtusKd;oufa&mufwckrSm urBmppf}uD;wGifuGefjrLepf
'kwd,urBmppfonf Oa&my/ tm&S ESifhtmz&du EdkifiHrsm;ESifh'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHrsm;[lI EdkifiHrsm;tkyfpkuGJoGm;
[laom a'o}uD;oHk;ckwGif jzpfyGg;cJh&m *smr%DESifh tDwvD jcif;jzpfonf?
uOa&myESifhtmz&duudkodrf;+yD;*syefutm&SudkusL;ausmf
odrf;ydkufcJh=uonf? *syefwdk@onf 1941wGif jrefrmEdkifiHt aqG ; aEG ; csuf ?
ygt0if ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'otm;odrf;,lcJhonf?'kwd, zuf q pf E d k i f i H r sm;ud k r [mrd w f E d k i f i H r sm;uqef @
urBmppftwGif; vlaygif;7²5oef;cef@aoqHk;cJh+yD;t&yfom; usif w d k u f c d k u f c J h o nf u k d o if r nf o d k @ xif j rif o enf ; ?

1942 ckESpfY 0if±dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;

odrf;ydkufxm;aoma'ojyajryHk

21
 &J a bmf o H k ; usd y f
1939 ckESpf pufwifbm (1) &ufae@wGif 'kwd,
urBmppfpwifcJh+yD; Tppf}uD;udkr[mtrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;
u vGwfvyfa&;&&dS&eftcGifhtvrf;tjzpf ±_jrifcJh=uonf?
1939 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvxJwGif ocifjrESifhocifatmifqef;
wdk@ OD;aqmifI 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;. tpdwftydkif;w&yft
jzpf ajratmufygwDwckudkzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ,if;ygwDtm; A
rmhta&;awmfyHkygwD (odk@r[kwf) jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD
[k v#Kd@0Suftrnfay;cJhonf?
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ES i f h t wl *syef j ynf Y ppf y nmoif , l
cJ h = uaom&J a bmf o H k ; usd y f t zG J @ 0if t csKd @
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwo D nf ppfwyfxal xmif &ef
aiG a =u;ES i f h Ed k i f i H j cm;taxmuf t yH h r sm; vk d t yf c J h o nf ?
Todk@jzifh Armocifrsm;onf *syefESifh tquftoG,fjyK
vkyf=u&m1940=o*kwfvwGif*syefAdkvfrSL;}uD;uif*sDqlZluD;
jrefrmEdkifiHodk@a&muf&dS+yD; ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmif
rsm;jzpfonfh ocifjr/ a'gufwmodrf;armif polwdk@ESifhawG@
qHkcJhonf? ,if;aemufArmhvGwfvyfa&;pDrHudef;tm; twl
wuGa&;qGJcJh=uonf? ,if;pDrHudef;t& Armwdk@bufrSi,f
&G,faom ArmtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk ppfoifwef;
rsm;ay;&ef *syefwdk@ oabmwlcJhonf? *syefwdk@u +Adwdo#
wdk@tm;wdkufxkwfI jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufvkd+yD; Armo
cifrsm;.tultnDjzifhwdkufv#ifydkrdkvG,fulrnfjzpfa=umif;
odxm;cJhonf? xdk@jyif+Adwdo#wdk@axmufyHha&;vrf;a=umif;
tjzpf toHk;jyKvsuf&dSaom“Armjynfvrf;r}uD;”udk *syef
wdk@ydwfvdkcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ul
nDwdkufay;rnf[k *syefwdk@u Armhocifrsm;udk uwday;cJh
onf?
22
1941 ckEpS w f iG f ArmhtrsK;d om;a&;v_y&f mS ;ol vli,f
(30) onf *syefEikd if H [dik ef efu|e;f od@k omG ;a&mufchJ +yD; ppfoif
wef;ESifhtkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&moifwef;rsm;udk AdkvfrSL; }uD;qlZluD;
u }uD;rSL;oif=um;ay;cJhonf? tqdkygoifwef; rsm;onf
toH;k 0ifaomfvnf; *syefw@kd u jrefrmEdik if t H m; vGwv f yfa&;
ay;rnhftay: ArmtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;taejzifhr
aocsmcJah y? *syefppfwyfEiS t hf wl &Jabmfo;kH usyd o f nf jrefrm
Edik if t
H wGi;f od@k 0ifa&mufI wdik ;f jynfukd t*Fvyd w f @kd xrH S jyef
vnfodrf;,lcJh+yD; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(BIA)udk zGJ@
pnf;cJhonf? (aemufydkif;wGif Armhum uG,fa&;wyfrawmf
(BDA) [k ajymif;vJrSnfhac:cJhonf?) &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf
jrefrmEdik if oH @kd r0ifa&mufrD 1941 'D Zifbm (31) wGif xdik ;f
Edkif befaumuf+rdK@Y wyfrawmfudkopPmapmifhod&ef vuf
armif;aoG;azguaf omufI opPmjyKcJ=h uonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd f
tawmf r sm;rsm;onf Ed k i f i H a &; wG i f q uf v uf y g0if c J h + yD ;
jreffrmEdkifiH.tem*wftwGuf ta&;ygolrsm;jzpfvm=u
onf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/OD;ae0if;/ ocifp;kd /ocifxeG ;f tky/f
Ad k v f v uF s m/ Ad k v f
p}uFmESifh AdkvfaZ,s
wdk@onf &JabmfoHk;
usd y f 0 if r sm;jzpf = u
+yD;xdktcsdefY ‚if;wdk@
tm;vH k ; .ysrf ; r#t
oufrSm(24)r#yif &dS
=uao;onf ? &J &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if ADkvf&JxGËf/ AdkvfausmfaZmESifh
AdkvfrSL;atmif
abmfoHk;usdyf0iftm;
vHk;onf wlnDonfh EdkifiHa&;t,l0g'w&yfwnf;udk cH,l
xm;jcif;rsK;d r&daS omfvnf; jrefrmEdik if w H iG f +Adwod #tyk f pd;k r_
r&d S r S o mv#if Ed k i f i H h t ajctaeyd k r d k a umif ; rG e f v mrnf [ k
‚if;wdk@tm;vHk;u ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf?
 *syef o d r f ; yd k u f j cif ;
1941 'DZifbm(11)wGif *syefuifaywdik pf pfwyf u pdk;&opfxJwGifyg0ifvm=uaomfvnf; *syefwdk@onfjrefrm
jrefrmEdkifiHudkpwif0ifa&mufodrf;ykduf+yD; 1945 xdwdkif Edik if t
H m; ppfreS o f nfh vGwv
f yfa&;ay;vko d nfq h EN&o Sd nf [k
atmiftkyfcsKyfcJhonf? tapmydkif;Y jrefrmjynfolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@r,Hk=unfcJh=uacs? xdk@a=umifh *syefawmfvSefa&;
vGwv f yfa&;&&d&S ef *syefw@kd u ulnv D rd rhf nf[k txif&aSd om twGufv#dK@0SuftpDtpOfrsm;}udKwifa&;qGJxm;cJh=uonf?
a=umifh *syefwdk@ukd }udKqdkcJh=uonf? odk@aomf*syefwdk@onf odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf tqdkygv#Kd@0SuftpD
jrefrmjynfolvlxktay: zdEdSyf&ufpufr_rsm;pGm usL;vGefcJh tpOfrsm;udk rod&dS=uojzifh ocifrsm;ESifh BIA wyfwdk@t
onf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;udk rk'def;usifhjcif;/ ‚if;wdk@tm; ay: ,Hk=unfr_usqif;um rdrdwdk@enf;[efjzifh *syefudkpwif
qef@usifolrsm;udk EdSyfpufjcif;rsm;tm; *syefppfwyfu jyK awmfveS cf =hJ uonf? 1944 ckEpS w f iG f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; ESihf
vkyfcJh+yD; jrefrmjynfolvlxk vGefpGmqif;&J'kuQa&mufcJh=u& tjcm;acgif;aqmifwdk@onf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; (zwzv)
onf? xdk@jyif +Adwdo#wdk@uvnf; jrefrmjynfrS qkwfcGg&mY (Anti-Fascist Organization AFO) tzG@J udk zG@J pnf;cJo h nf?
ajrvSef pepfusifhoHk;cJh&m ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tajccHt (aemifwiG f zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ESihf jynfo@l vGwaf jrmufa&;
aqmuftOD;ESifh OpPmypPnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfcJhonf? *syef zqyv[k a jymif ; vJ owf r S w f c J h o nf ? ) zwyvonf
wdk@a&muf&dSvmcsdefY jynfol@b ocifp;kd ESiv hf nf;aumif;/
0 wdk;wufr_r&dSbJ ppfa=umifht jrefrmjynfuGefjrLepfyg
wd'kuQa&mufcJh=uonf? xdk@t wDwdk@ ESifhr[mrdwfzGJ@cJh
jyif KMTac: ulrifwefw±kwf onf? tqdyk gtyk pf Ek pS pf k
ppfwyfrmS vnf;jrefrmjynfajrmuf vH k ; onf 1945wG i f
ydkif;&dS ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;odk@ tdEdN,EdlifiHuENDYusif;y
aomnD v mcH w pf c k Y *syefppfwyfrsm;rD;±d@_ xm;cJo
h nfh
0ifa&mufI ppfa&;v_yf&Sm; r_ aus;&Gmwpf&mG .jrifuiG ;f yef;csuD m;
rsm; jyKvkyfae=u+yD; a'ocHrsm; +Adwo d #w@kd EiS rhf [m rdwf
tay:zdESdyf&ufpufr_rsm;usL;vGef jyKcJhonf? jrefrmhajray:rS *syeftm; jyefvnfwdkufxkwf&m
cJ=h uonf? u&if/ ucsi/f em* ESihf wGif +Adwo d #wyfr (136) u zqyv. ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_
Hugh Seagram,
csif ; vl r sKd ; tcsKd @ onf jref r m tpDtpOfrsm;udk axmufyHhay;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh 1945
Edik if u
H kd *syeford ;f ydu k t
f yk cf sKyfxm;aomfvnf; +Adwo d #w@kd tm; rwfvwGif BIA ESihf *syefw@kd wu kd yf rJG sm;qufc+hJ yD; rwfv27
qufvufopPmcHcJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf +Adwdo#wdk@ udk &ufae@udk awmfvSefa&;ae@[k owfrSwfcJh=uonf? BIA
jref r mEd k i f i H Y quf v uf & d S a eapvk d = uonf ? t*F v d y f w d k @ wyfrsm; onf *syefwdk@vufeufcscJhonfh 1945 =o*kwfv
jrefrmrSqkwfcGmoGm;csdefwGif t*FvdyfAdkvfrSL; [kcsfqD;*&if; 14 &uf ae@xdwdkif *syefwdk@udkwdkufcdkufcJhonf?
tygt0if t&m&dStcsKd@onf aemufcsefwyftjzpf usef&pf
+yD; u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@ESifhtwl*syefwdk@tm;qufvufwdkufcdkuf aqG ; aEG ; csuf
cJhonf? 1945 rwf v twG i f ; *syef t m; awmf v S e f
*syef w d k @ onf Armocif r sm;ud k uwd a y;xm;cJ h &ef bD t d k i f a t. qH k ; jzwf c suf t ay: aqG ; aEG ; yg? *s
onfhtwkdif; jrefrmEdkifiHukd ppfrSefonfhvGwfvyfa&; ray; yef awmf v S e f a &;tm; yd k r d k a qmvsif p G m jyKvk y f o if h
cJah y? vGwv f yfa&;tpm; ocifxeG ;f tkyEf iS hf a'guw f mb armf ygovm;? od k @ r[k w f aemuf u s+yD ; jyKvk y f o if h y go
wdk@ OD;aqmifonfh ±kyfao;tpdk;&w&yf zGJ@pnf;ay;cJh onf? vm;? tb,f h a =umif h e nf ; ?
Tod k @ jzif h 1943 =o*k w f v (1)&uf a e@wG i f *syef w d k @
jrefrmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;a=ujimay;cJhonf? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifjrESifhocifEkwdk@onf t

23
 jref r mjynf v rf ; r}uD ; ES i f h vD ' d k v rf ; r
Armjynfvrf;r}uD;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf 'kwd
,urBmppftwGif; r[mrdwfwdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh 0if±dk;wef;
tkyfpk0ifwdkif;jynfrsm;twGuftvGefta&;ygcJh&onf?,if;
vrf;r}uD;onf w±kwfEdkifiHawmifydkif;&dS ulrif;ESifh &Srf;jynf
e,f vm;±d _ ; wd k @ tm;quf o G , f x m;I(1130)uD v d k r D w m
&Snfvsm;+yD; 1937 ESifh 1938ckESpftwGif; w±kwftvkyfo
rm; (2)odef;cef@jzifh azgufvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? awmawmif
rsm;ukdjzwfoef;azgufvkyfcJh&aoma=umifh tvGefw&mcuf
cJyifyef;cJh&onf? ,if;umvonf *syefu w±kwfEdkifiHudk
usL;ausmfaecsdefjzpf+yD; ppfvufeufypPnf; taxmuftyHh
rsm;&&d&S ef tqdyk gvrf;r}uD;tm; w±kwu f rl ifwefppfwyf u
toHk;jyKcJhonf? tqdkygtaxmuftyHhrsm;onf &efukefokd@
oabFmjzifha&muf&dS+yD; rD;&xm;jzifh vm;±d_;odk@o,f,lI
ul r if ; od k @ yd k @ ay;jcif ; jzpf o nf ? 'k w d , urB m ppf j zpf y G g ;
vmaomtcg *syefwdk@uw±kwfqdyfurf;+rdK@tm;vHk;udkydwf
ypfvdkuf+yD; w±kwfulrifwefppfwyftaejzifh*syeftm;wdkuf
xkwf&ef tqdkyg vrf;r}uD;onf t"duppfvufeufypPnf;
axmufyHha&;vrf;a=umif; jzpfvmaoma=umifh r[mrdwf
wkd@twGuf ta&;ygvSonf?
1941 aESmif;ydkif; *syefwdk@jrefrmEdkifiHtm; odrf;,l
onfhtcg ,if;Armjynfvrf;r}uD;udk *syefwdk@uzsufqD;vdk
=uonf? e,fpyfrsOf;. xdkif;EdkifiHbuftjcrf;wGif v_yf&Sm;
onfh rDemrDuDuef;ac: *syefaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@jzifh tqdk
ygvrf;r}uD;ukd ydwfcJh=uonf? Tenf;jzifh*syefwdk@onf w
±kwfulrifwefwdk@. vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;&&dS&m t&if;tjrpf
rsm;udk jzwfawmufypfcJh=uonf?
tar&duef ppfAdkvfcsKyf
Aif e D u m*sKd ; pwD ; 0J v f onf
tar&duef/ t*Fvyd /f tdEdN ,
ES i f h jref r mppf o m;rsm;t
ygt0if t&yf o m; rsm;ud k
OD ; aqmif I ,if ; vrf ; r}uD ;
tm; jyefvnftoH;k jyKEdik f &ef
}ud K ;yrf ; cJ h o nf ? 1942
'DZifbm wGif pwD;0JvfESifh
ol. tzGJ@onf tdENd,EdkifiH
vD'dk rS jrpf}uD;em;odk@vrf;r
Donovan Webster a&;om;cJhaom
}uD;wckudkazgufvkyfcJh&m t
“The Burma Road”pmtkyf
24
vGefw&mcufcJvSaomfvnf; 1944wGif+yD;pD;cJhonf? tqdk
yg vD'dkvrf;r}uD;azgufvkyfjcif;udk tar&duef pma&;q&m
wpfOD;u
“ae&mwdkif;rSmawmtkyfawGomjzpfw,f? olwdk@
av#mufvrS ;f oGm;wdik ;f EG,yf ifawGuolw@kd &@J ajcaxmufawGukd
+idwG,fzrf;qGJxm;=uw,f? tylaiG@awGa=umifh olwdk@&Jh &if
[m EGrf;vsaeygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ ay(6000)jrifhwJh awmifxdyf
awGwpfck+yD;wpfckay:a&mufwdkif;atmufajcrSm&SdwJh xlxyf
wJhtpdrf;&ifha&mifrkwfoHkopfawmawGudkjzwfai;=unfhw,f/
tJh'Daemufolwdk@&J@t=unfhawG[m rdk;ukwfpuf0dkif;qDudkw
jznf;jznf;csif;vSrf;ar#mf=unfhw,f? olwdk@a&S@ [dk;ta0;
wpfae&mrSm olwdk@eJ@vkH+cHKr_&SdrJhae&mt=um; aemufxyf
awmifwef;udk aemufqHk;rSmawG@vdkuf&w,f? a=omf--'D
awmifwef;udk vnf;olwdk@wuf=u&OD;rSmygvm;”
[kpdwf ul;yHkazmfa&;om;cJhonf?
vD'dkvrf;r}uD; (aemiftcg pwD;0Jvf vrf;r)onf
jrefrmEdkifiHudk t*Fvdyfwdk@ jyefvnfodrf;,l&mwGif tvGef
ta&;ygonf? tqdkygvrf;r}uD;onf Oa&myESifh tar&du
wGif emrnfausmf=um;vm&mtar&duefrsm;pGmuAdkvfcsKyf
pwD;0Jvftm; ol&Jaumif;wOD;tjzpf jrifvm=uavonf?
odk@aomf ,ae@umvwGif Armjynfvrf;r}uD;ESifh pwD;0Jvf
vrf;r}uD; ESpfckpvHk;udktoHk;jyKjcif;r&dSay?
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
tar&d u ef v l r sKd ; rsm;pG m onf jref r mEd k i f i H t
a=umif ; rod = uaomf v nf ; pwD ; 0J v f v rf ; r}uD ; t
a=umif ; =um;zl ; =uonf ? tb,f h a =umif h e nf ; ? T
vrf ; r}uD ; ta=umif ; uk d o d ± H k j zif h jref r mEd k i f i H a =umif ; ud k
em;vnf E d k i f y grnf a vm? tb,f h a =umif h e nf ; ? od k @
r[k w f tb,f h a =umif h j ref r mjynf t a=umif ; ud k em;r
vnf E d k i f & ygoenf ; ?
vD'dkvrf;ray:rS tar&duefppfum;rsm;
 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) ESifh
vl e nf ; pk wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; tk y f p k r sm;t=um; jy\emrsm;?
'kwd, urBmppfumvwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyf 1942 ckESpfrwfvwGif ajrmif;jrc&dkifwGif yËdyuQ}uD; wpfck
rawmf (BIA) onf *syefuifaywdkifwyfrsm;ESifhtwl jref jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefu+Adwdo#wdk@wyfrawmfwGifwm0ef
rmEdik if u H kd 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k cf o hJ nf? pwif0ifa&mufpOf BIA xrf;aqmifaecJh=uaomu&ifppfom;rsm;onf 4if;wdk@udkif
wyf o nf t &G , f t pm;i,f a omf v nf ; jref r mEd k i f i H o d k @ aqmifonfhvufeufrsm;ESifhtwlolwdk@.ae&yfa'orsm;odk@
0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf&mvrf;wavsmufwGifwyfom;opfrsm; jyefvmcJh=uonf? Ta'orsm;wGifusL;ausmf0ifa&mufae
pkaqmif;cJh=uonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmftm; ulnD =uaomArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrSppfom;rsm;onf ol
&ef AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;onf jynfol@ppf[kac:aom a'ocH wdk@.wyfom;opfrsm;twGufvufeufrsm;vdktyfaeonf?
wyf z G J @ rsm;ud k z G J @ pnf ; cJ h o nf ? BIA wyf & ef u k e f o d k @ a&muf tpOD;ydkif;wGif u&ifwdk@u4if;wdk@vufeufrsm;udkArmhvGwf
aomtcg ppfonftiftm;wpfaomif;cef@&x Sd m;+yD; trsm;pk vyfa&;wyfrawmfodk@tyfESHcJhonf? odk@aomftyfESH+yD;r=um
rSmArmvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf =uonf? 'kwd,urBmppfwavsmuf rDyif vufeufrsm;udkif aqmifxm;aom"g;jyrsm;u olwdk@
BIA wyfrsm;ESifh vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; .aus;&Gmrsm;udk "g;jrwdkufvk,uf=uonf? olwdk@.aus;
qufqHa&;rSmwif;rmcJhonf? OD;pdENmOD;aqmifonfh &ckdif &Gmrsm;udkwdkufcdkufcJhol rsm;rSmArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf
vlrsKd;rsm; ESifh OD;0rfokra0gifacgif;aqmifonfh csif;vlrsKd;rsm; rSwyfom;rsm;[ku&ifrsm;u,Hk=unfonfhtwGufvufeuf
tygt0if tcsKd @ wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; tk y f p k r sm;onf tyfESHjcif;udk&yfwef@IArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudkckcH&ef
BIA wyf E S i f h t wl w uG y l ; aygif ; cJ h = uonf ? od k @ aomf jyifqifcJhonf? Todk@jzifh bufESpfbuf=um;t=urf;bufr_
‚if ; wd k @ ES i f h B IA t=um; quf q H a &;rS m trsm;tm;jzif h }uD;pwifcJhonf?ajrmif;jraxmifrS&mZ0wftusOf;om;rsm;
raumif;vSacs? t*Fvdyfwdk@udkopPm&dS=uonf[k txifcH& udkvGwfay;ojzifh xdktusOf;om;rsm;*dk%f;zGJ@Iaomif;usef;
onfh tdE, dN tEG,zf mG ;trsm;pkrmS BIA .wdu k cf u kd jf cif;cH&+yD; vm&mtajc taeydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf? TwdkufyGJrsm;t
taotaysmuf eufwdkufyGJwpfckwGifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;qlZluD;ESifhcifrif&if;ESD;aom
trsm;qH;k jzpfonf?xd@k *syefppfAdkvfwpfa,mufusqHk;cJh&m xdkppfAdkvfaoqHk;&onfh
twl &cd k i f j ynf e ,f udpPonf u&ifaus;&Gmom;rsm;ESifhroufqdkifaomfvnf;
twG i f ; &d S rG p f p vif u&ifaus;&GmESp&f mG udzk suq f ;D I&Gmom;tm;vH;k udo
k wfypf&ef
vl r sKd ; tcsKd @ vnf ; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qlZluD;utrdef@ay;cJhonf? u&ifrsm;uvnf;
wd k u f c d k u f c H c J h & onf ? Arm&Gmrsm;udkwdkufcdkufjcif;jzifh vufpm;ajccJh=uonf? xdk@
,if ; uJ h o d k @ aom jy aemuf &owWywftenf;i,ft=umwGif ociftcsKd@acgif;
\ema=umifh tcsKd@ aqmifaomvl&rf;um;wpkutpdk;&tzGJ@0if0ef}uD;a[mif;
aomvlrsKd;pki,frsm; wOD;jzpfol apmazomtm; owfjzwfcJhonf? u&if Arm
u BIA ES i f h A rmvl vlrsKd;tkyfpkcsif; t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_rsm; qufvufjzpf
rsKd; rsm;tay:a,bl yGg;cJh+yD; vlrsKd;ESpf&yfpvHk; touftdk;tdrfpD;pdrfrsm; qHk;±H_;
,stm;jzifh r,Hk=unf ysufpD;cJh&onf? Tta&;tcif;wGif vlaxmifaygif;rsm;
*syef E S i f h B IA wyf r sm; &ef u k e f + rd K @wG i f ; od k @ =uaoma=umif h j zpf pGmaoqHk;I &Gmrsm;&mcsD+yD; zsufqD;cHcJh&onf?
csD w uf o d r f ; yk d u f 0if a &muf p Of onf?
TtajctaeatmufwGif t*Fvdyfwdk@xH opPmcH
cJh=uaom tcsKd@wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;ESifh BIA
t=um; jy\emrsm;pGm jzpfay:cJhonf? txl;ojzifh Armh
vG w f v yf a &;wyf r awmf o m;rsm;ES i f h u&if r sm;=um;wG i f
jy\emrsm;&SdcJhonf?
BIA rS yHE
k ySd x
f w
k af 0aom wHqyd af cgi;f

25
 tcef ; (4)
vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm; (1945 - 1948 )
zqyvtzG J @ }uD ; ES i f h atmif q ef ; tuf v D p mcsKyf
'kwd,urBmppf +yD;qHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf +Adwdo#wdk@
onf jrefrmEkdkifiHtm; wzefjyefvnfodrf;ydkufcJhonf? Arm
trsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh‚if;wdk@&nfrSef;xm;
aom vGwfvyfa&;r&&dSao;yJ wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHa&;tajc
taerSmvnf; ppfrjzpfrDouJhodk@yif&dSaeojzifh xdktaet
xm;u ‚if;wdk@udkrcsifhr&JjzpfapcJhonf? xkd@a=umifhAdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifh zqyvtzGJ@}uD;onf t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrSvGwf
vyfa&; jyefvnf&&dS&efwzef}udK;yrf;cJh&jyefonf?
'kwd,urBmppf+yD;qHk;cgeD;aemufqHk;vtenf;i,f
twGif;Y +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@onf puULjzLpmwrf;ac: jref
rmEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfhrl0g'a=ujimcsufwapmifudkxkwf
jyefa=ujimcJhonf? ,if;a=ujimcsuft& jrefrmEdkifiHonf
+Adwdo#wdk@tm%mouf0ifr_&dSaeao;aom 'dkrDeD,rftqifh
vGwv f yfa&;rwdik rf D ESpEf pS o
f ;kH ESpcf ef@ ‚if;wd@k vufatmuf wGif
quf v uf & d S a eoif h a =umif ; az: jyxm;onf ? xd k @ tjyif
ay:a'orsm;wGifaexdkif=uolrsm;taejzifhjynfrESifhaygif;vdk
onfh qENr&dSbJ odk@r[kwf aygif;vdkonfhqEN&dSvmonfh t
csdefra&mufrjcif; jynfrESifhrjzpfrae ryl;aygif;oifha=umif;
qufvufaz: jyxm;onf? ArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmif
rsm;u TpuULjzLpmwrf;yg rl0g'rsm;udk oabmrwl=u acs?
jrefrmEdkifiH. vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS csufcsif;
&,lv=kd u+yD; awmifwef;a&m jynfryg wygwnf; vGwv
a&; &,lvdk=uonf? Todk@jzifh 1946 wGif vGwfvyfa&;
awmif; qdak &;twGuf taxGaxGoydw}f uD;w&yfjyK vkycf =hJ u
onf?
jrefrmjynf rnfuJhodk@jzpfoifhonfESifhywfoufI
+Adwdo#t&m&dSwdk@wGifvnf; uGJjym;jcm;em;onfht,ltq
rsm; &dSaecJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtm; jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif
OD;aqmifcJhol avmh'farmifhbufwef taejzifhjrefrmEdkifiH
onf aemufqHk;wGif vGwfvyfa&;&&dS&ef ‚if;taejzifh qEN
&dScJhonf? olonf jrefrmEdkifiHudk tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;t
wGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyvtzGJ@}uD;wdk@tm; awG@
qHk!d‡@E_dif;aqG;aEG;vdkoljzpfonf? odk@aomf Armjynfbk&ifcH
a':refprpfuJhodk@aomt&m&dSrsm;u ppfumvtwGif;*syef
wdk@bufY&dScJh=uonfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odk@r[kwftjcm;
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawG@qHk!d‡@Ed_if;&efqENr&dScJhay? xkd@aemuf
1946 wGif +Adwdo#wdk@onf bk&ifcH qma':refprpfae&mY
[l;*dk;&ef@pf udk tpm;xdk;cef@xm;cJhonf? olonf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;/ zqyvwdk@ESifhtwl !d‡@Ed_if;aqmif&Gufvdkolw
OD;jzpfonf?
Armh v G w f v yf a &;umvtwG i f ; tcsif ; csif ; tif
tm;+ydKifqdkifr_rsm; qufvufwnf&dScJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;onf wdkif;jynfudkOD;aqmif&ef ppfwyfrS E_wfxGuf+yD;
EdkifiHa&;
avmuodk@
0ifa&muf
cJhonf?
odk@aomf
+ydKifbuf
EdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;u Clement Attlee ESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vef'efYawG@qHkpOf
EdkifiHa&;
bufwGif ‚if;wdk@uom wm0ef,lvdk=uonfjzpf&m ocif
xGef;tkyfESifh tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;u AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;udk ppfwGif;umvtwGif; ‚if;jyKvkyfcJhaom vlowfr_
wckESifhywfoufI w&m;pGJqdkoifha=umif;toa&zsuf&ef
}udK;pm;cJhonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif ocifoef;xGef;/ ocif
f yf odef;az ponfhuGefjrLepfwdk@uvnf;tvm;wlpGm AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tm; toa&zsuf&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? ,if;
ta=umif;tcsufjzifh 1946 Edk0ifbmwGif ArmjynfuGefjrL
epfygwD(CPB) udk zqyv rS xkwzf ,fco hJ nf?
aemufqHk;Y +Adwdo#wdk@ ESifh ArmtrsKd;om;a&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1947 Zefe0g&DvwGif awG@qHkaqG;
aEG;cJhonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if
udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifrsm;tzGJ@onf vef'efodk@oGm;
a&mufI +Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf uvDrifhtufwvDESifh awG@qHk
!d‡@aqG;aEG;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? Todk@jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHonf
wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&&dSrnfjzpf+yD; jynfrtaeESifh
awmifwef;a'orsm;wpnf;wvHk;xJyg0ifa&;ukdaqmif&Guf
rnf [ k az: jyyg&d S a om atmif q ef ; tuf w vD p mcsKyf u d k
1947ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv27 &ufae@wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=u
onf? ,if;pmcsKyfonf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;
26
}uD;aomfvnf; awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ wufa&mufco
hJ tl m;vH;k u vufrwS af &;xd;k cJjh cif; r[kwaf y? ocifApdeEf iS hf OD;apm wd@k u
vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef jiif;qdkcJh=u+yD; awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;u ‚if;wdk@taejzifh TpmcsKyfESifhywfoufI avm
avmq,f rnfonfhtcsufudkr# raxmufcHao;a=umif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@tcsif;csif; pum;ajymqdk=u&OD;rnfjzpfa=umif; +Adwd
o#tpdk;&xH tjrefa=u;eef;±dkufta=umif;=um;cJhonf?

aqG ; aEG ; csuf

+Ad w d o #wd k @ u awmif w ef ; a'oacgif ; aqmif r sm;ay;vmaom ,if ; a=u;eef ; pmtm; jyef v nf I
wd k u f & d k u f t a=umif ; jyef = um;jcif ; r&d S y g? xd k p Of u &S r f ; ES i h f tjcm;vl e nf ; pk w d k i f ; &if ; om; acgif ; aqmif r sm; onf
atmif q ef ; -tuf w vD p mcsKyf c sKyf c J h p Of u rnf o d k @ rnf y H k aqG ; aEG ; cJ h o nf u d k rod & d S c J h & ay? tu,f I ‚if ; wd k @ onf
T!d ‡ @ Ed _ i f ; aqG ; aEG ; yG J o d k @ yg0if w uf a &muf E d k i f c J h = uv#if Toabmwl n D c suf a jymif ; vJ o G m ;Ed k i f y govm;?
oif r nf o d k @ xif o enf ; ? xd k t cg xyf a qmif ; yg0if v mEd k i f o nf h oabmwl n D c suf r sm;ud k pm&if ; jyKvk y f = unf h y g?
od k @ r[k w f xd k p Of u +Ad w d o #wd k @ xH r S ta=umif ; jyef v mEd k i f r nf h a=u;eef ; pmud k a &;=unf h y g? a=u;eef ; pmxJ Y
+Ad w d o #wd k @ onf awmif w ef ; a'o acgif ; aqmif r sm;tm; rnf o d k @ ta=umif ; jyef v d r f h r nf [k oif , l q ygoenf ; ?

yif v H k p mcsKyf
ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u vGwfvyf
a&;&&Sd&ef}udK;yrf;aqmif&GufaepOf awmifwef;a'oacgif;
aqmifrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudkrdrdwdk@qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh
tm;umuG,f&ef }udK;yrf;aecJh=uonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif
&Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u &Srf;jynfe,f yifvHk+rdK@wGif nDvmcHw
&yf jyKvkyfcJhonf? tqdkygnDvmcHwGif &Srf;apmfbGm;tygt
0if ucsif/ u&if ESifh csif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.
tem*wftpDtrHrsm;ESifhywfoufI aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf?
ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfrESifhyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpk
xlaxmif&ef pOf;pm;Edkifajcw&yftm; nDvmcHY &Sif;jy&m
Y “awmifay:aewdkif;&if;om;rsm;taeESifh rdrdwdk@&J@ vlrsKd;/
"avhxHk;wrf;eJ@udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udkxdrf;odrf;apmifha&Smuf yifvHknDvmcHwufa&mufvmaom wdkif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
ydkifcGifh[mta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufjzpfygw,f? Armacgif;aqmif
rsm;u'gudkodjrif+yD;awmawmifwef;om;awGudkausmom; r_udk&&dS&ef awmifwef;a'orsm;odk@ c&D;xGufcJhonf? wdkif;
&ifom;rcGJjcm;yJnD&if;tpfudkuJhodk@oabmxm;Edkifa=umif; &if;om;acgi;f aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;u ol@u, kd =kH unf=u +yD;
rSefrSefuefuefoufaojyzdk@tqifoifhjzpfwJhtcg u|efawmf ucsif'l;0g; qif0g;aemif/ csif;acgif;aqmif 0rfokr0rf/ y
wdk@uvnf; vGwfvyfwJh ArmjynfeJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyf qufqH tdk@0fapmfbGm;p0fcGef=unfwdk@u ‚if;wdk@.vlxkESifhOD;atmif
Edkifa&;udk pOf;pm;zdk@ tqifoifhjzpfygvdrfhr,f” [k ajymqdk qef;acgif;aqmifaom ArmtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;
oGm;ygonf? t=um; jzefajzay;oluJhodk@ aqmif&Gufay;cJh&onf? tjcm;
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;tkyfpk tawmfrsm;rsm;onf aom wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmiftcsK@d u jynfaxmifpx k J wGif
‚if;wdk@.a'orsm;tm; vGwfvyfonfhjrefrmEkdifiHtpdwft yg0if&ef raocsmcJhay?
ykid ;f w&yfjzpfvmrnfurkd vdv k m;=ua=umif; OD;atmifqef; u acgif;aqmifrsm;onf yifvHkY 1947 azaz:0g&D
od j rif x m;cJ h o nf ? xd k @ a=umif h 1946 'D Z if b mwG i f OD ; (7)rS(12)&uftxd jynfaxmifpkqdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;ukd aqG;
atmifqef;onf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;.axmufcH aEG;cJh=uonf? Arm/ &Srf;/ ucsifESifh csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; yg

27
0ifaqG;aEG;=u+yD; u&ifacgi;f aqmifrsm;u avhvmolt jzpf
wufa&mufc=hJ uonf? od@k aomfvnf; rGe/f &cdik /f u&if eDEiS hf
tjcm;vl e nf ; pk w d k i f ; &if ; om;acgif ; aqmif r sm;tm;
zdwf=um;cJhjcif;r&dScJhay? nDvmcHwGifOD;atmifqef;u wdkif;
&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkwGif yg0if=uygu
wdkif;&if;om;rsm; tusKd;&dSvdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqdkI
wd k i f ; &if ; om;wd k @ .oH o ,tm; uif ; &S i f ; apcJ h o nf ?
“Armwusyf&v#ifoifwdk@vnf;wusyf&rnf” “awmifwef;
a'orsm; ryg0if o nf h j ref r mEd k i f i H o nf qm;rygonf h
[if;uJo h @kd jzpfaernf” ponfh yifvn kH v D mcHY OD;aqmifqef;
ajymqd k c J h o nf h p um; ES p f & yf r S m ausmf = um;cJ h o nf ?
&Sr;f apmfbmG ;p0fa&$ou kd f tp&do
S nfw
h ikd ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif
vG w f v yf a &;t}ud K umv wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; tk y f p k i ,f r sm;ES i f h !d ‡ @ Ed _ i f ; &mwG i f
+Ad w d o #wd k @ . tcef ; u¾
jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&dScgeD;csdef wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;ESifh !d‡@Ed_if;aqG;aEG;r_rsm; jyKvkyf&mY +Ad
wdo#wdk@onfta&;ygonfhtcef;u¾wGifyg0ifcJh=uonf?
+Adwdo#EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh t&m&dSrsm;onf 1940 jynfh
vGefESpfrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudkqufvufr
xdef;csKyfEdkifawmha=umif; od&dSvmcJh=uonf? vGwfvyfa&;/
v_yf&Sm;r_ tvGeftm;aumif;vmcJh+yD; &v'ftaejzifh +Adwd
o#wdk@onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;.jy\emudk
csOf;uyfyHk ajymif;vJcJhonf?
ppfrwdkifrDESifh ppftwGif;umvrsm;Y +Adwdo#wdk@
onfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;ESifheD;eD;uyfuyfquf
qHr_rsKd;&dScJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;
uvnf; ‚if;wdk@onf +Adwdo#wdk@. tapmifha&SmufcH 'dkar
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftvH (1945— 1948)
28
rsm;u OD;atmifqef;udk,Hk =unf=u+yD; nD!Gwfr_&&dS&ef
nDvmcHwGiftjyif;txef}udK; yrf;vmcJh=uonf? Todk@jzifh
,cktcg jynfaxifpak e@tjzpfusO;f yjyKvkyaf om azaz:0g&v D
(12)&ufae@wGif acgif;aqmifrsm;onf yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uonf? tqdkygpmcsKyfwGif awmifwef;
a'owdkif;&if;om; rsm;udk ta&;ygonfhuwdu0wfrsm;pGm
ay;cJ o nf ? awmif w ef ; a'orsm;. e,f w G i f ; tk y f c sKyf
a&;twGuf jynfh0onfhudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd rltm;jzifh
vufc+H yD; awmifwef;a'owGif aexdik =f uonfh Edik if o H m;rsm;
taejzifh 'Drkdua&pDusifhoHk;aomwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif &&dScHpm;
&aom tcGit hf a&; rsm;enf;wl tcGit hf a&;&dcS pH m;&rnfjzpf
a=umif; yifvHkpmcsKyfY az: jyyg&dSygonf?
eD,Htqifh vGwfvyfa&;jzifhaexdkifaumif;aexdkif+yD;jrefrm
EdkifiHrS vHk;0vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHi,frsm;jzpfvma&;tm;
+Adwdo#wdk@ ulnDvdrfh rnf[k ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? odk@aomf
'kwd,urBmppfrS jyefvnfemvefxlcgpwGifum; +Adwdo#
t*Fvdyfwdk@ ukd,fYwGif pD;yGg;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;jy\em rsm;pGm
&dSae+yD;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh +Adwdo#wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@.udkvdk
eDe,fajrrsm;rSxGufcGg&ef }udK;pm;aecJh=uonf? xdk@jyif+Adwd
o#udkvdkeDjzpfaom tdENd,ESifh ygupPwefwdk@. cGJa&;/ wGJa&;
jy\emrsm;udkvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ ajz&Sif;aecJh&onfjzpf&m
,if;tajctaersm;u Armhta&;udk v$rf;rdk;cJhavonf?
1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&D (2) &ufae@wGif bk&ifcH[l;
*dk;&ef@pfu tjcm;t*Fvdyft&m&dSwOD;jzpfol avmh'fzuf
x&pfavm&ifhpf qDodk@ ta=umif;=um;pmwapmif ay;ykd@cJh
onf? ,if;pmY “jynfr[k u|Efkyfwdk@od&dSxm;cJh=uaomt
pdwftydkif;ESifh awmifwef;a'orsm;[k u|Efkyfwdk@ od&dSxm;
onfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;tpdwftykdif;
rsm;yifjzpfonf? u|Efkyfwdk@onf wckwnf;aom jrefrmEdkif
iH[laom tajccHt,ltq pwifoifhonf ,cifuwck
xJ&dScJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHonf tem*wfwGifvnf; wckxJ&dS
&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@. tE Wdr &nfrSef;csuf
onf tcsdefwkdumvtwGif;Y t+rJwrf;wckxJ&dSaom jref
rmEdkifiHjzpfa&;jzpfonf” [k az: jyxm;&dSygonf?
 jrefrmEdkifiHonf ,if;taetxm;wGif &dSaeaomf 1947 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
vnf; +Adwdo#wdk@onf awmifwef;a'owGifaexdkifolrsm;
. qENtrSefudk&SmazGaz:xkwf&ef oabmwlnDcJhonf? T
odk@jzifh +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@onf awmifwef;a'o txl;pkH
1947 pufwifbmvtwGif; jrefrmhzGJ@pnf;tkyf
prf ; a&;aumf r wD w &yf u d k zG J @ pnf ; apv$ w f c J h o nf ? 1947
csKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;qGJa&;tzGJ@u tajccHOya'a&;
rwfvESifh{+yDvrsm;wGif tqdkygaumfrwDonfawmifwef;
qGaJ &; nDvmcHw&yf jyKvkycf &hJ m Arm/ &Sr;f / ucsi/f &cdik /f rGef
a'orsm;odk@oGm;a&mufI wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tpktzGJ@ 50
ES i f h u&if vl r sKd ; wd k @ . ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm; wuf a &muf
cef@wdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qHkcJh+yD; tem*wftwGuf
tqdkwifoGif;I jrefrmEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
‚if;wdk@.qENrnfodk@&dSonfudk ar;jref;cJh=uonf? tqdkyg pHk
tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? 1947 tajccHOy
prf;a&;aumfrwDonf uGJjym;jcm;em;onfhtajzrsm;pGmudk
a'wGif jynfrESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. jynfe,frsm;
&&dScJh+yD; tcsKd@wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh‚if;wdk@
udk z,f'&,fpepft& tm%mcGJa0 owfrSwfxm;onf?
. tem*wfa&;ESifhywfoufI ar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdk&ef t
&Srf;jynfe,frsm;udkvnf;jynfe,fwckwnf;tjzpfowfrSwf
qifoifhjyifqifxm;Edkifjcif; r&dScJhay? tem*wfa&;ESifhywf
xm;ouJhodk@ jynfrESifh (10) ESpf=um yl;aygif;+yD;aemuf cGJ
oufI awmifay:a'orsm;wGif aexdkif=uolrsm;Y uGJjym;
xGufvdku cGJxGufEkdifcGifhukd ay;tyfxm;onf? u&ifeDjynf
jcm;em;onfhtjrifrsm;pGm&dScJh=uonf?wcgw&Hacgif;aqmif
e,frsm;udkvnf; tvm;wlowfrSwfxm;+yD;tqdkygzGJ@pnf;
tcsKd@onf ‚if;wdk@. a'ocHe,fom;rsm;. tjrifESifhuGJvGJ
tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'tm; 1947 pufwifbm 24 wGif
pGmudk,fpm;jyKxGufqdkcJh=uojzifh tcsKd@udkoufaojzifhxGuf
twnfjyKjyXmef;cJhonf?
qdkapcJhonf?,if;odk@aomta=umif;rsm;a=umifhawmifwef;
jrefrmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ESifhywfoufI +Adwdo#
a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDrS&&dSaom oufaomxHxGufqdk
wdk@ pdwfajymif;oGm;+yD; qufvuftkyfcsKyfaernfhta&;udk
csufrsm;udk toHk;jyKI rl0g'w&yfay:ayguf&ef +Adwdo#wdk@
tajccH Oya'a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@updk;&drfaoma=umifh 1947 t
tcufawG@cJh=uonf?
ajccHOya'udktaqmwvsifa&;qGJcJh=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;
aemufqHk;Y +Adwdo#wdk@onf awmifwef;a'ovl
acgif;aqmif trsm;tjym;udk1947 tajccHOya'ua=ueyf
enf;pkrsm;.qENudkta&;w,laqmif&Gufjcif; rjyKvkyf&ef
r_tjynfht0ray;cJhaomfvnf; ,if;tajccHOya'udk aemif
qHk;jzwf+yD; ,if;tpm;awmifwef;a'ovlenf;pkwdk@tm;
umvwGif ajymif;vJEdkifa=umif; wdkif;&if;om;wdk@udk ajym
zqyv tzG@J }uD;ESihf !‡@d Ei_d ;f aqmif&u G af pcJo
h nf? &v'ftjzpf
qdkcJh=uonf?
+Adwo d #w@kd onf ‚if;wd@k tm;ypfy,fco hJ nf[k wdik ;f &if;om;t
TzGJ@pnf;tkyfyHktajccHOya'. t"dujy\emw
csKd@u rSwf,lcHpm;cJh=uavonf?
&yfrSmwdkif;&if;om;wdk@.jynfe,ftcGifhta&;rsm;rnD!Gwf
jcif; jzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpktcsKd@jzpfonfh &Srf;ESifhu
&ifeDjynfe,frsm;wGif cGJxGufcGifhyg&dS+yD; csif;uJhodk@aomwdkif;
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
&if;om;rsm;twGuf olwdk@.jynfe,f odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;
oif o nf 1947 umvwG i f +Ad w d o #wd k @ .ae
tm%mrsm; &&dSjcif;r&dSacs?
&mtaejzif h a&muf & d S a ev#if jref r mh t a&;tm; rnf
wcsKd@wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;onftjcm;vlrsKd;tkyf
uJ h o d k @ jyKvk y f a qmif & G u f rnf e nf ; ? +Ad w d o #wd k @ uJ h o d k @
pkrsm;xuf tiftm;/ =oZm }uD;rm;cJhaoma=umifhvnf;
jyKvk y f r nf a vm (od k @ r[k w f ) ‚if ; wd k @ ES i f h qef @ usif
aumif;/ a'owckESifhwck cGJjcm;jyKrlqufqHonfh a&S;u&dScJh
zuf j yKvk y f r nf a vm?
zl;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd;udk +Adwdo#wdk@u qufvufusifhoHk;
cJhjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;
vHk;onf wajy;nDwlnDonfh tcGihfta&;rsm;udk 1947 t
ajccHOya'wGif r&&dScJhay?

29
 xdk@tjyif tjcm;ta&;ygonfhudpP&yfrsm;udkvnf;
TtajccHOya'u ay;EkdifcJhjcif; r&dSay? u&if/ rGefESifh &cdkif
vlrsKd;wdk@. udk,fydkife,fajra'orsm;udk 1947 tajccHOy
a'Y uwday;xm;aomfvnf; rnfonfhae&m/rnfr#us,f
0ef;onf ponfwdk@tm; qHk;jzwfxm;jcif; r&dSay? u&ifvl
rsKd;wdk@onf ukefoG,fa&;ESifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom pD;yGg;a&;
taetxm;wdk@&&dS&ef armfv+rdKifuJhodk@aom yifv,fxGuf
ayguf+rdK@yg&dSonfh jynfe,fwckudktvdk&dScJh=uonf? tqdkyg
jy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Edkifaoma=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vl
rsKd;tkyfpk tawmfrsm;rsm;onf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
udk pwifjyifqifvmcJh=uonf?
1947tajccHOya'wnfqJumvtwGif;udk;uG,f
,Hk=unfr_ESifhywfoufIjy\emrsm;jzpfay:cJhonf? 0ef}uD;
csKyfOD;Ektygt0ifAk'<bmomudk;uG,foltcsKd@uAk'<bmom
ukd EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfjyÏmef;vdk=uonf? odk@aomf t
jcm;bmomrsm;udk udk;uG,f,Hk=unfonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;
u oabmrwl=uouJhodk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&dSpOfumv
uwnf;u AdkvfcsKyfu bmomwckcktm; EdkifiHawmfbm
omtjzpf owfrSwfjyÏmef;jcif;udk oabmrwlcJhay? aemuf
qHk;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek. Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmom
tjzpfjyKvkyfvdkr_ESifhywfoufI tjyeftvSef!d‡@E_dif;oabm
wlnDcsuf&,l+yD; atmufygtykd'frsm;tm; 1947 tajccHOy
a'Y xnfhoGif;jyÏmef;cJhonf?
1? EdkifiHawmfonf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHom; trsm;
pku twnfhtvif;udk;uG,f,Hk=unfonfh bmomtjzpf
Ak'<bmom. txl;taetxm;udk todtrSwfjyKonf?
2? EdkifiHawmfonf tpPvrfbmom/ c&pf,mef
bmom/ [dELN bmomESihf ewfu;kd uG,rf y_ pkH tH rsK;d rsK;d ukv
d nf;
jynfaxmifpktwGif; wnf&dSqJtcsKd@bmomrsm;uJhodk@ tod
trSwfjyKonf?
aqG ; aEG ; csuf
1947 zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k tajccH O ya'rS ud k ;
uG , f , H k = unf r _ q d k i f & m ta=umif ; t&mrsm;ud k aqG ;
aEG ; yg? OD ; Ek t pd k ; &vuf x uf w G i f x yf r H x nf h o G i f ; aom
ud k ; uG , f , H k = unf r _ q d k i f & mpmyd k ' f o nf aumif ; rG e f o nf h
tajzw&yf j zpf c J h y govm;? tb,f h a =umif h e nf ; ? od k @
r[k w f t b,h f a =umif h x k d o d k @ rjzpf o if h o enf ; ?
30
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@
vk y f } uH c H & jcif ;
1947ckESpf Zlvd_if19wGif aoewfrsm;udkifaqmif
vmaom vlwpkonf tr_aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;
crf;rwGif;odk@0ifa&mufypfcwf&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifho
cifjr/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd/ ref;bcdkif/ p0fpHxGef;/ tAŠ'l&mZwf/ OD;
b0if;/ OD;tkef;armifESifhudkaxG;wdk@ usqHk;cJh&onf? tqdkyg
usqHk;cJh&oltrsm;pkrSm EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfaom
a=umifh ,if;vkyf}uHr_onf wdkif;jynfudk'kuQ}uHKapcJhonf?
txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. acgif;aqmifr_r&dSbJ jref
rmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&&dS&ef tvGefcufcJvdrfhrnf[k vlt
rsm;xifjrifcJh=uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf xdktcsdefY
touf 31 ESpfom&dSao;aomfvnf; tjcm;acgif;aqmif
rsm;xufyif ol@udk vltrsm;u,Hk=unfudk;pm;cJh=uonf?
urBmhacgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;u ,if;odk@ jrefrmhEdkifiH
a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;usqHk;jcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;a=umif;o
0%fv$mrsm; ay;ydk@cJhonf? TuJhodk@vkyf}uHcH&ojzifhusqHk;
cJh&aom jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; trSwf&
aomtm;jzifh Zlvd_ifv (19) &ufae@udk tmZmenfae@t
jzpf jrefrmEdkifiHY oyfrSwfusif;ycJh=uonf?
,if;vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_ESifhywfoufI+ydKifbufEdkif
iHa&;orm; OD;apmtm; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cH&onf? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;r&dScJhv#if ,if;ae&mtm; +Adwdo#wdk@u OD;apm
udkay;vdrfhrnf[k OD;apmxifrSwfcJhav[ef&dSonf? odk@aomf
OD;apm wGufqr_rSm;cJhavonf? tjcm;vlrsm; odk@r[kwf
tjcm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk@wGufqI
vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_wGif yg0ifEdkifa=umif; vltcsKd@u xifjrif
cJh=uonf?
tqdkygvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_}uD;jzpfyGg;+yD;aemuf tr_
aqmifaumifpD. OuUXtjzpf OD;Ektm; ay;tyfcJhonf? ol
onf T&mxl;udktrSefwu,frvdkcsifcJhaomfvnf; OuUX
tjzpfaqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlcJhonf? Todk@jzifh 1947
atmufwdkbmodk@ a&mufaomtcg OD;Ekonf +AdwdefEdkifiH
odk@oGm;a&mufI jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aemufqHk;jyK
vkyf&rnfh tao;pdyftcsuftvufrsm;ukd +Adwdo#0ef}uD;
csKyf uvDreftufwvDESifh !d‡@Ed_if;aqG;aEG;cJhonf? vef'efY
acgi;f aqmifrsm;csKyfqckd ahJ om Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyft& 1948
Zefe0g&DvxJwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfaomorwEdkif
iHjzpfvmrnf[k az: jyyg&dSygonf?