ME 445

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS OF BULDINGS

GROUP 3

201554968-HÜSEYİN ATAKAN BAYTAŞ

201555044 –SACİT SÖKÜCÜ

-BEDİR ERAY KIZILKAN

201554980-BÜLENT DEMİR
1.SUMMARY
Solar energy is the most readily available source of renewable energy. It does not belong to anybody
and is, therefore, free. It is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because
it is non-polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect.

Flat-plate solar collectors and PV panels are most common types of system which is used for heating
or generate to electricity in buildings. In this project, we designed these devices for a selected stand-
alone house.

A flat-plate solar collector is a device that collects and concentrates solar radiation from the Sun.
These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for
personal use.

Electricity can be produced from solar energy by using solar collectors to collect solar heat into a fluid
and routing this fluid into a turbine.
2.INTRODUCTION
2.a. SOLAR COLLECTORS

A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These
devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
These collectors are generally mounted on the roof and must be very sturdy as they are exposed to a
variety of different weather conditions.
The use of these solar collectors provides an alternative for traditional domestic water heating using a
water heater, potentially reducing energy costs over time. As well as in domestic settings, a large
number of these collectors can be combined in an array and used to generate electricity in solar
thermal power plants.
TYPES OF SOLAR COLLECTORS
There are many different types of solar collectors, but all of them are constructed with the same basic
premise in mind. In general, there is some material that is used to collect and focus energy from the
Sun and use it to heat water. The simplest of these devices uses a black material surrounding pipes that
water flows through. The black material absorbs the solar radiation very well, and as the material heats
up the water it surrounds. This is a very simple design, but collectors can get very complex. Absorber
plates can be used if a high temperature increase isn't necessary, but generally devices that use
reflective materials to focus sunlight result in a greater temperature increase.

2.a.1. FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORS

These collectors are simply metal boxes that have some sort of transparent glazing as a cover on top of
a dark-coloured absorber plate. The sides and bottom of the collector are usually covered
with insulation to minimize heat losses to other parts of the collector. Solar radiation passes through
the transparent glazing material and hits the absorber plate. This plate heats up, transferring the heat to
either water or air that is held between the glazing and absorber plate. Sometimes these absorber plates
are painted with special coatings designed to absorb and retain heat better than traditional black paint.
These plates are usually made out of metal that is a good conductor - usually copper or aluminum.
2.a.2. CONCENTRATING SOLAR COLLECTORS
These collectors , sometimes known as parabolic troughs, use highly reflective materials to collect and
concentrate the heat energy from solar radiation. These collectors are composed of parabolically
shaped reflective sections connected into a long trough. A pipe that carries water is placed in the center
of this trough so that sunlight collected by the reflective material is focused onto the pipe, heating the
contents. These are very high powered collectors and are thus generally used to generate steam
for Solar thermal power plants and are not used in residential applications. These troughs can be
extremely effective in generating heat from the Sun, particularly those that can pivot, tracking the Sun
in the sky to ensure maximum sunlight collection.

2.a.3. SOLAR POWER-TOWER PLANTS

A solar tower power plant comprises a tall tower supporting a heat receiver surrounded by a field of
heliostats that focus the rays of the Sun onto the receiver. The heliostats are each fitted with a solar
tracking system so that they can track the Sun across the sky.

2.a.4. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A solar tower power plant comprises a tall tower supporting a heat receiver surrounded by a field of
heliostats that focus the rays of the Sun onto the receiver. The heliostats are each fitted with a solar
tracking system so that they can track the Sun across the sky. Large sets of PV cells can be connected
together to form solar modules, arrays, or panels. The use of PV cells and batteries for the generation
of usable electrical energy is known as photovoltaics. One of the major advantages of photovoltaics is
the fact that it is non-polluting, requiring only real estate (and a reasonably sunny climate) in order to
function. Another advantage is the fact that solar energy is unlimited. Once a photovoltaic system has
been installed, it can provide energy at essentially no cost for years, and with minimal maintenance.
The cell involves a p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor.
 3. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
3.1 FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR
3.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
FOR ELECTRICITY REQUIREMENTS IN GAZİANTEP/ŞEHİTKAMİL
YEAR ANNUAL DAILY
CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION
2018 4111.5 kWh 11.264 kWh

-Invertor: 5Kw 48 Volts (off-grid)

When city’s network is connected, it works hybrid.

5000W / 5Kw , CosØ=1 (Motor

Nominal Power hariç)

Instantaneous 10 000W / 10Kw CosØ ,5 sn. iki

maxımum Power katı güç

Bayttary Voltage 48V DC , Şarj :57.6V , Akü

Dolu 54,0V , Aşırı Şarj
Koruma:64V

Output Voltage Tam Sinüs , 50 Hz/60 Hz

Automatik Seçer 230 VAC ± 5%

Invertör Charge PWM , Şarj Verimi %80

Technology

Input/Output Panel,
Akü,Şebeke,USB,Toprak,AC
çıkış,Alarm Kontak,USB, RS485

Solar Panel 60V -115V arası 145VDC

Voltage Range Maksimum

(8 adet 265w veya 12 adet 165W

panel bağlanabilir)

Solar Panel 50 A / Maksimum 110A dir.

Charge Current Makismum 2400w panel gücü.

Charge Current 60 A
From Network

Efficiency (yüke 93%, at full load efficiency can

göre değişir) drop the %75

Indıcator Digital LCD display, Error

Led,Working Led,Charging Led

Input of network Şebeke ve jeneratör girişi

and Generator
Network Transfer Switch the network within 0.1s
when the battery is exhausted,
programmable

Idle Consumption 15W

Consumption in Less than 2W

Sleep Mode

Input of network 230V AC

and Generator

Other Features 9 Adet İnverter Paralel

Bağlanabilir,3 faz Bağlant Oluşur
ı, Trafosuz

Protectıion Over current, over voltage, high

temperature, short circuit, Fuze,

Mechanical Properties

sizes 100x300x440mm

Weight 9.7kg

Cooling Automatic operation with fan

Case Sheet Metal

Montage Type Wall mount

Supplied User Guide

Apparatus

Heat and Self Consumption Performance

Working -10°C - 50°C

Temperature

Storage -15°C- 60°C

Temperature

Working 5%- 95%

Humidity
Environment

Quality and Guarantee Informations

Expected Life 7 years and over

Guarantee 2 Years
Certificiate CE, ISO EN 61730-1:2007
+A1:2012+A2:2013+A11:2014,
EN61730-2:2007+A1:2012
IEC61730-1:2016 IEC 61215-
1:2016 IEC 61215-1-1:2016 IEC
61215-2:2016 EN60950-
1:2006+A11 LVD 2006/95/EC

-Battery: 12V-15 kW for 1.5 days (1250A/h)

We need 6 batteries for storage. Each batteries has 200A&12V.

A battery, is a device that produces electrons through electrochemical reactions, and contains positive
(+) and negative (-) terminals. A battery consists of one or more electrochemical cells, which
transform stored chemical energy directly into electrical energy. When an external load connects to a
battery, electrons cross from the negative to the positive terminal, creating an electrical current. This
current may power a motor, a light bulb, a clock, a computer, a cellphone, and other electronic devices
or equipment. Battery flow speed is determined by the battery’s internal resistance and outside load.

12 Volt 200 Amper Solar Jel:

Lenght: 550mm
Width: 125mm
Height: 320mm
2 years guarantee- 7 years expected life
Certificate: TÜV Autria ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2005, ISO 10002:2004 ve TÜV Autria CE

RADIATION VALUES IN GAZİANTEP SUNSHINE DURATION IN GAZİANTEP

According to these graphs, sunshine time of the Gaziantep has average 6 hours per day.

-Panel : 11.2kW/6hr = 1.870 kW

1.870Kw / 275 = 6.8 panel We assumed 8 panels due to connection of panels

PV panels, also known as photovoltaic, are generally confused with thermal solar panels, but they
work in another way. Unlike solar thermal systems, which are used to product hot water, PV panels
capture the Sun’s energy and convert it into electricity.

The electricity generated by domestic PV panels is mostly used for powering household appliances
and equipment. The most typical PV system is grid-connected system, which as its name indicates, is
connected to the national grid. This means that at night, when the solar panels do not work, you can
use electricity from the grid.

-INSTALLATION-
 -BATTERIES-

4.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
4.1 FOR ELECTRICITY ( PANEL)

COST

8 PANELS *118$=944$

1 Invertor * 355$ = 355 $

6 Battery * 420 $ =2520$

AC Cable 10m = 20 $
8 Construction * 25 $ = 200 $

Clamp = 150 $

40 m DC Cable (1*6mm HZ1Z ) = 40$

TOTAL =4230 $ 4230*5.8TL=25535 TL

-Solar Modules:

PRODUCT FEATURES MODELS

CWT315-60PM TT275-60P CWT275-60P
RATED MAX POW 315 W 275W 275W
VOLTAGE AT MAX POWER 34,02V 31,3V 31,3V
CURRENT AT MAX POWER 9,26A 8,79A 8,79A
OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE 39,66A 38,4V 38,4V
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT 9,76A 9,31A 9,31A
MAX SYSYEM VOLTAGE 1000V 1000-1500V 1000V
MAX SERIES FUSE RATING 20A 15A 15A
APP. CLASS A A A
SIZE 1648*995*35mm 1688*1026,1*17,6mm 1648*995*35 mm
WEIGHT 18 kg 19,8KG 18KG
COST 155$ 145$ 118$

We selected CWT275-60P

PAYBACK

According to our bill;

We assume to pay average 200 TL in every month for the last year

So, 2400 TL per year . That’s why , we need nearly 11 years for the payback of system.

FOR WATER HEATING IN GAZİANTEP/ŞEHİTKAMİL

Qs = (m Cp) T

Qs : total heat capacity of the storage tank [kWh]

m: volume of the storage tank [m³]

CP: heat capacity of water [1.16 kWh/m³K]

T: temperature difference - hot water temperature and cold water temperature [K]

Qf = Ht.Nm.Nk

Qf= Collector efficiency energy

Ht: Radiation Energy During the Day 6.525 kW/m2day

Nk: It is system efficiency except collector, so as the piping and storage efficiency It said 0.40-0.66 for
small installations and 0.50-0.80 for large installations receivable

RADIATION OF GAZİANTEP

Considering a house which is four people lived;

ASSUMPTION

Each person need 50 lt water per day

Daily hot water requirement: 4*50lt=200 lt

Temperature of tap water: 24 °C (273+24=297K)

Hot water demand: 55°C (273+55=328K)

CALCULATION

Q= (m Cp) T

Q=0.2*1.16*(31) = 7.192kWh

Qf =4.13*0.5*0.65=1.342 kW/m2

Area = 7.192/1.342= 5.35m2

According to our requirements ;We selected product 1

 PRODUCT1

PRODUCT
PRODUCT2
PRODUCT 3
5-CONCLUSION

In this study using solar energy as a source, we calculated required energy and electricity a stand-
alone house and equipments are selected according to our calculations. All of these calculations are
theoretical.

6-REFERENCES

Çolak Enerji Tarımsal Sulama & Çatı Sistemleri-Emre Batur

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Solar_collector

2008 MVK160 Heat and Mass Transport

May 08, 2008, Lund, Sweden

Fabio Struckmann

Dept. of Energy Sciences, Faculty of Engineering,

Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden

https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=GAZIANTEP

http://unsanenerji.com.tr/urunler/bireysel-sistemler/

https://www.kutmankaplan.net/2019/02/gunes-enerji-sistemlerinde-kollektor.html

http://yordam.bim.gantep.edu.tr/yordambt/yordam.php?aDemirbas=0028218)

https://www.12voltenerji.com/48-volt-5-kw-akilli-invertor

Fundamentals and Applications of Renewable Energy 1st Edition

by Mehmet Kanoglu (Author), Yunus Cengel (Author), John Cimbala (Author)