MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad).
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

COURSE FILE
Subject : Mathematics-II
Academic Year : 2016-17

Name of the Faculty :Dr . K.Sharath Babu

Department S&H(Mathematics)
Branch & Year : ECE I Year II semester

1
 MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

INDEX
COURSE FILE
S.No. Topic Page No.
I. Instruction for the Maintenance of the Course File 3
II. Standard Operating Procedure (Sop)on Preparation of Class
4
Notes
1 Syllabus 7
2 Objective and Matching with outcomes 9
3 Target 12
4 Session Planner 13
5 Syllabus coverage 15
6 Time Table 18
Lecture wise handwritten class notes (Minimum of one application or
7 19
real time example in each unit.)
List of weak students and Remedial action
a. weak students as per JNTU Result
8 201
b. weak students as per MID-term Test Result
c. Remedial action
9 Mid Term Test, Quality and Evaluation 204
10 Assignments 205
11 Tutorial 208
Question Bank/Papers
a. Subjective unit wise (5 descriptive questions with answers
12 preparation per unit (02 Theory based & 03 Problematic based) 211,214
b. Objective unit wise (10 objective bits with answers
preparation per unit (05 Theory based & 05 Problematic based)
13 Sample Assignments 206
14 Sample Solved Question Paper
15 List of outcomes 232
16 Task Table 233
17 Course Completion Certificate 234
18 HOD Review and Quality Audit 235

2
 MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

I. INSTRUCTION FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THE COURSE

FILE:
1. Order the course file as per the index and keep it neat and clean.
2. Complete the formats which have been supplied as part of course file.
3. The items listed in the index, but not supplied have to be prepared by you and placed in
the course file.
4. Prepare hand written class notes as per the standard operating procedure (SOP) givenat
structure II.
5. Put up the course file for the verification of the HOD once in afortnightly and take his
signature on the HOD Review format.
6. Course file will be audited for quality checks by outside experts and as such be in perfect
order for inspection at any time.
7. Plan Session Planner 60 periods / semester and 120 periods I-B.Tech.
8. Handover the course file to the HOD at the end of the semester or at the time of relieving
from the college.

II. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP)ONPREPARATIO

OFCLASS NOTES:
1. INTRODUCTION.

The Class Notes are the most Valuable Course Material and bear the stamp of the faculty
reflecting his attitude towards the profession of teaching. The Class Notes provide confidence
to the faculty to deliver the subject matter in a systematic and effective way thus improving
the Teaching-Learning Process. It is pertinent that each and every faculty member shall
prepare the Class Notes for the subjects allocated to them.
2. PROCEDURE.

The procedure is described in succeeding paragraphs.

3. FRAME WORK: The Frame Work is given below: JNTU Syllabus

|
Text books, Reference Books and down loaded Material
|
Compilation of Session Planner (56 to 64 Lessons)
|

3
Preparation of Class Notes

4. PREPARATION OF SESSION PLANNER: The step by step procedure as described

will be followed to prepare the Session Planner.

a) A copy of the JNTU Syllabus relevant to his/her theory subject will be collected by
the nominated faculty of the subject

b) Text Books and Reference Books mentioned in the syllabus will be gone through by
the concerned faculty to gather information that which chapter(s) of these books is
relevant for each Unit of the Syllabus. Faculty may also refer to other relevant
material including downloaded for this purpose.

c) Each Unit will be divided in to Sessions as per JNTU Syllabus such that it can be
covered in a period of 50 minutes.

d) The Session Planner limiting to 56 to 64 Lessons will be prepared as per the enclosed
format given below.

Session Planner
S. Unit Class Topic Text/Ref Chapter Date Date
No No book No Planned Conducted
1 Will be available in the
2 Attendance Register
3

e) The Session Planner will be pasted in the Attendance Register

5. COMPILATION OF CLASS NOTES: The class Notes will be compiled by the faculty
members the faculty members should take it as a challenge to prepare their lecture notes .He
has to refer as many books as possible, his own class notes which is prepared previously for
his reference and use, discuss with his peers, colleagues, seniors etc.The lecture notes
prepared by the faculty should be complete in all the respects and should attract the
appreciation, accolades and satisfactory comments from every section of the people who
refers the lecture notes. It also helps the faculty members as a standard book for his reference
and delivering lectures at any time. Hence faculty members are advised to take utmost care in
preparing lecture notes after studying the text book, reference book and other relevant
material available with him/her. The guidelines related to the format and not the content are
given below:

4
 a) Class Notes will be prepared by the faculty Lesson-Wise on A4 paper.

b) The text of the Lesson will be Hand written by the faculty and will describe the matter
maximum in point (bullet) format.

c) Each Lesson will include the course material relating to the topic mentioned in the
Session Planner. The no. of pages of material for each session be limited so that it can
be covered in 50 minutes. However, a minimum of one page material will be prepared
for one session. The material may be supported with handouts/OHP/PPT slides.

d) Each topic should be explained with reference to the following problem.

i. Definition
ii. Figures, Flowcharts, Block Diagrams, Tables
iii. Derivations, Mathematical Expressions and Graphs
iv. Examples
v. Applications
vi. Problems (with solutions)

e) The format of the Class Notes is given below.

Subject: Mathematics-II Class Notes

Faculty: Dr. K. Sharath Babu Unit No:
Topic: Lecture No:
Link to Session
Planner (SP):S.No….of SP
Hand Written Notes : available Date Conducted:
Page No:

6. CONCLUSION: The preparation of Class Notes is the most important step towards the
implementation of effective Teaching-Learning Process. It must be noted the Class Notes are
not the static document and must be revised by the faculty every year by adding new pages to
the existing Class Notes. The additional Class Note material must take into account the
charges in the JNTU Syllabus and new trends in technologies related to the subject.

The SOP will be revised at the end of every semester for improvement. The comments
received from the Depts. will be included.

SYLLABUS

UNIT-I
Laplace Transformations Laplace Transforms: Laplace transforms of standard
functions, Shifting theorems, derivatives and integrals, properties, Unit step

5
function, Dirac’s delta function, Periodic function, Inverse Laplace transforms,
Convolution theorem (without proof). Applications: Solving ordinary
differential equations (initial value problems) using Laplace transforms.
UNIT –II
Beta and Gamma Functions: Beta and Gamma functions, properties, relation
between Beta and Gamma functions, and evaluation of integrals using Beta and
Gamma functions. Applications: Evaluation of integrals.
UNIT –III
Multiple Integrals:
Double and triple integrals, Change of variables, Change of order of
Integration. Applications: Finding areas, volumes & Center of gravity
evaluation using Beta and Gamma functions).
UNIT-IV
Vector Differentiation:
Scalar and vector point functions, Gradient, Divergence, Curl and their physical
and geometrical interpretation, Laplacian operator, Vector identities.
UNIT -V
Vector Integration:
Line Integral, Work done, Potential function, area, surface and volume
integrals, Vector integral theorems: Greens, Stokes and Gauss divergence
theorems (without proof) and related problems.

Text Books:
1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by R K Jain & S R K Iyengar, Narosa
Publishers
2. Engineering Mathematics by Srimanthapal and Subodh C. Bhunia,
Oxford Publishers
References:
1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Peter V. O. Neil, Cengage Learning
Publishers.
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Lawrence Turyn, CRC Press

MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

6
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Course No : MA102BS/MA202BS

Course Title: Mathematics—II(Advanced calculus)

1. Course Objectives To learn
concepts & properties of Laplace Transforms
solving differential equations using Laplace transform techniques
evaluation of integrals using Beta and Gamma Functions
evaluation of multiple integrals and applying them to compute the volume
and areas of regions
the physical quantities involved in engineering field related to the vector
valued functions.
the basic properties of vector valued functions and their applications to
line, surface and volume integrals.

3. Course Outcomes

Students will able to

After learning the contents of this course the student must be able to

 C0-1 use Laplace transform techniques for solving DE’s

 C0-2 evaluate integrals using Beta and Gamma functions
 CO-3 evaluate the multiple integrals and can apply these concepts
to find Areas, volumes, moment of inertia etc of regions on a
Plane or in space.
 C0-4 evaluate the line, surface and volume integrals and converting
them from one to another.

TARGET (%):

Subject: Mathematics-II
Branch: ECE
Academic Year: 2016-17 Semester:II
Faculty: Dr. K. Sharath Babu

7
 1. Pass Percentage: 100
2. First class with distinction (>=75): 60
3. First class (60-69): 30
4. Pass Class (40-49): 10
5. Signature of Faculty

SESSION PLANNER

Lecture
S. Unit Date
Topic Number as Remarks
No. No. Planned
per the period
1 Introduction 1 03-01-2017
2 Standard Results 2 04-01-17
3 Properties of Laplace Transforms 3,4 05-01-17

4
Shifting theorems 5,6 06-01-17

Unit step function-Dirac delta

5 7 9-1-17
function
I
6 derivatives and integrals 8,9 10-1-17
7 Periodic function - problems 10 16-01-17
8 Inverse laplace transforms 11 18-01-17

9
Problems on Inverse Laplace 12,13,14
20-01-17
Transforms
10 Convolution theorem 15 21-01-17
Applications of Laplace 23-01-17
11 Transforms to solve differential 16,17
equations concept –problems
II SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

12 Introduction to special functions 18 24-01-17

13 Definitions 25-01-17
14 Beta function concept - Motivation 19 27-01-17
15 Gamma function-Motivation 20 28-01-17
16 Problems on Beta and Gamma functions 21,22 30-01-17
17 Properties relation between them 23 31-01-17
18 Evaluation of improper integrals 24,25 4-2-17
19 Miscellaneous Problems 26 6-2-17

UNIT-III Multiple Integrals 7-2-17

8
20 Introduction to Multiple Integrals 27 14-2-17
21 Double Integrations -cases 28 16-02-17
22 Change of variables 29 21-02-17
26 Change of Order of integration 30,31 25-02-17
27 Application –Finding areas, Volumes 32,33 28-02-17
28 Centere of Gravity using Special functions 34 4-3-17

UNIT-IV(Vector
differentiation)
29 Vector Differentiation 35 11-03-17
30 Scalar and vector point functions 36 16-03-17
31 Gradient ,Divergence, 37,38 39,40 21-03-17
32 Curl 24-03
33 Physical and geometrical interpretation 41 03-04-17
34 Laplace operator -vector identities 42,43
UNIT-V(Vector integration)
35 Introduction 44 8-3-17
36 Line Integral, Work done by the force 45,46,47 15-4-17
37 Potential function-problems 48 18-4-17
38 Area surface and Volume integrals 49,50 21-04-17
39 Green’s theorem 53,54 24-04-17
40 Stoke’s theorem 55,56 27-04-17
41 Gauss Divergence Theorem 57,58 01-05-17
42 Pre-final examination 59,60 4-05-17
43 Grand Test 61-63 8-05-17

Signature of Faculty Signature of HOD

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in
08418-25554/55

Syllabus Coverage

Subject: Mathematics-II

9
Branch: ECE
Academic Year: 2016-17 Semester: II
Faculty: Dr. K. Sharath Babu
Reason
Plan to
Date (s) for
Lecture Date overcome
Unit Topic Conduc Non
No. Planned non
ted Compli
compliance
ance
Where ever
syllabus
lagging extra
classes will be
03-01-
I 1 03-01-16 taken by
16
seeking help
of the same
section
Standard Results faculty
2
Properties of Laplace 04-01-17 04-01-17
Transforms
3
Shifting theorems 05-01-17 05-01-17

4 Unit step function- 06-01-17 06-01-17

5
Problems on unit step 9-1-17 9-1-17
function
6 Dirac delta function 10-1-17 10-1-17

7
derivatives and 16-01-17 11-01-17
integrals
8
Periodic function - 18-01-17 16-01-17
problems
9
Inverse Laplace 20-01-17 20-01-17
Transforms
10
Partial fractions - 21-01-17
Problems on them
11
Problems on Inverse 23-01-17
Laplace Transforms
12 Convolution theorem 24-01-17
Applications of
13 Laplace Transforms 25-01-17
theory.
LT method to solve
14 differential equations 27-01-17
problems
15 TEST-I 28-01-17

UNIT-II 30-01-17

II 16
Introduction to special 31-01-17
functions

10
 17 4-2-17
Definations

18 Concept for 6-2-17

convergence
Beta function concept -
19 7-2-17
Motivation
20 10-2-17
Gamma function-Motivation
21 Problems on Beta and Gamma
11-02-17
functions
22 Properties relation between
13-02-17
them
23 Evaluation of improper
14-02-17
integrals
24 Miscellaneous 16-02-17
Problems
25 Miscellaneous 18-2-17
Problems
26 TEST-II
27 UNIT-III
III 28 Introduction to Multiple
25-2-17
Integrals
29 26-2-17
Double Integrations –geometry
30 28-02-17
Change of variables
31 01-03-17
Change of variables
32 02-03-17
Change of Order of integration
33 05-03-17
Problems on them

II-MID Term syllabus

33 9-3-17
Application –Finding areas,
34 10-3-17
Problems
34 Centere of Gravity using
13-3-17
Special functions
35 Problems 14-3-17
36 Volumes -Problems 16-3-17
37 TEST-III 17-3-17

UNIT-IV
IV 38 Vector Differentiation 18-3-17
39 Scalar and vector point
21-03-17
functions
40 22-03-17
Gradient ,Divergence
41 23-03-17
, Curl -Problems on them
42 Physical and geometrical
25-03-17
interpretation

11
 43 Laplace operator -vector
27-03-17
identities
44 Continuation on identies 28-03-17
45 TEST-IV 30-03-17

UNIT-V
V 46 04-04-17
Introduction
47 Line Integral 06-04-17
48 Work done by the force 07-04-17

48 Potential function- 10-4-17

49 problems 12-4-17
Area surface and
50 15-04-17
Volume integrals
51 Problems on them 17-04-17
52 Problems on them 18-4-17

53 Problems on them 20-04-17

54 Green’s theorem 22-04-17

55 Stoke’s theorem 24-04-17

Gauss Divergence
56 25-04-17
Theorem
Problems on Green’s
57 25-04-17
theorem
Problems on Gauss-
58 26-04-17
Divergence theorem
Problems on Stokes
59 27-04-17
theorem
60 TEST-V 28-04-17
61 Revision of Unit I 29-04-17

62 Revision of Unit II 2-05-17

63 Revision of Unit III 4-5-17

64 Revision of Unit IV &V 6-5-17

65 TEST-V 08-05-17
Revision of II mid
66 09-5-17
syllabus

Note: Fortnightly verification by HOD

Signature of Faculty Signature of HOD

12
TIME TABLE

I II III IV V VI VII
MON ECE-C ECE-B ECE- ECE_A
C(T)
TUE ECE_C ECE_B ECE_A
WED ECE_A ECE_A(T) ECE_C
THU ECE_A ECE_B ECE_C
FRI ECE-B ECE-B(T) ECE_B
SAT ECE_A ECE_C

CLASS NOTES:

UNIT –I
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Syllabus: Laplace transforms of standard functions, Shifting theorems,
derivatives and integrals, properties, Unit step function, Dirac’s delta
function, Periodic function, Inverse Laplace transforms, Convolution
theorem (without proof), Applications: Solving ordinary differential
equations (initial value problems) using Laplace transforms.

INTRODUCTION:

The Laplace transform is the mathematical tool that can be used for
transforming differential equations into an algebraic form. The advantages of
this modern transform method for the analysis of linear-time-invariant (LTI)
systems are the following
1. It includes the boundary or initial conditions
2. The mathematics involved in the solution is simple algebra.

Definition of the Laplace transforms

The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is given by
∞
L(f(t)) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠) provided the integral value is
exists under the following conditions.
 F(t) is a piece-wise continuous function
 F(t ) admits exponential order property.

13
 L[f(t)] is a shorthand notation for the Laplace integral. Evaluation of the
integral results in a function F(s) that has ‘s’ as the parameter. This parameter
‘s’ is a complex quantity of the form a + bi.
The properties of Laplace Transform can be summarized as follows:
Linearity: Let C1, C2 be constants. f(t), g(t) be the functions of t then

First shifting Theorem:

APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1. Applications in Physical Sciences.
2. Applications in solving Differential equations.
3. Application in Electric Circuit Theory
4. Application in Power Systems Load Frequency control & Continuous
signals.

1 Introduction
Let f(t) be a given function which is defined for all positive values of t, if

F(s) =  -st
 e f(t) dt
0
exists, then F(s) is called Laplace transform of f(t) and is denoted by

 e-st f(t) dt
L{f(t)} = F(s) = 
0
The inverse transform, or inverse of L{f(t)} or F(s), is
f(t) = L-1{F(s)}
where s is real or complex value.

[Examples]
1 1
L{1} = s ; L{ eat } = s - a

L{ cos t } = 
 e cos t dt
-st

0

e-st ( -s cos t +  sin t ) 
= 
2 + s2
t=0
s
= 2
s + 2
(Note that s  0, otherwise e-st | diverges)
t=

L{ sin t } = 
 e sin t dt (integration by parts)
-st

0

 e-st sin t    -st
 + 
= s t=0 s  e cos t dt
0

14
   -st
 e cos t dt
s 
=
0
 
= s L{ cos t } = 2
s + 2
It is clear that

L{ cos t } = 
 e cos t dt
-st
(integration by parts)
0

 e cos t  
-st 
=  - 
 e sin t dt
-st
s t=0 s
0
1 
= s  s L{ sin t }
  2
 L{ sin t } = s L{ cos t } = 
s2 s2 L{ sin t }

 L{ sin t } = 2
s + 2

n
 tn e-st dt
L{ t } =  ( let t = z/s, dt = dz/s )
0
 n 
 z  -z dz 1
=  zn e-z dz
  s  e s = sn+1 
0 0

(n+1)
= (Gamma function  e-t tx-1 dt )
(x) = 
sn+1
0
If n = 1, 2, 3, . . . (n+1) = n!
n!
 L{ tn } = sn+1 where n is a positive integer

Theorem: Linearity of the Laplace Transform

L{ a f(t) + b g(t) } = a L{ f(t) } + b L{ g(t) }
where a and b are constants.

1
[Example] L{ eat } = s - a
Find L{ sinh at }
Soln: Since
eat  e-at 

L{ sinh at } = L 
 2 
1 1
= 2 L{ eat }  2 L{ e-at }
1  1 1  a
= 2   s+a  = 2 2
 s  a  s a

 s 
[Example] Find L-1 2
2 
 s a 

15
 -1  1  1  
 s   1
L-1 2  = L   + s + a  

 2  s  a
2
 s  a 
1  1  1 -1 1 
= 2 L-1 2 L  s+a 
 +  
 s  a 
1 1 eat + e-at
= 2 eat + 2 e-at = 2
= cosh at

Piecewise Continuous Functions

A function is called piecewise continuous in an interval a  t  b if the
interval can be subdivided into a finite number of intervals in each of which the
function is continuous and has finite right- and left-hand limits.
Existence Theorem
Sufficient Conditions for Existence of Laplace Transforms)Let f be piecewise
continuous on t  0 and satisfy the condition
| f(t) |  M et
for fixed non-negative constants  and M, then
L{ f(t) } exists for all s  .
[Proof]
Since f(t) is piecewise continuous, e-st f(t) is integratable over any finite
interval on t 0,
  -st  
| L{ f(t) } | =  
 e f(t) dt   
-st
 e |f(t)| dt
 0  0

M
  M e e dt = s   if s  
t -st

0
 L{ f(t) } exists

[Examples] Is L{ tn } , , L{ t-1/2 } exist?

t2 t3 tn
(i) et = 1 + t + 2! + 3! + . . . + n! + . . .
 tn  n! et
 L { tn } exists.

(ii) L{ t-1/2 } = , but note that t-1/2  for t  0!
s

Properties of Laplace Transforms

(1) Linearity Properties

L{ a f(t) + b g(t) } = a L{ f(t) } + b L{ g(t) }
where a and b are constants. (i.e., Laplace transform operator is linear)

16
(2) Laplace Transform of Derivatives
If f(t) is continuous and f'(t) is piecewise continuous for t  0, then
L { f'(t) } = s L{ f(t) }  f(0+)

[Proof]

L{ f'(t) } =  -st
 f'(t) e dt
0
Integration by parts by letting
u = e-st dv = f'(t) dt
du = - s e-st dt v = f(t)
e st f (t )   s  e st f (t )dt   f (0)  s L  f  t 
 
 L{ f'(t) } =
0 0

 L { f'(t) } = s L{ f(t) }  f(0 ) +

Theorem: f(t), f'(t), . . ., f(n-1)(t) are continuous functions for t  0

f(n)(t) is piecewise continuous function, then
L{ f(n) } = sn L{ f }  sn-1 f(0)  sn-2 f'(0)  . . .  f(n-1)(0)
e.g, L{ f''(t) } = s2 L{ f(t) }  s f(0)  f'(0)
L{ f'''(t) } = s3 L{ f(t) }  s2 f(0)  s f'(0)  f''(0)

[Example] Find L{ eat }

f(t) = eat, f(0) = 1
and f'(t) = a eat
 L{ f'(t) } = s L{ f(t) }  f(0)
or L{ a eat } = s L{ eat }  1
or a L{ eat } = s L{ eat }  1
1
 L{ eat } =
sa

[Example] Find L{ sin at }

f(t) = sin at , f(0) = 0
f'(t) = a cos at , f'(0) = a
f''(t) =  a2 sin at
Since
L{ f''(t) } = s2 L{ f(t) }  s f(0)  f'(0)
 L{  a2 sin at } = s2 L{ sin at }  s  0  a
or  a2 L{ sin at } = s2 L{ sin at }  a
a
 L{ sin at } = s2 + a2

2 2
[Example] L{ sin t } = s (s2 + 4) ) ( Linearity Property)

17
 Known: f (0)  0; f (t )  2sin t cos t  sin 2t
2
Also, L sin 2 t  2
s 4
Thus, L sin 2t  L  f   s L  f   f (0)  s L sin 2 t

L sin 2 t  L sin 2t 

1 2
s s ( s  4)
2

2s
[Example] L{ f(t)} =L{ t sin t } = 2 (Textbook)
(s + 2)2
f  t   t sin t , f (0)  0
f (t )  sin t  t cos t , f (0)  0
f (t )  2 cos t   t sin t  2 cos t   2 f (t )
2

L  f   2 L{cos t}   2 L{ f (t )}

 s 2 L{ f }  sf (0)  f (0)  s 2 L{ f }
s
( s 2   2 ) L  f   2 2
s  2
2 s
L t sin t  2
(s   2 )2
[Example] y''  4 y = 0, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 2 (IVP!)
[Solution] Take Laplace Transform on both sides,
L{ y''  4 y } = L{ 0 }
or L{ y'' }  4 L{ y } = 0
s2 L{ y }  s y(0)  y'(0)  4 L{ y } = 0
or s2 L{ y }  s  2  4 L{ y } = 0
s+2 1
 L{ y } = 2 =
s 4 s2
 y(t) = e2t

[Exercise] y'' + 4 y = 0, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 2 (IVP!)

 y(t) = cos 2t + sin 2t

[Exercise] y''  3 y' + 2 y = 4 t  6, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 3 (IVP!)

   4 6
( s2 y  s  3 )  3 ( s y  1 ) + 2 y = s 2  s
 s2 + 2s  2 1 2
 y = = + s2
s (s  1)
2
s1
2
 s + 2s  2 
 y = L-1 2 
 s (s  1) 
 1 2 
= L-1 + 2  = et + 2 t
 s  1 s 
[Exercise] y''  5 y' + 4 y = e , y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 0 (IVP)
2t

18
 1 5 1
 y(t) =  2 e2t + 3 et  6 e4t

[Exercise] Find the general solution of y'' + 9 y = cos 2t

by Laplace Transform method.
Let
y  0   c1
y  0   c2
Remarks:
Since L{ f'(t) } = s L{ f(t) }  f(0+) if f(t) is continuous
if f(0) = 0

 L-1{ s f (s) } = f'(t) (i.e., multiplied by s)
 1 
[Example] If we know L-1 2  = sin t
 s + 1 
 s 
then L-1 2  = ??
 s + 1 
[Sol'n] Since
sin 0 = 0
 s  d -1 1 
 L-1 2  =
 s + 1  dt L  s2 + 1 
d
= dt sin t = cos t

(3) Laplace Transform of Integrals

If f(t) is piecewise continuous and | f(t) |  M et , then
t 0
1 1
L{ 
 f() d } = s L{ f(t) } + s   f() d
a a

[Proof]
t   t  -st

L{  f() d } =    f() d  e dt (integration by parts)
a 0  a 

 e  1 
-st t

=   s  f() d  + s   f(t) e-st dt
 a 0 0
0 
1 1
= s   f() d + s 
-st
 f(t) e dt
a 0
0
1 1
= s 
 f() d + s L{ f(t) }
a
Special Cases: for a = 0,
t 
1 f (s)
L{ 
 f() d } = s L{ f(t) } = s
0

19
 Inverse:
   t
-1
f (s) 
L = 
 f() d divided by s )
 s 
0

 1 
Evaluate L-1 ln(1 + s )  indirectly by (4)

 1  
L-1 ln(1 + s )  = L-1{ f (s) } = f(t)
 
 d 1 1 1
and f '(s) = ds (ln(1 + s )) =  s + s + 1
Since from (4) we have

L-1{ f '(s) } =  t f(t)
  1 + e-t =  t f(t)
1  e-t
 f(t) = ( Read p. 278 Prob. 13 - 16 )
t

(4) Division by t

 f(t)  
L   f (s~) ds~
=
 t 
s
f(t)
provided that t exists for t  0.

[Example] It is known that

1
L{ sin t } = s2 + 1
sin t
and lim t = 1
t0
 
 sin t  ds~ 1
1 1
 L  = 
 ~2   tan   = tan-1 ( )
 t  ss s
s s +1

2
sin t
[Example] (1) Determine the Laplace Transform of t .

2
 -t sin t
(2) In addition, evaluate the integral  e dt.
 t
0
2
[Solution] (1) The Laplace Transform of sin t can be evaluated by

20
 2 1 - cos 2t 1 1 s
L{ sin t } = L{ } = - 2 2 =
2 2s s +4
2
2
s(s +4)
2
 

Thus, L { sin t
}=  ds = 
2 1 1 s
t  2  2s - 2 2 ds
 s(s +4)  s +4
s s
1 1  1 s
2 
= [ 2
2 lns - 4 ln( s + 4 ) ]s = [ 4 ln s2 + 4 ]s
2
1 s +4   s2  
= 4 ln 2  since lim  ln  =ln 1 =0 
 s 4
s  2
s  

2
 -t sin t
(2) Now the integral  e dt can be viewed as
 t
0

2 2
sin t  -st sin t
L { t } =e
 t dt
0
as s = 1, thus,

2 2
 -t sin t 1 s +4 1
e dt = 4 ln | = 4 ln 5

2
t s s=1
0

21
(6) First Shifting Property
( s-Shifting )


If L{ f(t) } = f (s)

then L{ eat f(t) } = f (s  a)

If L-1{ f (s) } = f(t)

 L-1{ f (s - a) } = eat f(t)

s
[Example] L{ cos 2t } = s2 + 4
s+1 s+1
L{ e-t cos 2t } = =
(s + 1)2 + 4 2
s + 2s + 5

[Exercise] L{ e-2t sin 4t }

 6s  4   6s  4 
[Example] L-1 2  = L-1 2 
 s  4s + 20   (s2) + 16 
 6 (s2) + 8 
= L-1 2 
 (s2) + 16 
 s2   4 
 6 L1  2
 2 L1  2
 ( s  2)  4   ( s  2)  4 
2 2

= 6 e cos 4t + 2 e2t sin 4t

2t

= 2 e2t ( 3 cos 4t + sin 4t )

Second Shifting Theoreom:

If L{ f(t) } = f (s)
 f(ta) if ta
and g(t) = 
 0 if ta
-as 
 L{ g(t) } = e f (s)

3 3! 6
[Example] L{ t } = s4 = s4
 ( t  2 ) t2
3

g(t) = 
 0 t2
6 -2s
 L{ g(t) } = s4 e

22
(8) Step Function, Impulse Function and Periodic Function

(a) Unit Step Function (Heaviside Unit step Function) u(ta)

Definition:
 0 ta
u(ta) = 
 1 ta
Thus, the function
 f(ta) ta
g(t) = 
 0 ta
can be written as
g(t) = f(ta) u(ta)

The Laplace transform of g(t) can be calculated as


L{ f(ta) u(ta) } =  -st
 e f(ta) u(ta) dt
0

=  -st
 e f(ta) dt ( by letting x = ta )
a

= 
 e
-s(x+a)
f(x) dx
0


= e -sa
 e-sx f(x) dx = e-sa L{ f(t) } = e-sa f (s)

0

 L{ f(ta) u(ta) } = e-as L{ f(t) } = e-as f (s)

and L-1{ e-sa f (s) } = f(ta) u(ta)

a e-bs
[Example] L{ sin a(tb) u(tb) } = e-bs L{ sin at } = s2 + a2

e-as
[Example] L{ u(ta) } = s

[Example] Calculate L{ f(t) }

 et 0  t  2
where f(t) = 
 et + cost t  2
[Solution]
Since the function

23
  0 t  2
u(t2) cos(t2) = 
 cos(t2) ( = cost) t  2
 the function f(t) can be written as
f(t) = et + u(t2) cos(t2)
 L{ f(t) } = L{ et } + L{ u(t2) cos(t2) }
1 s e-2s
= + 1 + s2
s1

 1  e-s/2 
[Example] L-1 2 
 1+s 
 1   e-s/2 
= L-1 2  L-1 2
 
 s +1   s +1 
 
= sin t  u( t  2 ) sin ( t  2 )

= sin t + u( t  2 ) cos t

(b) Unit Impulse Function ( Dirac Delta Function) (ta)

 1/k a  t  a+k
Definition: (Let fk(t) = 
 0 otherwise

and  fk(t) dt = 1
Ik = 
0
Define:(ta)  lim fk(t)
k0

From the definition, we know

  t=a
(ta) = 
 0 ta
 
and 
 (ta) dt = 1 
 (ta) dt = 1
0 

24
 ote that


 (t) dt = 1
0

 (t) g(t) dt = g(0) for any continuous function g(t)

0


 (ta) g(t) dt = g(a)
0
The Laplace transform of (t) is

 e-st (ta) dt = e-as
L{ (ta) } = 
0

(c) Periodic Functions

For all t, f(t+p) = f(t), then f(t) is said to be periodic function with period p.

Theorem:
The Laplace transform of a piecewise continuous periodic function f(t) with
period p is
p
1
L{ f } =  e-st f(t) dt
1  e-ps 
0
[Example] Find L{ | sin at | }, a0

[Solution] p = a
p
 e-su f(t) dt

0
L{ | sin at | } =
1  e-ps
/a
 -st
 e sin at dt
0
= (Use integration by parts twice)
1  e-s/a
 2 as 
s

e  e / 2
2a
a 1 + e-s/a a  
= s2 + a2  2
1  e-s/a s  a  2a
2 s

s

e e / 2
2a

 
a s
= s2 + a2 coth( 2a )
[Example] y'' + 2 y' + 5 y= f(t), y(0) = y'(0) = 0
where f(t) = u(t)  2 u(t) + 2 u(t2)  2 u(t3) + . . .
[Solution]

25
The Laplace transform of the square wave f(t) is
1 1  e-s
L{ f(t) } = s (derived previously)
1 + e-s
   1 1  e-s
 s2 y + 2 s y + 5 y = s
1 + e-s
 1 1 1  e-s
or y = s2 + 2 s + 5 s
1 + e-s
1
Now s ( s2 + 2 s + 5 )
1  1 s+2  1  1 s+2 
= 5  s  s2 + 2s + 5  = 5  s  ( s + 1 )2 + 22 
   
1 1
=  
 s  1  1 2 

5  s  s  1  22 2  s  1  22 
2 2

1  e-s
and = (1  e-s) (1  e-s + e-2s  e-3s + . . . )
1 + e-s
= 1  2 e-s + 2 e-2s  2 e-3s + . . . (derived previously)

The inverse Laplace transform of y can be calculated in the following
way:
 1  1 s+2  
L-1 5  s  2 2 
  ( s + 1 ) + 2  

1 1  s  1  1 2 

 L1    
5 s  s  1  2 2  s  1  2  
2 2
 
2 2
 
1 1  1 
 1  g  t    1  et  cos 2t  sin 2t  
5 5  2 
 2  1 s+2  -ks 
L-1 5  s  2 2 e 
  (s+1) +2  
2
= 5 ( 1  g(tk) ) u(tk)
1
But g(tk) = e-(t-k) ( cos 2(tk) + 2 sin 2(tk) )
  1 
= ek g(t)  ek et  cos 2t  sin 2t  
  2 
1 2
 y(t) = 5 (1  g(t))  5 (1  eg(t)) u(t)
2 2
+ 5 (1  e2g(t)) u(t2) - 5 (1  e3g(t)) u(t3)
+ ……
1
= 5 (1  2u(t) + 2u(t2)  2u(t3) + . . .)
g(t)
 5 (1  2eu(t) + 2e2u(t2)  . . .)
1
= 5 ( f(t)  g(t)(1  2eu(t) + 2e2u(t2)

 2e3u(t3) + . . .) )

26
(9) Change of Scale Property


L{ f(t) } = f (s)
1  s
then L{ f(at) } = a f ( a )
[Proof]
 
L{ f(at) } = 
 e f(at) dt = 
-st
 e
-su/a
f(u) d(u/a)
0 0

1 1  s
= a 
 e
-su/a
f(u) du = a f ( a )
0


sin t 
[Exercise] Given that L  = tan-1(1/s)
 t 
 sin at 
Find L t  = ??
 
 sin at  1  1
Note that L at  = a f (s/a) = a tan-1(a/s)
 
 sin at   sin at 
 L t  = a L at  = tan-1(a/s)
   
Convolution theorem ( Only statement)
Definition
If f and g are piecewise continuous functions, then the convolution of f and g,
written as (f*g), is defined by
t
(f*g)(t)  
 f(t) g() d
0

Property:
(a) f*g = g*f (commutative law)

 s 
[Example]: Find L-1 2 2 
 ( s + 1 ) 
Recall that the Laplace transforms of cos t and sin t are
s 1
L{ cos t } = 2 L{ sin t } = 2
s +1 s +1
 s 
Thus, L-1 2 2 
 (s + 1) 
 s 1 
= L-1 2 2 
 s + 1 s + 1 
= sin t * cos t
t
Since sin t * cos t = 
 sin(t) cos d
0

27
 t
= 
 ( sint cos  cost sin ) cos d
0
t t
= sint 
 cos  d  cost 
2
 sin cos d
0 0
1  1   cos 2t  1  
   sin t  t  sin 2t   cos t  
2  2   2 
t sint
= 2

[Example] Find the solution of y to the differential equation

y'' + y = f(t), y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 1
 1 0  t  1
and f(t) = 
0 t1
[Solution]
The function f(t) can be written in terms of unit step functions:
f(t) = u(t)  u(t1)
Now take the Laplace transforms on both sides of the differential equation, we
have
  1  e-s
s2 y  1 + y = s
 1+se -e
1 s1 e-s 1
or y = s ( s2 + 1 ) = s - s2 + 1  s s2 + 1
 y = 1  cos t + sin t  [sint * u(t1) ]
t
But the convolution sint * u(t1) = 
 sin(t) u(1) d
0
For t  1, u(t1) = 0, sint * u(t1) = 0
and for t  1, u(t1) = 1,
t t

 sin(t) u(1) d = 
 sin(t) d
0 1
t
Thus, sint * u(t1) = u(t1) 
 sin(t) d
1
t
= u(t1) cos(t)  = u(t1) [1  cos(t1) ]
1
 y = 1  cost + sint  u(t1) [1  cos(t1) ]

28
 (a) Initial-Value Theorem

lim f(t) = lim s f (s)
t0 s
(b) Final-Value Theorem

lim f(t) = lim s f (s)
t s0

[Example] f(t) = 3 e-2t , f(0) = 3 , f() = 0

 3
f (s) = L{ f(t) } = s + 2
 3s
lim s f (s) = s + 2 = 3  f(0)
s
 3s
lim s f (s) = s + 2 = 0  f()
s0

Important observations at a Glance

1 n n!
L{ 1 } = s ; L{ t } = n+1 for n  N
s
at 1 
L{ e } = ; L{ sin t } = ; L{ cos t } =
sa 2
s 
2

s
2 2
s 
1 L{ a f(t) + b g(t) } = a L{ f(t) } + b L{ g(t) }
-1   -1  -1 
1’ L { a f (s) + b g (s) } = a L { f (s) } + b L { g (s) } = a f(t) + b g(t)
2 L { f’(t) } = s L{ f(t) }  f(0+)
Note that f(t) is continuous for t  0 and f'(t) is piecewise continuous.
(n-1)
2’ If f(0) = f’(0) = f’’(0) = . . . = f (0) = 0, then
-1 n (n)
L { s f (s) } = f (t)
t 
1 f (s)
3 L{   f() d } = L{ f(t) } =
s s
0
Question: what if the integration starts from a instead of 0?
   t t
f (s)
L   = 
-1
3’
 s
n
  ...  f(t) dt . . . dt
0 0
 n
4 L{ t f(t) } = - f ‘(s) ; L{ tn f(t) } = ( - 1 ) f (n)(s)
n
-1 d   n n
4’ L  n f (s)  = ( - 1 ) t f(t)
 ds 

29
 
 f(t)  ~ ~ f(t)
5 L  = 
 f (s ) ds if exists for t  0.
 t  t
s
  
-1 ~ ~  f(t)
5’ L   f (s ) ds  = t
 s 
at  -1  at
6. L{ e f(t) } = f (s  a) 6’ L { f (s  a) } = e f(t)
-as  -1 -as 
7. L{ f(ta) u(ta) } = e f (s) 7’ L { e f (s) } = f(ta) u(ta)
-as
e -as
8. L{ u(ta) } = s ; L{ (ta) } = e ;
p
1 -st
L{ f } = -ps   e f(t) dt where f(t) is a periodic function with period p
1e 0
1  s -1  1 t
a f( a )
9. L{ f(at) } = 9’ L { f (as) } = a f( a )
  -1  
10. L{ (f*g)(t) } = f (s) g(s) 10’ L { f (s) g (s) } = f*g
t
where (f*g)(t)  
 f(t) g() d
0
 
11. lim f(t) = lim s f (s) ; lim f(t) = lim s f (s) ( Initial and final value
t0 s t s0
theorems)

30
 UNIT-II

BETA AND GAMMA FUNCTIONS (SPECIAL

FUNCTIONS)

Beta and Gamma functions, properties, relation between Beta

and Gamma functions, evaluation of integrals using Beta and
Gamma functions. Applications: Evaluation of integrals.

Special functions are particularly useful to evaluate some

improper integrals. Here we focus on two types of special
functions which are developed by Euler. They are also called
Euler functions.
1) Gamma Function (Euler integral of the second kind
2) Beta Function (Euler integral of the first kind.

Gamma function : The Gamma function is defined as

∝
𝛾(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, 𝑛 > 0 for convergence --------------(1)

The Gamma Function (Factorial Function)

Definition, Simple Properties

At least three different, convenient definitions of the gamma function are in common use.

 Infinite limit

The first definition, named after Euler, is

1  2  3 n
( z )  lim n z , z  0,1,2,3, ( 1)
n  z ( z  1)( z  2)  ( z  n)

This definition of (z) is useful in developing the infinite-product form of (z). Here z may
be either real or complex. Replacing z with z+1, we have

31
 1  2  3 n
( z  1)  lim n z 1
n  ( z  1)( z  2)( z  3)  ( z  n  1)
nz 1  2  3 n
 lim  nz ( 2)
n  z  n  1 z ( z  1)( z  2)  ( z  n)

 z( z ).

This is the basic functional relation for (z) . Also from the definition

1  2  3 n
(1)  lim n 1 , (3)
n  1  2  3 n(n  1)
(2)  1,
(3)  2(2)  2,
(4)

(n)  1  2  3 (n  1)  (n  1)!.

 Definite integral(Euler)

A second definition, also frequently called Euler’s form, is


( z )   e t t z 1dt ,  ( z )  0. ( 5)
0

The restriction on z is necessary to avoid divergence of the integral. When (z) does appear
in physical problems, it is often in this form or some variation such as


( z )  2 e t t 2 z 1dt ,
2
( z )  0, (6)
0

( z )   ln( 1t ) dt ,
1 z 1
 ( z )  0. (7)
0

When z=1/2, Eq.(5.6) is just Gauss error function, and we have the interesting result

( 12 )   . (8)

To show the equivalence of these two definitions, consider the function of two variables

The Beta Function: The Beta function is defined as

1  ( x ) ( y )
:β(x,y)=  t x 1 (1  t ) y 1 dt  , x  0 & y  0 for convergenc e (9)
0 ( x  y )

32
Equivalently, in terms of the gamma function

 ( p ) ( q )
B ( p, q )  . ( 10 )
( p  q )

 Definite integrals, alternative forms

The beta function is useful in the evaluation of a wide variety of definite integrals. The
substitution t=cosθ2 converts Eq.(5.59) to

m!n! 1
B(m  1, n  1)    t m (1  t ) n dt. (11 )
(m  n  1)! 0

Replacing t by x2 , we obtain

m!n! 1
  x 2 m1 (1  x 2 ) n dx. ( 12 )
2(m  n  1)! 0

The substitution t  u (1  u) in Eq.(11 ) yields still another useful form

m!n!  um
(m  n  1)! 0 (1  u ) m  n  2
 du. ( 13 )

Gamma & Beta Functions


Gamma function: Γ(x)=  t x 1e t dt
0

Theorem Γ(x+1)=xΓ(x), Γ’(x)=  n(t )  t x 1e t dt
0
 
(Proof) ( x  1)   t x e t dt   t x de t
0 0

t    t x 
 t x e t   e dt  x  t x 1e t dt  x (x )
t0 0 0

Theorem Γ(n)=(n-1)!, Γ(1)=0!=1.

  t
x 1
Theorem Γ(x)Γ(1-x)=  dt
sin( x) 0 1  t
1 
Theorem     , Γ’(1)=  e t ln tdt =-γ=-0.5772156....
2 0

 1 1 1 
(γ= lim 1       ln n )
n 
 2 3 n 
2
 1   1    1   1
(Proof)  1          ( )  
 2   2    2   2
sin  
2

33
 1  ( x ) ( y )
Beta function: β(x,y)=  t x 1 (1  t ) y 1 dt 
0 ( x  y )
1 dz
Eg. Evaluate 0
1  z4
.

3
1 4
t dt 1 1
1 dz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(Sol.) Let t=z4, dt=4z3 dz,   4   t 4  (1  t ) 2 dt =   , 
0
1 z4 0
1 t 4 0 4 4 2

 2
Theorem β(m,n)= 2 sin 2 m1 ( ) cos 2 n1 ( )d
0
Theorem β(x,y)=β(y,x) ( Symmetricity property of Beta función)

Note: By using Beta and Gamma functions one can able to calcúlate some improper
integrales.

34
 UNIT-3
Multiple Integrals
Double and triple integrals, Change of variables, Change of order of integration.
Applications: Finding areas, volumes & Center of gravity evaluation using Beta
and Gamma functions).

Multiple integrals
The theory of multiple integral looks like the theory of infinite integral for one variable
If f(x,y) is a continuous function in a closed region R, if we devide the area to n number of
areas ΔAi, if we choose a point (xi, yi)in each sub-region ΔAi and form the sum
n

 f ( x , y )A
i 1
i i i thus , we have the following definition

Definition of double integral

Let f(x,y) be a function of two variables defined on a closed region R . Then the double
integral of f over R is given by
n

 f ( x, y )dA  lim  f ( xi , y i )Ai

n 
i 1

n
When f(x, y) = 1 on R then lim
n 
 A
i 1
i gives the area A

A= 
R
dA

when z = f(x,y) represents a surface the then the volume V of the solid above the region R and
below the surface z = f(x,y) is given by:

V=  f ( x, y) dA
R

First case: the integration limits are constants

Example
1 3

x  y 2 dy dx
2
Evaluate
1 0

Solution
1 3 1 3 1 3 1
y3
  x  y dy dx =  ( x  y dy ) dx =
1
 x y  3x  9 dx = 3x  9x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
I= dx =
3 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1

= 20

35
Second case: the integration limits are variables
Example
 / 2 cos

 r sin 2  dr d
2
Evaluate
0 0

Solution
 / 2 cos 

 r sin 2  dr d =
2

0 0

 /2 cos   /2
r3 1
 sin 2  dr d   cos  sin 2  d 
3

0
3 0
3 0

 /2  /2
1 1 sin 3  sin 5  2
  (1  sin  ) sin  d (sin  )  (  
2 2
)
3 0
3 3 5 0
45

Case Three: if the function f(x, y) is defined on a closed region R given be curves
1. If R is region of type one
Taking a vertical lamina means that we will integrate first with respect to y and in this case
the integration limits will be a function of x , then integrate the result with respect to y which
will be defined through a constant limits
x b y  g 2 ( x )
I=   f ( x, y) dy dx
x  a y  g1 ( x )

2. If R is region of type Two

Taking a horizontal lamina means that we will integrate first with respect to x and in this
case the integration limits will be a function of y , then integrate the result with respect to x
which will be defined through a constant limits
y  d x  h2 ( y )

I=   f ( x, y) dy dx
y  c x  h1 ( y )

Example

36
Evaluate  x where R is the region bounded by y = x;
3
y 2 dA
R

y = 1 and x=0
Solution

First Solution(figure.1)
1 x y 1 y 1 1
x4 1 6 y7 1
, R x y dA = 0 x0x y dxdy  0 y 4 dy  4 0 y dy  28  28
3 2 3 2 2

0 0

Second solution (figure2)

 x y 2 dA =
3

1 1 1 1 1 1
y3 1 3 1 x4 x7 1 1 1 1
0 x  0 3     (  )  (  )
3 2 3 3
x y dxdy x dx x (1 x ) dx
x
30 3 4 7 0 3 4 7 28

Example
Evaluate  x  y dxdy where R is the region bounded by y2 =x;
R

x+2y = 3 and y= 0 in the first quadrant

Solution

37
 x  y dxdy =
R

 (3  2 y ) 2  ( y 2 ) 2 
1 3 2 y 1
x2 3 2 y

1

 y (3  2 y )  y 2 dy
  ( x  y)dxdy   2
 yx dy    2 
0 y2 0 y2 0

9
  (  3 y  y 3  y 4 )dy  2.55
2

Example
Evaluate  x e y where R is the region bounded by y=x2; x=0 and
2
dA
R

y= 4
Solution

4 y 4 y 4
x2 y y2 1 2 4 1 4
 x e dA =  0  0 2 e y dy   e dy  e y  (e  1)  13.4
y2 y2 2
x e dxdy
R 0 0 0
2 4 0 4

Reversing the order of Integration

38
A problem may become easier when the order of integration is reversed or changed. Which
means some integrals may be impossible to be evaluated with respect to one of the variables
but can be done with respect to the other one

Example
2 4 2 4 4 y

  x e dA =   x e dydx =   x e dxdy
2 2 2
y y y
Evaluate
0 x2 0 x2 0 0

=
y
e16  1
4 4 4
x2 1 1 1 2 4

0 2 e dy   ye y dy   e y dy 2  e y 
y2 2 2

0
20 40 4 0 4

Example
1 /2
Evaluate   cos(a sin x) dxdy by changing
0 cos 1 y

the order of integration.

Solution: After change of order of

integration we have
 / 2 cos x

  cos(a sin x) dydx

0 0

 /2 cos x  /2

 y cos(a sin x)
0
dx   cos x cos(a sin x) dx
0
0
 /2  /2
1
 
0
cos( a sin x) d (sin x)  sin( a sin x)
a 0

1
 sin a
a

39
Change to polar coordinates
The relation between Cartesian and polar coordinates is very famous and can be given by:
x= r cosθ ,y = r sinθ
or x2 + y2 = r2 and θ = tan-1(y/x)

Suppose that R is the region shown in Figure , it is clear that if we try to take vertical or
horizontal lamina we will get more than one region beside the integration limits will include
roots which will makes the second integral very complicated
So changing to polar coordinates will transfer the segment area dA (dxdy) to another area in
polar plane given by J dr dθ where J in the Jacobian and it is equal to r in the case of
changing from Cartesian to Polar, so

 f ( x, y)dA =  f ( x, y)dxdy =  f (r cos , r sin  ) r drd

R R R

1 x x2
y2
Example Evaluate   dy dx
0 0 y2  x2

Solution
1 x x2  / 2 cos 
y2
  dy dx   r sin 2  dr d
2

0 0 y x
2 2
0 0

 / 2 cos 

 r sin 2  dr d =
2

0 0

 /2 cos   /2
r3 1
 sin 2  dr d   cos  sin 2  d 
3

0
3 0
3 0

 /2  /2
1 1 sin 3  sin 5  2
  (1  sin  ) sin  d (sin  )  (  
2 2
)
3 0
3 3 5 0
45

40
Example
2 8 x 2
1
Evaluate  
0 x 5  x2  y2
dxdy

2 2  /2
1
=  
0 /4
5  r 2
rddr

2 2
 /2 1
= 
0
  /4
5  r2
rdr

 2 2
1
=
4 
0
5  r2
rdr

 2 2   13 
= n(5  r 2 )  n 
8 0 8 5

Example


e
 x2
Evaluate dx
0

Answer
  

e dx   e dy    e ( x
 x2  y2 2
 y2 )
dxdy
0 0 0 0

  /2

 /2
r d dr =  e  0
r 2

 e
r 2 r dr
=
0 0 0

 e 

   
e
r r 2
2r dr  
2

= 0
4 0
4 2
2
 2   

   e  x dx   , , ,   e  x dx 
2

0  4 0
2

41
3)Applications of multiple integrals
a) Laminas with variable density and center of mass
b
m=   ( x)dx
a
,m=   ( x, y)dA ,
R

The center of mass of the lamina,

  x ( x, y)dA  y ( x, y)dA
x R
and y R

m m
Example
A lamina has the shape bounded by y = sin x; y = cos x in the first quadrant, between x=0 and
x = π/4 find its mass if the density is proportional to the distance from x axis
Solution
ρ α y then ρ = cy
 / 4 cos x  /4 cos x
1 2
m=   ( x, y)dA =  c y
R R
dxdy = c   ydydx = c 
0 sin x 0
2
y
sin x
dx

 /4  /4  /4
c c c  sin 2 x 
0 (cos x  sin x)dx  2  cos 2 xdx     c/4
2 2
=
2 0
2  2  0

And the answer will be c/4

b) Moment of inertia

 x  ( x, y)dA  y  ( x, y)dA
2 2
Iy = Ix =
R R

Example
Find the moment of inertia about the y-axis of the thin homogeneous disk of mass m and

radius a
Solution
ρ =m p/ area , then ρ = m/ π a2
r r 2  x2
m
m
Iy =  x 2  ( x, y )dA =  x 2 2 dxdy =  x
2
dydx
R R a a 2 r  r 2  x2

By changing to polar coordinates x=rcos  , y= rsin  then

2 a
m
 r cos 2  r drd = m a2/4
2
Iy = 2
a 0 0

42
 UNIT_IV
Vector Differentiation:
Scalar and vector point functions, Gradient, Divergence, Curl and their physical
and geometrical interpretation, Laplacian operator, Vector identities.

Introduction: In this unit we will introduce the vector differential operator  (Read as Del)

  
and it is defined by  = 𝑖 +j + k . This vector Differential operator operates on a
x y z
Scalar valued function and a Vector valued function. We can realize that, the known Vector
identities ( Dot product, Cross Product) one can define the physical quantities like Gradient,
Divergence and Curl by operating  . With the help of this operator we can calculate
1) Directional Derivative
2) Gradient
3) Divergence
4) Curl
5) Normal Vector to the surface and Unit Normal Vector .
6) Vector Identities

Applications:
 Gradient of a scalar valued function is always a Vector valued function which
is always normal to the given surface. The value of Divergence (Div)
measures the rate of out flow of the fluid from a unit Volume. . Curl
measures the rotation of the vector valued function and its angular velocity.
 By using Gradient , Divergence and Curl we can Define Green’s , Gauss and
Stokes theorems which show the relationship between line integral, Surface
integral and Volume integrals.
 We also verify the Green’s , Gauss and Stokes theorems in the specified
region.
 This theorems particularly useful in Computatinal Fluid Dynamics, Heat and
Mass Transfer and Physicial Sciences.

43
- Gradient Divergence and Curl
 ,  ,   A and   A
     
vector differential operator DEL  , is defined by   i j k i j k
x x x x x x
This vector operator possesses properties analogous to those of ordinary vectors. It is useful in defining
three quantities which arise in practical applications and are known as the gradient, the divergence and
the curl. The operator  is also known as Nabla.
The gradient: Let x, y, z  be defined and differentiable at each point (x, y, z) in a certain religion of
space
(i.e.,  defines a differentiable scalar fields).The gradient of  , written  or grad  is defined by

       
   i  j k  x, y, z   i j k
 x y z  x y z

Note that  defines a vector field. The component of  in the direction of unit vector a is
given by   a and is called the directional derivative of  in the direction a . Physically, this rate of

change of  at x, y, z in the direction of a

Formulas involving  [ Already given]
***
Q: To calculate Grad  =  when  is given a function of (x, y and z(scalar valued

function) ):
1) a) x, y, z   3x 2 y  y3z 2 find  (or grad  ) at the point 1,2,1

b)   2xz 4  x 2 y, find  and  at the point 2,2,1

ANS: a) x, y, z   3x 2 y  y3z 2 find  (or grad  ) at the point 1,2,1

  
   i   j  k
x y z

  
 6xy  0 i  3x 2  3y2z2 j  0  y3 2z k 
 at 1,2,1  12 i  9 j  16 k

Ans b) :   2xz 4  x 2 y, find  and  at the point 2,2,1

    
     
    i   j   k  2xz 4  x 2 y  2z 4  2xy i   x 2 j  8xz 3 k
 x y z 

Now  at 2,2,1  2.1  2.2. 2i   4 j  8.2.1. k  10i  4 j  16k

  100  16  256  2 93

44
Show that r   n r n  2 r
n

Reference:
r  xi  yj  zk

 r  x 2  y 2  z 2 2
n
r  x 2  y2  z2
n

    
 
n
 r   i  j  k  x 2  y 2  z 2
n
2

 x y z 

 2  2  2
     
n n n
 x  y2  z2 2 i x  y2  z2 2 j x  y2  z2 2 k
x y z

     
n n n
n 2 1 n 2 1 n 2 1
 x  y2  z 2 2 2x i  x  y2  z 2 2 2y j  x  y2  z 2 2 2z k
2 2 2

  xi  yj  zk  n  r 
n n
2 2 1 2 2 1 n 2
n x y z
2 2
rnr r
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q:  is a vector  r to the surface x, y, z  C where C is constant

Solution: Let r  x i  y j  z k be the position vector of any point P(x, y, z) on the surface then

dr  dx i  dy j  dz k lies in the tangent plane to the surface at P.   C; d  0

  
But d  dx  dy  dz  0
x y z
    
or  i 
 
j


k   dx i  dy j  dz k  0 
 x y z 
   dr  0 i.e.,   and is  r dr and therefore to the surface.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q: Find a unit normal to the surface x 2 y  2xz  4 at the point 2,  2, 3

Solution: Let x 2 y  2xz  4 be x, y, z   4; d  0

Let r  x i  y j  z be P.V of Px, y, z  on surface

dr  dx i  dy j  dz k
  is  r to dr
  is a vector  r to tangent plane to the surface at P. in particular at (2, -2, 3)

 
2, 2,3    i 



j
 

k  
 2xy  2z  i  x 2 j  2x k   2 , 2 , 3   2 i  4 j  4 k
 x y z 2, 2,3 

45
  2 i  4 j  4 k 1 2 2
Unit normal   i  j  k { Outward drawn normal.}
4  16  16 3 3 3

Q: Find an equation for the Normol plane to the surface 2xz 2  3xy  4x  7 at the point 1,1, 2

Solution: Let x, y, z  7 be given equation

 is  r to dr where r  x i  y j  z k and r is position vector of any Px, y, z 

dr  dx i  dy j  dz k

  
Now    2xz 2  3xy  4x  2z 2  3y  4 i   3x  j  4xz  k 
1, 1, 2   8  3  4 i  3 j  8k  7 i  3 j  8 k is normal to the surface at 1,1, 2

Q: Find the angle between the surfaces x 2  y 2  z 2  9 and z  x 2  y 2  3 at the point (2, -1, 2)
Solution: The angle between the surfaces at the point in the angle between the normals to the surfaces at
that point.
A normal to x 2  y 2  z 2  9 at 2,1, 2

1 2, 1, 2  4 i  2 j 4k

A normal to z  x 2  y 2  3 or x 2  y 2  z  3 at 2,1, 2

is 2 2, 1, 2  2x i  2y j  k   2, 1, 2   4i  2j k

1  2  1 2 cos θ where  is the required angle.

  
Then 4 i  2 j  4 k  4i  2 j  k  16  4  4  16

R.H.S. 16  4  16 16  4  1 cos θ
16 8
cos θ    0.5817
6 21 3 21
θ  540 251

46
Ex: If x, y, z   x 2 yz , find directional derivative at (1, -1, 1) along 2 i  3 j  n k

Solution: if x, y, z   x 2 yz , find d-d at (1, -1, 1) along 2 i  3 j  n k

2 i  3j 4 k 2 i  3 j  4k
unit vector n  
2 3 4
2 2 2
29

  2xyz i  x 2z j  x 2 y k

 at 1,  1, 1  2i  j  k


d  d along n   2i  j  k   2i  3 j  4k    4  3  4
29 29
Remarks: Note:   n   n cos    cos 

It is maximum is obtained if cos   1 i.e.,   0 . Maximum directional derivative occurs along 

Directional derivative
Ex: Find the directional derivative of   x 2 yz  4xz 2 at 1,2,1 in the direction 2i  j  2k

   
Solution:    x 2 yz  4xz 2  2xyz  4z 2 i  x 2z j  x 2 y  8xz k  
 at 1,2,1  8i  j  10k

Unit vector in the direction 2i  j  2k

2 1 2 2 1 2
 i j k  i  j k
9 9 9 3 3 3
The required directional derivative is

 2 1
2  16 1 20 37

  a  8i  j  10k   i  j  k     
3 3 3  3 3 3 3

Ex: a) In what direction from the point (2, 1, -1) is the directional derivative of   x 2 yz 3 a maximum
b) What is the magnitude of this maximum.
Solution:
 
    x 2 yz 3  2xyz 3 i  x 2z3 j  3x 2zk at 2,1,1 4i  4 j  12k

a) The d-d is maximum in the direction of  is direction of  4i  4 j  12 𝑘̅

b) the magnitude of this maximum    42   42  122  4 11

§:4.3 - Divergence
Solution:

47
 Let V x , y, z   V1 i  V2 j  V3 k be defined and differentiable at each point (x, y, z) in a certain

region of space (i.e., defines a differentiable vector field then the divergence of V , written   V or

   
div V is defined by   V   i 

 V V V

j  k   V1 i  V2 j  V3 k  1  2  3
 x y x  x y z

Note :   V  V   where as A  B  B  A

 
Formula:   A  B    A    B  div A  div B

  A     A     A
Proof:   A1i  A 2 j  A3k  B1i  B2 j  B3k 


   A1  B1  i  A 2  B2  j  A3  B3  k 

 A1  B1    A1  B1    A1  B1 
x y z
A1 A 2 A 3 B1 B2 B3
     
x y z x y z

       
Next    A   i  j  k   A1i  A 2 i  A 3 k   A1   A 2    A 3 
 x y z  x x x

    A      A      A 
   A1   1      A2   2      A3   3  
 x   x   y   y   z   z 
    A A A      
 A1  A 2  A 3    1  2  3    i  j  k   A1i  A 2 j  A 3 k     A
x y z  x y z   x y z 

   A    A
§:4.3 - Divergence
Ex: If A  x 2 z i  2y 3 z 2 j  xy 2 z k find   A at the point 1,  1, 1

Solution: : If A  x 2 zi  2y3z 2 j  xy 2 zk find   A at the point 1,1,1

  A  2xz  6y2z 2  xy 2

  A at 1,1,1  2.1.1  6. 1 12  1. 1  2  6  1  3

2 2

48
 2 2 2
Ex:   2x 3 y2z4 a) Find    b) show that     2 where  2    , the
x 2 y 2 z 2
Laplacian operator
Solution: :   2x 3 y 2 z 4

  6x 2 y2z 4 i  4x 3 yz 4 j  8x 3 y2z3 k

    12xy 2z4  4x 3z4  24x 3 y2z2

           2  2  2

     i  j  
k i j  k   2  2  2
 x y z   x y z  x y z

 2 2 2 
2   2  2  2 
 x y z 

    2

Q: If   2xyz 3 i  x 2z3 j  3x 2 yz 2 k find x, y, z if 1,2,2  4

  
Solution: let  be x, y, z  such that  2xyz 3 ;  x 2 z3 ,  3x 2 yz 2   yz 3 x 2  f y, z 
x y z
  yx 2 z 3  h x, z 
  x 2 yz 3  gx, y
By integration yields
  x 2 yz 3  C and 1,  2, 2  1. 28  C  4  C  20   x 2 yz 3  C
  x 2 yz 3  20

Ex: Determine the constant also that the vector V  x  3y i  y  2z  j  x  az k is solenoidal
Solution: :
A vector V is solenoidal if its divergence is zero
  V  1  1  a  0 or a  2

There   V  0  2  a  0 or a  2

Formulae: If A and B are differentiable vector functions,  and  are differentiable scalar
functions of position (x, y, z), then
1)        or grad     grad   grad 

49
 C U R L of a Vector valued function:
Definition: If Vx, y, z  is a differentiable vector field then the curl V or rotation of V ,

written   V , Curl V , rot V , is defined by

    
  V   i  j  k   V1 i  V2 j  V3 k 
 x y z 

i j k
    V V   V V   V V 
  i 3  2 j  3  1k 2  1
x y z  y z   x z   x y 
V1 V2 V3

 V V   V V   V V 
  3  2  i   1  3  j   2  1  k
 y z   z x   x y 

Note: A vector V is called irrotational if Curl V  0 .

Problems on Curl
Q: If A  xz 3 i  2x 2 yz j  2 yz 4 k , find   A at the point 1,1,1

Ans: 3 j  4k

Solution: A  xz 3 i  2x 2 yz j  2yz 4 k , find   A at the point 1,1,1

i j k
  
A 
x y z
xz 3  2x yz 2 yz 4
2

= 2z  2z y i  3xz  0 j   4xyz  0 k 

4 2 2
at (1,-1,1)

 2  2i  3 j  4k   3 j  4k
=========================================================================
Q: If A  x 2 y i  2xz j  2yz k find curl curl A

Ans: 21  x  j

Solution: A  x 2 y i  2xz j  2yz k find curl curl A

i j k
  
 A 
x y z
   
 2z  2x  i  0  0 j  2z  x 2 k  2x  z  i  2z  x 2 k

x y  2xz
2
2 yz

50
 i j k
  
    A    0  0 i  2  2x  j  0k  21  x  j
x y z
2 x  2z 0  x 2  2z

Q: If A  2xz 2 i  yz j  3xz 3 k and   x 2 yz

Find a)   A b) Curl A   
c)     A  at the point (1,1,1)

Solution: A  2xz 2 i  yz j  3xz 3 k

i j k
  
a)   A 
x y z
  
 0  y  i  4xy  3z3 j 0  0k   yi  4xz  3z3 j  i  j at (1,1,1) 
2xz 2  yz j 3xz 3

i j k
  
b) Curl A  
x y z
     
 3x 3 z 4  2x 2 y 2 z i  6x 3 yz 2  9x 2 yz 4 j   xy 2 z 2  2x 3 z 3 k  5i  3 j  4k at 1,1,1

2x 3 yz 3  x 2 y 2 z 2 3x 3 yz 4

Work out this question using Identity   A    A    A 

also and realize the advantage.

51
 i j k
  
c)     A  
x y z
 
 9z 2  4x i  0  0 j  4z  1 k  5i  3k at 1,1,1

y 4xz  3z3 0

: a) Find constant a, b, c
so that V  x  2 y  az  i  bx  3y  z  j  4x  cy  2z  k is irrotational.

b) Show that V can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar function.

x2 3 2
Ans: a ) c  1, a  4, b  2 b)    y  z 2  2xy  4xz  yz
2 2
Solution: V  x  2y  az  i  bx  3y  z  j  4x  cy  2z  k

a) V is irrotational    V  0
i j k
  
 c  1 i  a  4 j  b  2 k  0  c  1, a  4, b  2
x y z
x  2 y  az bx  3y  z 4x  cy  2z

And V  x  2y  4z  i  2x  3y  z  j  4x  1y  2z  k

  
b) Assume V    i j k equating corresponding components on both sides
x y z

x  2 yx  4zx  f y, z 
1 2
x  2 y  4x  then  
x 2

then   2xy  y 2  zy  gz, x 
3
2 x  3y  z 
y 2

4 x  y  2z  then   4 xy  yz  z 2  h x , y 
z
On comparison of above results, we see that there will be a common value of  if we choose.

3 2 x2
f y, z   gz, x   h x, y  
1 2 3 2
y  z2 ;  z2 ; x  y
2 2 2 2

x2 3 2
   y  z 2  2xy  4xz  yz
2 2

   
   i  i j k
x x y z

52
 f      f f f
  f  i    i  j  k   f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k   1  2  3
x  x y z  x y z

f     
 f  i   f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k  
  i   j  k 
x  x y z
f f f f f f  f f   f1 f 3   f 2 f1 
 k 2  j 3  k 1  i 3  j 1  i 2  i  3  2   j     k   
x x y y z z  y z   z x   x y 

Proof of 1:       


      i       i       i    i     
x  x x  x x

 
Proof of 2:   f  g    f    g

  f  g    i 

f  g    i   f  g    i  f  i  g   f    g
x  x x  x x

 
Proof of 3:   f  g    f    g

  f  g    i 

f  g    i   f  g    i  f  i  g   f    g
x  x x  x x

 
Proof of 4:   f     f     f or div f   i     
 f
 div f  f  grad 
x
f    f   f    f
i  x
 i   f     i  f   i     i   f   i      f     f
 x x  x x  x  x

 
Proof of 5:   A   A     A  
  A   i 

A   i    A   A 
   i 

A   i
A
x  x x  x x

  A 
 i  A    i       A    A
x  x 

Proof of 6:   F  G   G    F   F    G 

  F  G    i 

F  G    i   F  G  F  G 
x  x x 

F G F G
  i G   i F   i G   i F
x x x x 
   i
x
 F   G 
   i    G    i 
F
 F   F  i 
x
 x   x  F
  F  i 
x

53
  F  G     F  G    G  F

Proof of 10:     0 Very Important .

     
     i   i j k 
x  x y z 
  2  2  2 
  i   2 i  j k
 x x y x z 
 2  2
 k  j
x y x z
 2  2  2  2  2  2
 k  j i  k j  i
x y x z y z x y z x y z
    0

Proof of 11:     A   0

    A   i 

  A    i    i  A  j A  k  A 
x x  x y z 
  2A  2A  2A 
 i   i  2  j  k 
 x x y x z 
  2A 2A  2A    2A  2A 
   i  i  2  i  j  ik     k   j 
 x x y x z   x z x y 
 2A  2A  2A  2A 2A 2A
k   j i k  j i
x z x y y z x y z x y z
    A  0

UNIT -V
Vector Integration:
Line Integral, Work done, Potential function, area, surface and volume
integrals, Vector integral theorems: Greens, Stokes and Gauss divergence
theorems (without proof) and related problems.

Line Integrals, Surface Integrals and Volume integrals.

Applications of Line Integral on work done, Conservative field to be worked out.

54
 Evaluation of Surface Integral with the help of Double Integral , Projections etc., are to be studied here.

4.4 Vector integration –surface integrals

Q. Evaluate  A.n ds over the region bounded by the cylinder

S
x 2  z 2  9, x  0 y  0 z  0

if A  6 z i  2 x  y  j  x k
Ans:
x 2  z 2  32
The required surface integral is surface integral is
Surface integral order curved surface area S1 + surface integral over in quarter over plane DBE S 2 +surface

integral over quarter circular plane AOC S 3 +rectangle OBEC +rectangle OADB.

Now surface integral of A over curved surface area ADEC

dxdy
 A. n ds  A. n
ADEC R n. k

Now vector  r to surface x 2  z 2  9 is given by x 2  y 2   2 xi  j  2 z k

 A. n ds
S2
Here x  j y 8

 
 A. n  6 z i  2 x  y  j  x k . j =  2 x  8 y

 A. n ds   2 x  y   2 x  y  dxdz
dxdz

S2 R2 j. j R2

Here R2 in bounded by z  0 z  3 x  0 x   9  z2

 
3 9 z 2 3 9 z 2 3
x2
 2 x  y dxdz  
R2 0
0 2 x  y dxdz  0 2  8 x
2.  8 9  z 2  8 9  z 2 dz
0
0

   .32
3
1 3 3 27
 9 z 30  z 0  8 32  z 2 dz  9.3   8.  27  9  2. .9  18  18
3 0
3 4

 A. n ds
S3
Here x   j, y  0

9 z 2
 
3 3
1 x2
6 zi  2 x j  x k . j  1.    2 x dxdz   2  x dxdz   2
dxdz
  0
9 z 2
dz
R2
j. j R2 0 0 0
3 2

55
    
 1 
3 3
x2
  1 9  z 2 dz   2 0
9 z 2
dz   1 9  z 2 dz   19.3  .27  (1)27  9  18
0
2 0  3 

Figure is desirable.

Gauss Divergence theorem , Stokes’ theorem & Green;s theorem.

4.2 Gauss divergence theorem

Gauss Divergence theorem states that if V is volume bounded by a closed surface S and A is a vector

function of position with continuous derivatives, then    A dv =  A  n dS

v
S

̅ is the positive (outward drawn )normal to S.

where 𝒏

Gauss – Stokes Green’s theorems

Q: Evaluate    A.n dS , where

S
   
A  x 2  y  4 l  3xy j  2 xz  z 2 k and S in the surface of

a) Hemisphere x 2  y 2  z 2  16  
b) Paraboloid z  4  x 2  y 2 above xy plane. (Method: Stokes
theorem)
Ans: a)  16 b)  4

Solutions: a) S: Hemisphere x 2  y 2  z 2  16

   A  n ds   A  dr
S C
(Stoke’s theorem)   0,
  2

 
Along C: Now A  dr  x 2  y  4 i  3xy j  2 xz  z 2 k  dxi  dy j  dz k   z  0

 
 x 2  y  4 dx  3xydy
Along C : x  4 cos  dx  4 sin  d
C : y  4 sin  dy  4 cos  d

 
A  dr  16 cos 2   4 sin   4  4sin  d  3  4 cos  4 sin   4 cos  d
  64 cos 2
 sin   16 sin 2   16 sin   64  3 cos 2  sin  d

56
 2 2 2
  cos M d or
0
 sin N  d  0 and
0
 cos M sin N  d  0
0

A  dr  3  64  64cos 2  sin   16 sin 2   0

2
1 1 1
 cos 2  1  2 sin 2   2 sin 2   1  cos 2  sin 2    cos 2   sin 2  d  .2  
2 2 0
2


Now I=    A  n ds   A  dr 
S C


I   2  64 cos 2  sin   16 sin 2  d 
C

Along C : x  4 cos  C : y  4 sin   Varies 0 to 2

2 2
 cos 3   2
I   128 cos 2  sin  d  16  sin 2  d     16
0 0  3  0

b) Stokes’ theorem:    A  n ds   A  dr
S C

Now R.H.S :
 
S is surface of Paraboloid z  4  x 2  y 2 above xy-plane and C is rim of Paraboloid or C is circle x 2  y 2
=4
x=2cos  and dx=-2sin  , y=2sin  and dy=2cos 
2

 A  dr   4 cos   2 sin   4 2 sin   3  6 cos   2 sin   2 cos  d 

2

C 0
2 2 2
1  cos 2  d  82 sin d
  8 cos  sin   4 sin 2   8 sin   24 cos 2  sin  d  16  cos 2 sin  d  4  
2

0 0 0
2 0

1
 A  dr  16  0  4 2 2  0  4
C

---------------------------------------

Now L.H.S i.e., to evaluate I=    A  n ds  

S

We adopt 2 methods : 1. direct evaluation of surface integral in terms of evaluation of double integral
2. Using Gauss divergence theorem

i j k
  
Method -1: Direct evaluation: We have   A = =  0 i  2 z j  3 y  1 k
dx dy dz
x 2  y  4 3xy 2 xz  z 2

Next n 

 x2  y2  z  4


2 xi  2 yj  k

 x2  y2  z  4 
4x2  4 y 2 1

57
 2 xi  2 yj  k
  A  n   2 zj  3 y  1k   4 yz  3 y  1
1

4x2  4 y 2 1 4x2  4 y 2 1

But on S z  4  x2  y2

 3 y  1  dxdy
   A  n ds   
 1
 4 y  4  x2  y 2   
S R  4 x 2  4 y 2  1 4 x 2  4 y 2  1  n . p

 2 xi  2 yj  k 1
Now n . p  k =
4 x2  4 y 2  1 4x2  4 y2 1

= 
 4 y 4  x2  y 2 dxdy
 
3 y  1 dxdy
 I1  I 2
R 4x  4 y 1
2 2 1 R 4x  4 y 1
2 2 1
4x2  4 y 2 1 4x2  4 y2 1

To evaluate I1 we transform integrand functions to polar form : x  r cos  y  r sin  dxdy  rdrd
2
Now  sin Nx dx  0  I
0
1  0 ------------------ and so on ---------- *****

2 2
I1     4r sin  4  r 2 r dr d  0 By *****
r 0 0

I 2   3 y  1dxdy   3 y dxdy  dxdy

R R R

Changing to polar frame

2 2 2 2


r 0  0
 3.r sin   r dr d    r dr d  0  4  4
r 0  0

Method-2: To evaluate I=    A   n ds using Gauss theorem:

S

Next R.H.S    A  n ds
S
S is surface of paraboloid z  4  x 2  y 2 above xy-plane

Let S * be closed surface with S  S B (Base or bottom)

i.e., S *  S  S B so that by Gauss Divergence theorem

   A  n ds     A  n ds     A  n ds       Adv  0
S* S SB V

    A  n ds      A  n ds
S SB

58
 i j k
  
Now   A   0  0i  0  2 z  j  3 y  1k
x y z

x2  y  4  3xy 2 xz  z 2

on S B : z  0 p  unit normal is  k


  A  n   2 z  j  3 y  1k   k  =1-3y 
   A  n ds   1  3 y   k  k =  1  3 y dydx
dydx
Now consider
SB RB RB

Changing to polar coordinates

2 2 2 2 2 2

r 0 0r dr d  3r sin  .r dr d  r0 rdr.2  r0 30r sin  d dr  2 . 2 .2  0  4

1 2
2
  sin  d  0
0

   A  n ds     A  n ds =  4
S SB

Gauss divergence theorem

Q : Verify the divergence theorem for A  2 x 2 y i  y 2 j  4 xz2 k taken over the region in the first octant

bounded by y 2  z 2  9 and x  2

Solutions: Gauss divergence theorem :    A dv   A  n ds

V S


L.H.S: Consider   A   i 
  

j  k   2 x 2 y i  y 2 j  4 xz2 k  4 xy  2 y  8 xz 
 x y z 

V is volume of region bounded by x  0 , y  0 , z  0 ; x  2, y  9  z 2 , z  3

3 9 z 2 2 3 9 z 2
  x2  2 2  x 2  2
   A dv     4 xy  2 y  8xzdx dy dz      
4 y  2 y x   8 z  2  0 dy dz
V 0 0 0 0 0   2 0 0   
9 z 2

 8 y  4 y  16 zdy dz    2 y 0
 4 2 9 y 
3 3
 16 z y 0
2


9 y 2
dz
0 0 0 

  
3
  2 9  z 2  16 z 9  z 2 dz
0

59
  
3 3
  18  2 z 2  16 z 9  z 2 dz  18.z  30  z  0  16 z 9  z 2 dz
2 3
0
3 0
3
2
 18  3  .27  16 I where I   z 9  z 2 dz
3 0

 36  144  180

The value of I is determined as below:

 
3
I   z 32  z 2 dz Put z  3 sin   dz  3 cos d  ; 32  z 2  32 cos 2  ; 32  z 2  3 cos 
0

 

 
3 2 2
I   z 32  z 2 dz   3sin  3 cos 3sos d  27  cos 2 sin  d
0 0 0

let cos   t and  sin d  dt

 z 3  
3 0 1
27 3 1
2
 z dz  27  t dt  27  t 2dt 
2 2
t 0  9 =I
0 1 0
3
3
16 z 32  z 2 dz  16  9  144
0

Remarks: The R.H.S of Gauss theorem is to be worked out.

Green, Gauss, Stokes theorems

Q: Verify Stokes theorem for F  xzi  yj  x 2 yk where S in the surface of the region bounded by
x=0, y=0, z=0, 2x+y+2z=8 which is not included in the xz- plane.
Ans: Common value 32/3

Solutions: Stokes theorem :  A  dr     A  n dS

C S
D

L.H.S
C is the rim of tetrahedron OABD O
B
Contour C=OD  DA  AO F  dr = F1dx  F2 dy  F3dz

A
LHS :

 F  dr   xz dx  ydy  x
2
ydz =  xz dx  ydy  x 2 ydz +  xz dx  ydy  x 2 ydz +  xz dx  ydy  x 2 ydz
C C OD DA AO

Along OD x  0, dx  0 y  0 dy  0   F  dr  0
OD

Along DA x  z  4  z  4  x; x  0 to x  4 y  0, dy  0

60
  
4 4

 F  dr   x4  xdx  4 x  x dx 
2 32
DA 0 0
3

Along AO y  0 z  0 dy  0 dz  0  F  dr 0
AO

32 32
  F  dr  O 
C
3
0=
3

R.H.S

   A   n dS     A   n dS     A   n dS     A   n dS = I1  I 2  I 3
S S1 S2 S 3

2 x  y  2 z 
S1 =slant (inclined plane) triangle ABD : n
2 x  y  2 z 

S2 =ODB in yz plane : n  i

S3 =OAB: n  k
Now I1 :
2 x  y  2 z  2i  j  2k 2 1 2
on S1 n    i  j k
2 x  y  2 z  4 1 4 3 3 3

   A  n dS  ?
S1

i j k
  
 A   x 2i  x  2 xy j  0k
x y z
xz y x2 y

 2 1 2  2 1

Now on S1   A  n  x 2i   x  2 xy j  0k . i  j  k   x 2   x  2 xy
3 3 3  3 3

   A  n dS   3 x x  2 xy dx dy
2 1
2

S1 R1
3 2
3
 
2 1 2  2
R1 is le OAB with unit out word normal p   k so that n  p   i  j  k   k 
3 3 3  3
Over region R1 i.e., triangle OAB y varies from y=0 to y=8-2x , x varies from x=0 to x=4
 
   A  n dS     x
1 
2
 x   xy dy dx
S1 R1
2  
4 8 2 x
 2 1    2
   A  n dS   
1 
4
  x  x   xy  dy dx    x 2  x 8  2 x   8  2 x  dx
x
S1 0 0  2   0 
2  2 

61
    7 
 
4 4 4
  8  2 x  x 2  x  8  2 x dx   8  2 x  2 x 2  x dx  16 x 2  28 x  4 x 3  7 x 2 dx
1 x
0  2 2  0  2  0

 1692  90  32
   A  n dS 
16 7 64  4.23
.64  14.16  16.16  .64  .23  30.16  16  30   
S1
3 3 3  3  3 3

Now I2=    A   n dS  ? n  i   A  n   x 2
 0 ( Since x  0 on yz plane ) I 2  0
S2

Lastly I3=    A   n dS  ? n  k   A  n 0 I 3  0
S3

Finally

   A  n dS     A  n dS     A  n dS     A  n dS 
32
S S1 S2 S 3
3

Remarks: This problem can be worked out by Gauss divergence theorem also.

Gauss divergence theorem

Q: 
If A  2 yz i  x  3 y  2 j  x 2  z k evaluate     A  n dS over the surface of intersections of the
S

cylinders x 2  y 2  a 2 , x 2  z 2  a 2 which is included in the first octant.

Solutions :
Method – I (Direct evaluation)
i j k
  
 A   0i  2 y  2 x  j   1  2 z k  2 y  2 x  j  1  2 z k
x y z
2 yz  x  3 y  z x2  z

   A  n dS     A  n dS     A  n dS = I1  I 2
S S1 S2

Now I1 =    A  n dS =?  
 x 2  z 2  2 x i  2 zk ,
S1

2 xi  2 zk 2xi  zk  xi  zk 
n  
4x  4z
2 2
2 x z
2 2 a

  A  n  2 y  x  j  1  2 z k . a1 xi  zk    1  a2 z z , dS 
dx dy
z
a

  A  n dS   1  a2 z z dx dy
z
  1  2 z dx dy

62
   A  n dS    1  2 z dx dy
S1 R1
But z  a 2  x 2

1  2  a 
a2  x2
 a2   1  a 2 4a 3

a a
   a 2  x 2 dydx   2
 x 2  2 a 2  x 2 dx   .  2a 3 1     
0 0 0 2 2  3  4 3

Similarly , next I 2     A  n dS
S2

 
 x 2  z 2  2 x i  2 yj , n
x y
i j   A  n  2 y  x y n. j 
y
a a a a

 2 y  x  y  dz dx
2   
a2 x2 a2 x2

a a a

   A   n dS        a  x  2 x dydx   2 a 2  x 2  2 x a 2  x 2 dx
2 2

S2 0 0  a  y 0 0 0
a

put a 2  x 2  t 2  2 xdx  2tdt then

 
0
1 2 2 4a 3 2 3 2a 3
= 2a .a  2. .a3   t.2t dt  2a3  a3   a3 
2
 a 
3 a
3 3 3 3 3

   A  n dS     A  n dS     A  n dS
S S1 S2

a 2 4a 3 2 a 3 a 2 2a 3 a2
=  +     3  8a 
4 3 3 4 4 12

Method –II
A  2 yz i  2  x  3 y  j  x 2  z k  
   A  n dS     A  n dV  0
S V

Suppose S  S1  S 2  S3  S 4  S5  0  S1  S2  S3  S4  S5 

i j k
  
 A   0i  2 y  2 x  j   1  2 z k  2 y  2 x  j  1  2 z k  2 y  2 x  j  1  2 z k
x y z
2 yz  x  3 y  z x2  z

For S3 n  i   A  n  0
For S4 n   j   A  n  2x  y  dS  dz dx
a a2 x2 a a2 x2

 2 x  2 y  dz dx    2 x  2 y  dz dx    2 x  dz dx
R4 0 0 0 0
y 0

a a
  2 x a 2  x 2 dx    2 x a 2  x 2 dx
0 0

63
 0
2
a2  x2  t 2 a2  t 2  x2  2 xdx  dt.2t   t 2tdt  a3
a
3

For S5 on z  0 n  k x2  y 2  a2 dS  dx dy

  A  2 y  x  j  k   A  n  2 y  x j  k .  k =+1

a
   A  n dS   1 dx dy =
2

S5 R5 4

2 a 2
S3  S4  S5 =0+ a 3 +
3 4
a 2 2a3 a 2
S1  S2  S3  S4  S5    ( a 3 +
2
)=   
3 4 3 4
Method –III
To verify Stokes Theorem

Stokes theorem :  A  dr     A  n dS
C S

Hence C  C1  C2  C3  C4


C
 
C1

C2
  
C3
 
C4
 I1  I 2  I 3  I 4

A  dr = 2 yz dx  x  3 y  2dy  x 2  z dz  
C1  ETA C2  APB C3  BQD C4  DSE
On C1 x  a sin  dx  a cos  d y  0 dy  0 z  a cos  dz  a sin  d
  

sin 2  2a 3 a 2
 
2 2 2
I1     a 2 sin 2   a cos   a sin  d   a 3  sin 3 d  a 2  d  
C1 0 0 0
2 3 2

On C2 x  a cos dx  a sin  d y  a sin  dy  a cos z  0 dz  0

  
2 2 2 2

 2  a cos  3a sin   a cos d   2a cos d  a  cos  d 

3a
I2     sin 2 d
2 2

C2 APB 0 0
2 0


1  3a 2 1 a 2 3a 2
 2a  1  a    cos 2 02  2a 
2
 = I2
2 2 2 2 4 2
On C3 y  1 dy  0 z  0 to z  a dz  dz x  0 dx  0

1 2
I3  
C3

BQD
 O  z dz 
2
a

On C4 x  0 dx  0 y  a to y  0 dy  dy z  a dz  0

64
 y 0 a

 2  3 y dy   3 y  2dy  2 a  2a
3 2
I4  
C3

y a 0

  2a 3 a 2    a 2 3a 2   1 2   3 2   2a  a
3 2


C
A  dr I1  I 2  I 3  I 4   3

 
2  
2 a 
4
  a 
2   2   2
a  2a  
3

4

MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

WEAK STUDENTS AS PER JNTU

Subject: Mathematics-II
Branch:ECE
Academic year: 2016-17 Semester: II
S.
Hall Ticket No. Name %
No.
1 Awaiting for I Semester results
2
3

Note: Weak students are the students who secure less than 50% marks in
Previous JNTU External examinations

65
 MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

LIST OF WEAK STUDENTS AS PER MID TERM TEST RESULT

Subject: Mathematics-II
Branch: ECE
Academic year: 2016-17
Faculty: Dr. K. Sharath Babu
Mid Term Test I/II/III Semester: II
S.
Hall Ticket No. Name %
No.
1

Note: Weak students are the students who get <=10.0 marks out of 20.0 in Mid-term test.

66
 MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

SCHEDULE OF REMEDIAL CLASSES

Subject: Mathematics-II
Branch/Year: 2016-17
Faculty: Dr. K. Sharath Babu
Academic Year: 2016-17 Semester: II
TIME TABLE

No. of students
Date Day Period Theory/Retest
attended

Remedial classes
will be planned
after the I- MID
term
examination

Performance of Weak students in Additional make-up Test

Roll No. Name Marks obtained

67
 MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

MID-TERM TEST, QUALITY AND EVALUATION

Subject: Mathematics-II
Branch:ECE-A, ECE-B&ECE-C
Academic year: 2016-17 Semester:II
Faculty:

Marks
Mid Date Date of
Questions entered
term conducted distribution
in register
Questions will be given before the mid term
examination through LMS

Questions will be given before the mid term

examination through LMS

II

Quality verified by HOD: Good/Average/Poor

68
 Signature of HOD

MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

ASSIGNMENTS, QUALITY AND EVALUATION

Subject: Mathematics-II
Branch: ECE
Academic Year: 2016-17 Semester: II
Faculty: Dr. K. Sharath Babu
Assign Marks
Unit Date Date of Date of
ment Topic entered in
No Planned Submission Distribution
No. register

25-01-
I 1 Laplace Transforms
2017

15-02-
II 2 Gamma and Beta functions
17

07-03-
III 3 Multiple Integrals
2017

04-04-
IV 4 Vector Differentiation
17

02-05-
V 5 Vector Integration
17

69
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Assignment-1 ( Laplace Transforms)

1. Find L {e4t sin 2t cos t}

2. L {cost at sin bt}
3/( s 1)
1 1/ s e
e
3. If L {f (t)} = s , prove that L {e-t f (3t)} = s 1

 
1
1
4. If L {f (t)} = f (s), then prove that L f (u ) du  f (s)
0
s

5. Find (i) L { t e-t cosh2 t}

6. (ii) L {t2 cos2t}
7. (iii) L {t2 sin 4t}
8. Find (i) L {t eat sin bt } (ii) L  t e
t

0
t
sin 4t dt 
1  s
2

L
 ( s  1)( s  2)( s  3) 
9. Evaluate  
2
d y dy
2
2  3y
10. Apply Laplace transform method , solve dt dt = sin t
y = y’(0) =0 at t = 0

Assignent-2 (Special functions)

1) Show that Г(𝑛 + 1) = Г(𝑛) (recurrence relation) . For what values of n it exists.

2) Prove that β(m,n)=β(n,m) ( Symmetricity of Beta functions)

Г(𝑚)Г(𝑛)
3) Prove that β(m,n)= Г(𝑚+𝑛)
1 1
4) Show that a) Г (2) = √𝜋 by using it find Г (− 2)

𝑏
(b)Show that ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑚 (𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑛 dx = (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑚+𝑛+1β(m+1,n+1)( V.IMP)

5) Define Beta function. By using it prove that β(m,n)=β(m+1,n)+β(m,n+1)

70
 1 1
6) Define Gamma function. Show that Г(n)=∫0 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)𝑛−1 dx , n > 0

𝜋/2
7)Show that β(m,n)= 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑚−1 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛−1 𝜃 d𝜃

∞ x4 (1+x5 )
8)Evaluate ∫0 dx using
(1+x)15

∞ 𝑛
9 Prove that ∫0 𝑒 (− √𝑦 ) dy = n Г(n)

∞ 𝑥𝑐
10) Express the integral ∫0 𝑑𝑥 (c>1)in terms of gamma function
𝑐𝑥

Assignmet-3(Multiple Integrals)

1 3

  (x  y 2 ) dy dx
2
1) Evaluate
1 0

 / 2 cos

 r sin 2  dr d
2
2) Evaluate
0 0

3) Evaluate  x where R is the region bounded by y = x;

3
y 2 dA
R

y = 1 and x=0
4)  x  y dxdy where R is the region bounded by y2 =x; x+2y = 3
R

and y= 0 in the first quadrant.

−𝑥2
∞ 𝑥
5 Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 dy dx

6 (a) Calculate ∬ 𝑟 3 drd𝜃 over the area included between the circles r=2sin𝜃 and r=4sin𝜃
1 𝑒 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
(b)Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 by changing the order of integration

𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
7 Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑦 dxdy by transforming into polar coordinates
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2 x2
8) Evaluate  1 x2
( x  y)dydx ,

1 2y
9. Evaluate 
0 y
x 2 dx dy and

71
 0  y ex dx dy by reversing the order of integration. Ans: (1  e
4 4 2
16
10. Evaluate )/2


Assignmet-4

1. Find the values of a, b, c so that the directional derivative of f = axy2 + byz +cz2x3 at
(1,2,-1) has a maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to the Z- axis.

2 .Find the constants a,b,c so that the vector f = (x+2y+a z)i+(bx-3y-z)j + (4x+cy+2z) k is
Irrotational. Also find f = ∇∅.
3. Find the directional derivative of f(x,y,z) = xy+yz+zx at P(1,2,1) in the direction along
the vector P Q where Q( 3,-2,2)
4. Find A normal vector to the surface x3+y3+3xyz=3 at the point (1,2,-1).
5. Find the work done by the force function f = 3x2 i+(2xz-y) j+z k along the straight
line from (0,0,0) to (2,1,3)
6. Find the Rotation of the vector valued function z i + x j -3y2z k at the point P(1,-
1,2)
7. If  = ax2 + by2 + cz2 satisfies Laplacian equation, then find the value of a + b + c.
8.

Assignmet-5

1) Find the work done in moving particle in the force field f = 3x2 i+(2xz-y) j+z k
along the straight line from (0,0,0) to (2,1,3)
2) Evaluate ∫ 𝒇. 𝒏 ds where f = z i + x j -3y2z k and S is the surface included x2 + y2 =
16 in the first octant between z=o and z=5.

3 Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̅ +(𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑗̅ +(𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑥)𝑘̅
taken over the rectangular parallelepiped 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐
4 Verify stokes theorem for f = (x2+y2) i - 2xy j taken round the rectangle bounded by the
lines x= ± a , y = 0 , y=b.

5 Evaluate by Green’s theorem ∮𝑐 (x2 – coshy)dx +(y+sinx)dy where c is the rectangle

with vertices (0,0)(π,0) (π,1) (0,1).

72
  
If A  2 yz i  x  3 y  2 j  x 2  z k then  
surface of intersections of the cylinders x 2  y 2  a 2 , 
6. evaluate 2  A  n2 dS over the
Sx  z  a which is
2

included in the first octant.

MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

TUTORIAL
Subject: Mathematics-II
Branch: ECE (A,B,&C)
Academic Year: 2016-17 Semesters: II
Faculty:
S. Date
Unit No Tutorial topic
No. conducted
Laplace Transforms –Definition –properties, Inverse Weekly once
laplace transforms, related problems, Application of from 03-01-
1 I
Laplace Transforms to solve ordinary differential 2017 for each
equations. section.
Special functions , Gamma function, Beta function –
2 II
properties, Evaluation of improper integrals.

Multiple integrals . Double integrals, Triple integrals

3 III change of order of integration, change of variables,
Application of Multiple integrals.
Vector differentian, Gradient, Divergence, Curl, related
4 IV problems. Work done, circulation , Directional
derivataive problems
Line integration, surface integration, Volume
5 V integration, Green’s Theorem, stokes theorem, Gauss
Divergence theorem, problem on 3 theorems.

73
 Tutorial Problems
Tutorial-1

1. Define Laplace transform and its existence.

2. Find L[ cos22t + sin4t]
3. Find L { cos32t+ coshat}
4. State and prove First and second shifting theorems
1  s2 
L  
 ( s  4) 
2 2
5. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of
6. Solve y” + y = sin 3t with y (0) = y’(0) = 0

Tutorial-2
Г(𝑚)Г(𝑛)
1 (a)Prove that β(m,n)= Г(𝑚+𝑛)

(b)Define Beta function? Prove that β(m,n)=β(n,m)

2 (a)Prove that β(m,n)=β(m+1,n)+β(m,n+1)

1 1
(b)Define Gamma function. Show that Г(n)=∫0 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)𝑛−1 dx , n > 0

𝜋/2
3(a)Show that β(m,n)= 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑚−1 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛−1 𝜃 d𝜃

∞ x4 (1+x5 )
(b)Evaluate ∫0 dx using β – Г functions
(1+x)15

∞ 𝑛
4(a)Prove that ∫0 𝑒 (− √𝑦 ) dy = n Г(n)

𝑏
(b)Show that ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑚 (𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑛 dx = (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑚+𝑛+1 β(m+1,n+1)

Tutorial-3

1 3

  (x  2 y 2 ) dy dx
2
1. Evaluate
1 1

−𝑥2
∞ 𝑥
2. Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 dy dx

74
 3. Calculate ∬ 𝑟 3 drd𝜃 over the area included between the circles r=2sin𝜃 and r=4sin𝜃
1 𝑒 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
4.Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑒 𝑥 by changing the order of integration
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦

𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
5 Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑦 dxdy by transforming into polar coordinates
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

6.Using the double integral, find the area of the cardioids r=a(1-cosӨ)
2 x2
7. Evaluate 
1 x2
( x  y)dydx ,

1 2y
8. Evaluate 
0 y
x 2 dx dy and

2 4 x
9. 
0 x
f ( x, y) dy dx . Here f(x,y) = x+y

0  y ex dx dy by reversing the order of integration. Ans: (1  e

4 4 2
16
11. Evaluate )/2



Tutorial-4
1(a)Find the values of a ,b ,c so that the directional derivative of f = axy2 + byz +cz2x3 At
(1,2,-1) has a
maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to the Z- axis.
2)Find the constants a,b,c so that the vector f = (x+2y+a z)i+(bx-3y-z)j + (4x+cy+2z) k is
irrotational. Also find f = ∇∅.
If f= grad(x3+y3+z3-3xyz) then find curlf
5 If a) r  xi  yj  zk then find the value div r .
b) If r  xi  yj  zk then fid curl r .

Tutorial-5

1 Evaluate ∫ 𝒇. 𝒏 ds where f = z i + x j -3y2z k and S is the surface included x2 + y2 = 16 in

the first octant
between z=o and z=5.
9. Find the work done in moving particle in the force field f = 3x2 i+(2xz-y) j+z k
along the straight line from (0,0,0) to (2,1,3)
3 Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̅ +(𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑗̅ +(𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑥)𝑘̅ taken
over the rectangular parallelepiped 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐
4 Verify stokes theorem for f = (x2+y2) i - 2xy j taken round the rectangle bounded by the
lines x= ± a , y = 0 , y=b.

75
5 Evaluate by Green’s theorem ∮𝑐 (x2 – coshy)dx +(y+sinx)dy where c is the rectangle
with vertices
(0,0)(π,0) (π,1) (0,1).

UNIT WISE QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I
1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐿(𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡)
4
2. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)
4
3. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)
4. By using Laplace transform solve the intial value problem
𝑦11 = 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 1 (0) = 0

5. Find 𝐿−1 {𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠 }

sin t , 0  t  
6. Find the Lap lace transform of f (t) = 
0, t  

7. Find the Lap lace transform of f(t) defined as (i) f (t) = et when 0 < t < 5
= 3 when t > 5
8. Find the Lap lace transform of f(t) defined as
1,0 < t < 2
f (t) = 2, 2 < t < 4
=0 otherwise
9. If L{f(t)} = f (s), then show that L {eat f(t)} = f (s-a), s - a > 0
10.Find L[e-3t (2cos 5t – 3 sin 5t) ].

UNIT-II

Г(𝑚)Г(𝑛)
(a)Prove that β(m,n)= Г(𝑚+𝑛)

(b)Define Beta function? Prove that β(m,n)=β(n,m)

2 (a)Prove that β(m,n)=β(m+1,n)+β(m,n+1)

1 1
(b)Define Gamma function. Show that Г(n)=∫0 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)𝑛−1 dx , n > 0

𝜋/2
3(a)Show that β(m,n)= 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑚−1 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛−1 𝜃 d𝜃

∞ x4 (1+x5 )
(b)Evaluate ∫0 dx using β – Г functions
(1+x)15

76
 ∞ 𝑛
4(a)Prove that ∫0 𝑒 (− √𝑦 ) dy = n Г(n)

𝑏
(b)Show that ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑚 (𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑛 dx = (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑚+𝑛+1 β(m+1,n+1)

∞ 𝑥𝑐
5(a) Express the integral ∫0 𝑑𝑥 (c>1)in terms of gamma function
𝑐𝑥

1 1 𝜋
(b)Prove that β(m+2 , m+2) = 𝑚𝛽(𝑚,𝑚)24𝑚−1

UNIT-III

1(a)Calculate the volume of solid bounded by the planes x=0,y=0,x+y+z=a &z=0

16 2
(b) Show that the area between the parabolas y2=4ax and x2=4ay is a
3

−𝑥2
∞ 𝑥
2 Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 dy dx

3 (a) Calculate ∬ 𝑟 3 drd𝜃 over the area included between the circles r=2sin𝜃 and r=4sin𝜃
1 𝑒 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
(b)Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 by changing the order of integration

4 Evaluate ∬𝑅 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 dx dy Where Ris the parallelogram in the XY –plane vertices

(1,0),(3,1),(2,2),(0,1) using

the transformation u=x+y and v= x-2y

𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
5(a) Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑦 dxdy by transforming into polar coordinates
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

(b)Using the double integral, find the area of the cardioids r=a(1-cosӨ)

UNIT-IV
1) Find the values of a ,b ,c so that the directional derivative of f = axy2 + byz +cz2x3 At
(1,2,-1) has a maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to the Z- axis.
2) Find divcurl𝑓 ̅
3) Find the constants a,b,c so that the vector f = (x+2y+a z)i+(bx-3y-z)j + (4x+cy+2z) k
is irrotational. Also find f = ∇∅.

4) Find the directional derivative of f= xy+yz+xz at the point (1,1,1)

5) Find the normal vector to the surface x3+y3+3xyz=3 at the point (1,2,-1).

UNIT-V

1. Evaluate ∫ 𝒇. 𝒏 ds where f = z i + x j -3y2z k and S is the surface included x2 + y2 = 16 in

the first octant
between z=o and z=5.
2 Find the work done in moving particle in the force field f = 3x2 i+(2xz-y) j+z k
along the straight line from (0,0,0) to (2,1,3)

77
 3 Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̅ +(𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑗̅ +(𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑥)𝑘̅ taken
over the
Rectangular parallelepiped0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐
4 Verify stokes theorem for f = (x2+y2) i - 2xy j taken round the rectangle bounded by the
lines x= ± a , y = 0 , y=b.
5 Evaluate by Green’s theorem ∮𝑐 (x2 – coshy)dx +(y+sinx)dy where c is the rectangle
with vertices
(0,0)(π,0) (π,1) (0,1)

Objective Questions:

Unit 1

(s), then L  f    = _____

t
1. If L { f (t)} = f
  
a
-2t
2. L{e sin 3t }= ______________
3. If f (0) = 0, then L{f ’(t)} = ___________
4. If L{ f (t)} = f (s), then L
  = _______
f
(t )
t
 eat  ebt 
L 
5.  t  = _______________
6. If H (t-a) is a unit step function, L {H(t-a)} = ________
7. 1
L
  = _____________________
3!
s4

8.
L
  = ___________
1 1
sa

If n > -1,   = _________

1 1
9. L
s n 1

1  dn 
10. If L { f (s)} = f(t) and n = 1,2,3, ………… then
-1 L  n [ f ( s)] =
 ds 
_______

78
11. L
1
  is possible only when n is
1
s
n

a) Positive integer b) zero c) negative integer d) negative

rational
1  2s 
L  2 
 ( s  1)  =
2

12.
2
t t
a) 2 sin t b) t sin t c) t2 sin t d) 2 cos t
1   s
2
L  
 ( s  4)  =
2 2
13.
t 1
a) sin 2 t + 2 cos 2 t b) 4 sin 2 t + t cos 2 t
1 t 1 t
c) 4 sin 2 t + 2 cos 2 t d) 4 sin 2 t + 4 cos 2t
14. If f (t) = t 4 f (t) where f(t) has derivatives of all orders, then
 d4 
L F (t ) 
 dt 
4

a) s3L{F(t)} b) s4 L {F(t)} c) –s4L{F(t)} d)

s4 L{F3(t)}
1  e 3 s 
L  3 

15.  s =
a) (t-3) u (t-3) b) (t-3)2 u (t-3)
c) ½ (t-3)2 u (t-3) d) ½ (t+3)2 u (t+3)
2s s
e e
16. If L { f(t) } = , then
s
a) f (t) = 1, t > 1 b) f (t) = 1, when 1 < t < 2, and 0
otherwise
c) f (t) = -1, when 1 < t < 3 and 0 otherwise
d) f (t) = -1, when 1 < t < 2 and 0 otherwise
17. L {te-1 cos ht} =
2
s  2s  2 s
2
 2s  2 s
2
 2s  2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a) ( s  2s) b) ( s  2s) c) (s  2s) d)
s
2
 2s  2
2 2
(s  2s)

18. If y satisfies y” + 4y’ + 4y = e-t with

y (0) = y’ (0) = 0 then L{y (t)} = _______________________
19. If y satisfies y” + y = sin 3t with y (0) = y’(0) = 0 then L {y (t)} =
__________

79
 20. If y satisfies y” + 3y’ + 2y = e-t with y(0) = y’(0) = 0 then L{y(t)} =
______

Unit-2

1Г(n+1)=_________if n is positive real integer

[ ]

a)nГ(n) b)nГ(n-1) c)Г(n+1)/n d)n!

∞ 2
2 The value of ∫−∞ 𝑒 −𝑥 dx = ________
[ ]

a)π b)√𝜋 c) √𝜋/2 d) 2√𝜋

3 The value of β(m+1,n) is_______________

[ ]
𝑛 𝑛 𝑚 𝑚
a)𝑚+𝑛β(m,n) b) 𝑚+1β(m,n) c) 𝑚+𝑛β(m,n) d) 𝑚+1β(m,n)

4 The value of Г(n) is_________ when n is negative integer

[ ]

a)n Г(n) b)n Г(n-1) c)Not defined d)None

5 The value of Г(n) is _________ when n is zero

[ ]

a)nГ(n) b)0 c)Г(n+1)/n d)None

1
6 ∫0 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)5 dx =________________
[ ]

a)-120 b)120 c) 24430 d) -24430

1
7 If B(n,3) = and n is positive integer the n=____________
60
[ ]

a)4 b)3 c)2 d) 24430

4 5
8 The value of B(3 , 3 ) is ___________
[ ]
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 1 𝜋 1 2𝜋
a)9 b)3 c)9 d)4
√3 √3 √3 √3

80
 1 𝑑𝑥
9∫0 =_____________
√−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
[ ]

a) √𝜋 b)2√𝜋 c) 30√𝜋 d)40√𝜋

10 Beta function β(m,n) is convergent for _____________

[ ]

a)m>0,n>0 b)m>0,n<0 c) m<0, n<0 d) m<0, n<0

UNIT-III MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
1 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =_________ after changing the polar Co ordinates
[ ]
𝑎 𝜋/2 2 𝑎 𝜋/2 3 𝑎 𝜋
a) ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑Ө b) ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑Ө c) ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟𝑑Ө d)None

1 √𝑥
2 The integral ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) dydx after changing the order of integration
[ ]
1 𝑦 1 𝑦2 0 𝑦
a) ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) dxdy b) ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) dxdy c)∫1 ∫𝑦 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) dxdyd)None

1 √1−𝑥 2
3The integral ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 after changing the order of integration
[ ]

2 √1−𝑦2 1 √1−𝑦 2
a) ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 b) ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

1 √1+𝑦2 −1 √1−𝑦2
c) ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 d) ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

1 1 1−𝑥
4 The value of the integral ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = _____
[ ]
4 3 8
a) b)35 c)35 d)None
35

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
5 The value of the integral ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 x 2 y 2 z 2 dxdydz is________
[ ]

a)abc/3 b) a2b2c2/27 c)a3b3c3/27 d)None

2 𝑥
6 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ________________ `
[ ]

81
 a)4 b)2 c)30 d)44

7 If R is region bounded by X-axis, Y-axis and x+y=1 then ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 =____________

[ ]
1
a)2 b)44 c)30 d)2

𝑎 𝑏 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
8 ∫2 ∫2 =__________________
𝑥𝑦
[ ]
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
a)log(2)log(2) b)log(2)log(44 ) c)log(2)log(30 ) d)None

9 The triple integral ∭𝑅 dxdydz gives___________

[ ]

a)Volume of region R b) Area of region R c)Surface area of region R d) None

10 The double integral gives ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 gives__________

[ ]

a)Volume of region R b) Area of region R c)Surface area of region R d) None

UNIT- IV & V VECTOR CALCULUS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1 If f = (x+3y) i + (y-2z) j + (x+pz) k is solenoidal then p =_____
[ ]
a) 2 b)3 c) 4 d)-2

2 A normal vector to the surface x3+y3+3xyz=3 at the point (1,2,-1) is

[ ]
a)-i+3j+2k b) -i+3j-2k c) –i-3j+2k d) –i-3j-2k
3 divr = _______
[ ]
a)0 b) 3 c) 0̅ d) -3
4 If  (x, y, z) = c is a surface then   is
[ ]

1) Normal to  = c 2) tangent to =c 3) bi normal to t=c d) none

5 If f = f1 ( y,z) i + f 2 (z,x) j + f 3 (x,y) k then f is

[ ]
a) Irrotational b) Solenoidal
c) Both Solenoidal and Irrotational d) none

6 If r  xi  yj  zk then  2 (log r) =
[ ]

82
 1) 0 2) 1 / r2 3) x + y + z 4) none
7 The perpendicular vector to the surface x2 = yz at the point (1,1,1) is _______
[ ]
a)-i+3j+2k b) -i+3j-2k c) –2i-j-k d) –i-3j-2k

8 Greatest directional derivative of f= xy+yz+xz at the point (1,1,1) is _________

[ ]
a)2√3 b) 2√30 c) 2√44 d) 2√4430
̅ ̅
9 If 𝑎̅ , 𝑏 are irrotational vectors then 𝑎̅ × 𝑏 is ____________
[ ]
a)irrotational b)Solenoidal c)a and b d)None
̅
10 For any vector f then divcurl𝑓 =____________
[ ]
a)0 b)2 c) 44

MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

OUTCOME
Proficiency
Outcome Level
assessed by
An ability to apply knowledge of Science, Mathematics, Engineering &
a Computing fundamentals for the solutions of Complex Engineering problems. H

An ability to Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex

b engineering problems using first principles of mathematics and engineering H
sciences.

83
 An ability to design solutions to complex process or program to meet desired
c needs. S

Ability to use research-based knowledge and research methods including design

d of experiments to provide valid conclusions.
N
An ability to use appropriate techniques, skills and tools necessary for
e computing practice.
H
Ability to apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess

f social issues, consequences & responsibilities relevant to the professional N

engineering practice.
Ability to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic,
g environmental, and societal context with sustainability. N

An understanding of professional, ethical, Social issues and responsibilities.

h S
An ability to function as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
i teams and in multidisciplinary settings.
S
An ability to communicate effectively on complex engineering activities within
j the engineering community
H
Ability to demonstrate and understanding of the engineering and logical
k principles as a member and leader in a team.
H
Ability to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the context of
l technological change.
H

N=None S=Supportive H=Highly Related

Proficiencyassessed by: Tutorials, Lectures, Exams

MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

File No.
Name of the Faculty: Dr. K. Sharath Babu

TASK TABLEPage No. 1

Task Completed
Task Description Target Date Ext 1 Ext 2 Remarks
No Date

84
 Continuious
1 Course Coordinater
evaluation
Academic Continuious
2
coordinaator evaluation
Regular
3 Incharge-HOD
duties
Monitoring
Anti-Ragging
4 around the
committee member
clock

MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

COURSE FILE

COURSE COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

85
I, _________Dr. K. Sharath Babu_faculty in the Dept. of __H&S___________________
have taught ________________Mathematics-II_______________subject to students ofI Year
II ) semester and ____________________ECE_____ branch during Academic Year
______2016-17_____________.

I certified that I have completed fivet units on __the stipulate time schedule________ or
could not complete ___________ portion of Unit No. ___________ due to reasons, i.e.
__________________________________.

Signature of the faculty with date Signature of HOD

86
 MARRI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

MARRI LAXMAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTU, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad – 500 043, R.R.Dist., A.P., INDIA
www.mlritm.ac.in 08418-25554/55

HOD REVIEW (Fortnightly)

S. Signature of
Date of Review Signature of HOD
No. Principal
1 03-01-2017(Commence
ment of the class work
2 I-MID Term
examinations
3 II-MID Term
Examination

Quality Audit
S. Signature of
Date of Audit Observation if any
No. the Auditor

87
88
89
90