The Personality Puzzle 7th Edition by David C. Funder - Test Bank

The Personality Puzzle 7th Edition
By David C. Funder – Test Bank
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Sample Questions

Chapter 04: Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from

________.
a. correlational studies c. case studies
b. experimental studies d. archival studies

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Trait

Approach
OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Remembering
2. Personality trait measurements are typically made on a(n) ________ scale.
a. nominal c. ratio
b. ordinal d. quasi-nominal
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Trait

Approach
3. The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________.
a. the measurement of absolute levels of traits
b. aspects of personality that are the same in all people
c. physical dimensions
d. individual differences

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Trait
Approach
4. According to Kluckhohn and Murray, “Every man is in certain respects (a)

like all other men, (b) like some other men, (c) like no other man.” Which
section of this quote most closely reflects what trait psychologists study?
a. “like all other men” c. “like no other man”
b. “like some other men” d. all of the above
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Trait

Approach
OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Understanding
5. Which of the following is NOT a reason that older people believe their
personalities are more consistent than those of younger people?
a. Their social roles are more stable.
b. They are more mature.
c. They have more wealth accumulated.
d. They have more responsibilities.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Trait

Approach
OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Applying
6. According to the text, which of the following characteristics is positively

associated with personality consistency?
a. openness to experience c. general mental health
b. neuroticism d. need for cognition
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: People Are

Inconsistent
7. Which of the following terms describes the notion that people act
differently in different situations?
a. inconsistency c. emotional instability
b. consistency d. stability
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: People Are

Inconsistent

8. A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
a. individual differences cannot be measured reliably
b. situations do not affect behavior
c. people are inconsistent
d. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: People Are

Inconsistent
9. Individuals in which age group are likely to have the greatest amount of
stability in their personality traits?
a. school-age children
b. adolescents
c. young adults between the ages of 20 and 30
d. adults between the ages of 50 and 70

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: People Are

Inconsistent
10. In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that ________.
a. traits are the only factors that influence human behavior
b. situations do not reliably predict consistent behavioral trends
c. behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits
personality traits transcend the immediate situation and moment, and they provide the
d.
consistent guide to a person’s actions
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The

Person-Situation Debate
11. Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the
person-situation debate?
a. Gordon Allport c. Walter Mischel
b. Sigmund Freud d. Henry Murray


12. Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are

noteworthy because this work ________.
provides the most cogent argument for why trait theory and psychodynamic theory shou
a.
integrated
is credited with starting the person-situation debate by claiming that traits are not as
b.
important as situational factors in behavioral prediction
c. provides the first published defense of trait theory against the situationist critique
is the first modern research to begin to scientifically validate some of Freud’s claims ab
d.
the unconscious
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The

13. In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior

can be most accurately predicted from ________.
a. situations c. motivations
b. personality variables d. goals

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The

14. The situationist argument holds that ________.
a thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can pred
a.
behavior from personality
b. situations are more important than personality traits for determining behavior
c. our everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed
d. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The

15. Situationism is the position that ________.
a. situations do not influence behavior

b. situations are less important than personality traits in determining behavior
c. the ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited
d. trait words are more than mere descriptions of situations

16. Which of the following is NOT part of the situationist argument?
a. Personality trait measures do not predict behavior very well.
b. Situations are more important than traits for determining behavior.
c. Everyday intuitions that people have about personality are wrong.
d. Persons and situations interact to predict behavior.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The


17. Mischel originally argued that personality coefficients seldom exceed
________, whereas subsequent situationists raised that estimate to ________.
a. .30; .40 c. .10; .30
b. .20; .50 d. .10; .40
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
REF: The Person-Situation Debate: Predictability: The Situationist Argument
18. Which of the following was NOT one of the types of data that Mischel
compared to one another?
a. S data and B data c. I data and B data
b. S data and S data d. B data and B data
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
19. According to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is

estimated as ________.
a. .10 to .20 c. .50 to .60

b. .30 to .40 d. .70 to .80
ANS: B DIF: Easy
20. A correlation coefficient is a(n) ________ and mathematically ranges

between ________.
a. effect size; .30 and .40 c. effect size; –1 and +1
b. probability; 1 and 100 d. significance test; zero and infinity
ANS: C DIF: Easy
21. Someone who is ________ is likely to express his or her personality

consistently from one situation to the next.
a. low in self-monitoring c. low in self-efficacy

b. high in self-monitoring d. high in self-efficacy
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
REF: The Person-Situation Debate: Predictability: The Response
22. One difficulty in searching for variables that might predict consistency is
that ________.
a. it is hard to think of variables that would predict differences in consistency
b. such research is too time-consuming to conduct
c. only one variable seems to predict consistency
d. the effects of such variables are subtle and are sometimes difficult to detect
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
23. How long was Mischel’s review of the personality literature in Personality
and Assessment?
a. about half of the book c. about 16 pages
b. about three quarters of the book d. only about 2 pages
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
24. Which of the following is the best example of a situationist argument?
a. Melinda’s talkativeness is related to her optimism.
b. Knowing Robert’s extraversion doesn’t really let us predict his behavior.
c. Knowing Sanjay’s neuroticism means we know how anxious he usually is.
d. Suri’s conscientiousness changes depending on the time of day.
25. In order to improve personality research, researchers can ________.

a. check for factors that predict consistency
b. predict behavioral trends rather than single acts
c. measure behavior in real life
d. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy
26. One response to Mischel’s critique asserts that a fair review of the
research on the predictability of behavior from personality traits indicates that
________.
a. behavior can never be reliably predicted from personality variables
the predictability of behavior from personality traits is better than is sometimes

b.
acknowledged
c. the predictability of behavior from situations is worse than the predictability from perso
d. Mischel was right that personality traits are unpredictable from behavior

ANS: B DIF: Easy
27. According to the text, the purpose of personality traits is to predict

________.
a. specific behavioral manifestations c. I data but not B data
b. behavior in the long term d. S data but not I data
ANS: B DIF: Easy
28. Which of the following characteristics seems to predict increased

consistency?
a. sociability c. preference for consistency
b. neuroticism d. none of these attributes
ANS: C DIF: Easy

29. Which reason describes why averaged (aggregated) behaviors are more
strongly related to personality traits than individual behaviors?
a. Random variations tend to cancel out when aggregated.
b. Random variations tend to multiply when aggregated.
c. Trait variation is mostly random when aggregated.
d. Trait variation is mostly specific when aggregated.
30. According to recent research, individuals high in ________ might actually be

more consistent.
a. self-control c. preference for consistency
b. consistency seeking d. extraversion
ANS: C DIF: Moderate

31. Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict

accurately?
a. Mary will smile at 10:00 A.M. tomorrow.
b. At a party on Friday, Susan will talk to at least 10 people.
c. David will generally be on time for work most days next week.
d. None of the above; each of these behaviors would be equally easy to predict.
32. When a researcher examines the association between behaviors at a party

on Friday night and how many times someone volunteers to answer questions
in class on Monday, she is looking at the association between ________ and
________.
a. I data; B data c. B data; B data
b. S data; I data d. B data; I data

33. Which of the following would be an example of trying to improve the

predictability of behavior from personality traits by taking into account the
possibility that some people are more consistent than others?
measuring how frequently you are late to work using a daily diary report of your everyda
a.
behavior
b. collecting information about your responses to stressful work situations
c. trying to predict how warm and friendly you will act when you meet your in-laws next M
determining if the behavior of high self-monitors is less predictable than that of low self
d.
monitors
34. Which of the following is NOT one of the responses to the situationist
argument?
a. Personality researchers argued that Mischel’s literature review was selective.

Personality researchers searched for certain kinds of people who were more consistent
b.
others.
Personality researchers started to think more carefully about the importance of a corre
c.
of .40.
Personality researchers worked harder to find single traits that could strongly predict s
d.
responses at a particular point in time.
OBJ: 4.5 MSC: Analyzing
35. A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 ________.
a. as an example of a very small effect size
b. as an example of a medium effect size
c. as an example of a large effect size
d. by using a Binomial Effect Size Display

36. Which of the following is true about predicting future behaviors?
a. Specific behaviors are generally pretty easy to predict.
b. Specific behaviors are better predicted than aggregated behaviors.
c. Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors.
d. Aggregated behaviors aren’t usually very accurate when predicting future behaviors.
37. According to the analogy drawn in the text between situational effects on
behavior and Scud missiles, situations ________.
a. can overshadow individual differences in all cases
b. never seem to affect behavior
c. seem to have inconsistent effects

d. seem to bring out individual differences in all people
REF: The Person-Situation Debate: The Power of the Situation
38. Funder and Ozer (1983) examined the results of three classic social
psychological studies. They converted the results to effect sizes and found
that the effects were equivalent to correlations in the range of ________ (in
absolute value).
a. .10 to .20 c. .61 to .75
b. .30 to .40 d. .70 to .97
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
39. Which of the following was NOT a study that Funder and Ozer reviewed in
their work calculating the size of the situation coefficient?
a. the forced compliance task that illustrated cognitive dissonance
b. the bystander intervention effect that illustrated situational factors on helping behavior
c. the reduction in intrinsic motivation that occurs when children are given rewards
d. the position of the learner in Milgram’s experiments on obedience
40. A recent review of the entire literature on social psychology concluded

that the situational effect was about ________.
a. .10 c. .40
b. .20 d. .50
41. The traditional practice in evaluating the degree to which behavior is

affected by the situation has been to ________.
square the correlation coefficient for the relationship between behavior and some aspe
a.
the situation
determine the percentage of variance accounted for by personality, subtract that from 1
b.
percent, and then assign that value to the situation
c. multiply the variance in the behavioral measure by 2
d. add the variance in the behavioral measure to the variance for the situational variable
42. Funder and Ozer (1983) converted the results of three classic social
psychological studies to effect sizes. After comparing those effect sizes with
those typically obtained by personality psychologists, Funder and Ozer
concluded that ________.
a. situational variables, like personality variables, cannot predict behavior
b. both situational and personality variables are important determinants of behavior
c. the upper limit for a situation coefficient is only .20
the three studies were so fundamentally flawed that they do not allow us to conclude
d.
anything about the predictability of behavior from situational variables

43. Which of the following is NOT one of Funder’s conclusions?
a. Most situational coefficients are actually between .30 and .40.
b. Situational coefficients are similar in size to personality coefficients.
c. Both situational variables and personality variables have an effect on behavior.
d. It is difficult to translate experimental results into effect sizes.
44. Historically, personality psychologists have concentrated on ________ to

evaluate the effects of personality variables, whereas social psychologists
have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the effects of situational variables.
a. variance; standard deviations
b. standard deviations; variance

c. effect size; statistical significance
d. statistical significance; effect size
ANS: C DIF: Easy
45. A social psychologist focused on statistical significance is concerned with

________, whereas a personality researcher focused on effect sizes is
concerned with ________.
a. documenting the existence of an effect; quantifying the size of an effect
b. quantifying the size of an effect; documenting the existence of an effect
c. squaring correlations; Binomial Effect Size Displays
d. process; outcome

46. In Leikas, Lönnqvist, and Verkasalo (2012), participants interacted with

trained actors. The number of times a participant gazed into the eyes of his or
her partner depended a lot on the behavior of the partner. Which of the
following reflects the correct interpretation of this result?
a. The amount of variability explained by the person was small.
b. The amount of variability explained by the person was large.
c. The amount of variability explained by the situation was small.
d. The amount of variability explained by the situation was large.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
REF: Persons and Situations: Absolute vs. Relative Consistency

trained actors. The number of times a participant gestured depended mostly
on his or her own characteristics. Which of the following reflects the correct
interpretation of this result?
a. The amount of variability explained by the person was small.
b. The amount of variability explained by the person was large.
c. The amount of variability explained by the situation was small.

d. The amount of variability explained by the situation was large.

trained actors. What was one of the major conclusions from this study?
a. Behaviors with more situation variance had less person variance.
b. Behaviors with less situation variance had less person variance.
c. Situations didn’t vary that much.
d. People didn’t vary that much.
OBJ: 4.8 MSC: Evaluating

49. Funder and Colvin (1991) brought participants to the lab for two
interactions with different people. Which of the following results shows the
power of the situation?
a. Participants who spoke loudly at session 1 also spoke loudly at session 2.
b. Participants who kept partners at a distance also behaved in a fearful manner.
c. Participants smiled frequently and spoke in a loud voice more than expected.
d. Participants were more relaxed at session 2 than session 1.
50. Funder notes that the person who is most talkative at a party is also likely
to be the most talkative at the department of motor vehicles (DMV). Which of
the following terms describes this principle?
a. absolute consistency c. absolute change
b. relative consistency d. relative change

51. Which definition best describes the meaning of a cross-situational

consistency coefficient of r = .70?
a. Behaviors in one situation strongly predict behaviors in another situation.
b. Behaviors in one situation weakly predict behaviors in another situation.
c. Behaviors in one situation are the opposite of behaviors in a different situation.
d. Behavior is the mediator between personality and the situation.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
52. Which of the following conclusions does Funder draw about the role of
persons vs. situations in affecting behavior?
a. Situations matter more than persons, because people tend to be inconsistent.
b. Situations have an important influence on behavior, but people also tend to be consiste
Situations matter, but only under particular conditions, because people tend to be
c.
inconsistent.
d. Situations have a minimal influence on behavior, because people tend to be consistent.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
53. The large number of trait terms in the English language indicates that
________.
a. we need an abundance of trait terms to distinguish between different types of people
b. personality traits are an important part of our culture
c. when it comes to personality, one size does not fit all
d. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: The Person-Situation Debate: Are Person Perceptions Erroneous?
54. Which conclusion follows from Funder’s analysis of the person-situation

debate?
a. Personality doesn’t usually predict behavior.
b. Person perceptions are largely incorrect.
c. One behavioral response does not fit all people in every situation..
d. People don’t really act differently from each other.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: The Person-Situation Debate: Are Person Perceptions Erroneous?
55. The avoidance of drug abuse is associated with what trait?
a. openness to experience c. extraversion
b. neuroticism d. conscientiousness
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Personality

and Life
56. Political liberalism is associated with what trait?

b. neuroticism d. conscientiousness
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Personality and

Life
57. Happiness is associated with what trait?
b. self-monitoring d. conscientiousness
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Personality and

Life
58. Peer acceptance is associated with what trait?


Life
59. Attractiveness is associated with what trait?

Life
60. Good coping is positively associated with what trait?
a. emotional stability c. agreeableness
b. conscientiousness d. openness to experience
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Personality and

Life

61. A long life is associated with what trait?
a. openness to experience c. neuroticism
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Personality and

Life
62. Citizenship behavior at work is predicted by which trait?
a. neuroticism c. extraversion
REF: Persons and Situations: Relationships, Jobs, and Business
63. Research regarding the person-situation debate indicates that ________ are
relevant to how people will act under specific circumstances and that ________
are better for describing how people act in general.
a. S data; I data
b. S data; B data
c. personality traits; situational variables
d. situational variables; personality traits
64. Based on recent research, what activity might signal a major concern
when selecting a stockbroker?
a. evidence that the broker loses big money at poker games
b. few pictures of loved ones in the office
c. modest earnings during the recession
d. a messy and sloppy appearance

65. Which of the following does NOT describe a type of person-situation

interaction?
a. People generally prefer situations that are pleasant.
b. People choose the situations they occupy.
c. People change the situations they occupy.
d. People react differently to the same situation.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Persons and

Situations: Interactionism
66. Which of the following is NOT an example of interactionism?
a. An extraverted person chooses to live in a bigger, faster paced city.
b. An agreeable person is generally a good team player.
c. A neurotic person expects to be socially excluded, which makes others stay away from
d. A conscientious person reacts differently to feedback from her boss.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Persons and

Situations: Interactionism

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The Personality Puzzle 7th Edition by David C. Funder - Test Bank

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The Personality Puzzle 7th Edition

By David C. Funder – Test Bank

To Purchase this Complete Test Bank with Answers Click the

If face any problem or Further information contact us At tbzuiqe@gmail.com

Chapter 04: Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior

1. The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from

a. correlational studies c. case studies

b. experimental studies d. archival studies

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Trait

OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Remembering

2. Personality trait measurements are typically made on a(n) ________ scale.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Trait

OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Remembering

3. The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________.

a. the measurement of absolute levels of traits

b. aspects of personality that are the same in all people

OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Remembering

4. According to Kluckhohn and Murray, “Every man is in certain respects (a)

a. “like all other men” c. “like no other man”

b. “like some other men” d. all of the above

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Trait

OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Understanding

a. Their social roles are more stable.

b. They are more mature.

c. They have more wealth accumulated.

d. They have more responsibilities.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Trait

OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Applying

6. According to the text, which of the following characteristics is positively

a. openness to experience c. general mental health

b. neuroticism d. need for cognition

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: People Are

OBJ: 4.2 MSC: Remembering

a. inconsistency c. emotional instability

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: People Are

OBJ: 4.2 MSC: Understanding

8. A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.

a. individual differences cannot be measured reliably

b. situations do not affect behavior

c. people are inconsistent

d. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: People Are

OBJ: 4.2 MSC: Understanding

c. young adults between the ages of 20 and 30

d. adults between the ages of 50 and 70

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: People Are

OBJ: 4.2 MSC: Applying

10. In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that ________.

a. traits are the only factors that influence human behavior

b. situations do not reliably predict consistent behavioral trends

c. behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The

OBJ: 4.3 MSC: Remembering

a. Gordon Allport c. Walter Mischel

b. Sigmund Freud d. Henry Murray

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The

OBJ: 4.3 MSC: Remembering

12. Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The

OBJ: 4.3 MSC: Understanding

13. In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior

b. personality variables d. goals

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The