Name: Masood Salik

BSEE-14-18

Convergence / Existence of DTFT and Gibbs Phenomenon

MATLAB Assignment
Consider the ideal lowpass filter
1, |𝑤| < 𝑤𝑐
𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝑤 ) = {
0, otherwise
Its impulse response can be calculated from (2) and is given by
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑐 𝑛
ℎ[𝑛] = , −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞ (Note: Its non-causal and hence not realizable)
𝜋𝑛
∞
𝑗𝑤
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑐 𝑛 −𝑗𝑤𝑛
=> 𝐻(𝑒 )= ∑ 𝑒
𝜋𝑛
𝑛=−∞
Next, we see how the above sum converges to ideal lowpass filter as the number of
terms in the sum is increased.
1. Write a MATLAB program to plot (using subplot) the partial sums 𝐻𝑀 (𝑒 𝑗𝑤 ) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑐 𝑛
∑𝑀
𝑛=−𝑀 𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑛 for 𝑤 ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋] for 𝑀 = 1, 𝑀 =3, M=7, M=19, M=50. Note that
𝜋𝑛
as 𝑀 → ∞, 𝐻𝑀 (𝑒 𝑗𝑤 ) should converge to 𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝑤 ).

Output:
 2. Comment on the frequency of oscillations as 𝑀 is increased.
With increase in M, Oscillations are damped.

3. Comment on the maximum overshoot. How much is the maximum overshoot?

For M =1 , we get the Maximum Overshoot of 13.7%.

4. Doest the maximum overshoot decreases as 𝑀 is increased?

The Maximum overshoot decreases with the increase in value of M. it became 7.23%
for M=200

5. Comment on the convergence of the partial sum at the point of discontinuity for
different values of 𝑀

Matlab Code:

%% ========================================================================
%%Code Modified by Masood Salik

% The Fourier series approximation of a square wave signal existing between

% -Tau/2 to Tau/2 and period of T0 will have the form:
%
% Original signal to be approximated:
% :
% __________:__________ A
% | : |
% | : |
% | : |
% __________| : |__________
% -T0/2 -Tau/2 0 Tau/2 T0/2
% :
% :
%
% Its Fourier series approximation:
%
% Inf
% ___
% A*Tau \ / sin(pi*n*Tau/T0) \
% r(t) = ------- | | ------------------ exp^(j*n*2*pi/T0*t) |
% T0 /___ \ (pi*n*Tau/T0) /
% n = -Inf
%
% The left term inside summation are the Fourier series coeffs (Cn). The
% right term is the Fourier series kernel.
% Tau: range of square wave, T: period of the square wave,
% t: time variable, n: number of retained coefficients.
%
%% Observations:
% 1) As number of retained coefficients tends to infinity, the approximated
% signal value at the discontinuity converge to half the sum of values on
% either side.
% 2) Ripples does not decrease with increasing coefficients with
% approximately 9% overshoot.
% 3) Energy in the error between original and approximated signal, reduces
% as the number of retained coefficients are increased.
%
%% References:
% [1] Oppenheim, Willsky, Nawab, "Signals and Systems", PHI, Second edition
% [2] Dean K. Frederick and A. Bruce Carlson, "Fourier series" section in
% Linear systems in communication and control
%% Last Modified: Sept 24, 2013.
%% Copyright (c) 2013-2014 | Ankit A. Bhurane
%% =========================================================================

clc; clear all; close all;

% Specification
A = 1; % Peak-to-peak amplitude of square wave
Tau = 1; % Total range in which the square wave is defined (here -0.5 to
0.5)
T0 = 2; % Period (time of repeatation of square wave), here 10
C = 200; % Coefficients (sinusoids) to retain
N = 1001; % Number of points to consider
t = linspace(-(T0-Tau),(T0-Tau),N); % Time axis
X = zeros(1,N); X(t>=-Tau/2 & t<=Tau/2) = A; % Original signal
R = 0; % Initialize the approximated signal
k = -C:C; % Fourier coefficient number axis
f = zeros(1,2*C+1); % Fourier coefficient values

% Loop for plotting approximated signals for different retained coeffs.

for c = 0:C % Number of retained coefficients
for n = -c:c % Summation range (See equation above in comments)

% Sinc part of the Fourier coefficients calculated separately

if n~=0
Sinc = (sin(pi*n*Tau/T0)/((pi*n*Tau/T0))); % At n NOTEQUAL to 0
else
Sinc = 1; % At n EQUAL to 0
end
Cn = (A*Tau/T0)*Sinc; % Actual Fourier series coefficients
f(k==n) = Cn; % Put the Fourier coefficients at respective places
 R = R + Cn*exp(1j*n*2*pi/T0.*t); % Sum all the coefficients
end

R = real(R); % So as to get rid of 0.000000000i (imaginary) factor

Max = max(R); Min = min(R); M = max(abs(Max),abs(Min)); % Maximum error
Overshoot = ((M-A)/A)*100; % Overshoot calculation

if c==1
subplot(3,2,c); plot(t,X,t,R,'m','LineWidth',3); axis tight; grid
on;
xlabel('w/pi'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Approximation for N = ', num2str(c),...
'. Overshoot = ',num2str(Overshoot),'%'])
else if c==3
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(t,X,t,R,'m','LineWidth',3); axis tight; grid on;
xlabel('w/pi'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Approximation for N = ', num2str(c),...
'. Overshoot = ',num2str(Overshoot),'%'])
else if c==7
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(t,X,t,R,'m','LineWidth',3); axis tight; grid on;
xlabel('w/pi'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Approximation for N = ',
num2str(c),...
'. Overshoot = ',num2str(Overshoot),'%'])
else if c==19

subplot(3,2,4); plot(t,X,t,R,'m','LineWidth',3); axis tight; grid on;

xlabel('w/pi');
ylabel('Amplitude');

title(['Approximation for N = ', num2str(c),...

'. Overshoot =
',num2str(Overshoot),'%'])

else if c==50

subplot(3,2,5); plot(t,X,t,R,'m','LineWidth',3); axis tight; grid on;

xlabel('w/pi'); ylabel('Amplitude');

title(['Approximation for N = ', num2str(c),...

'. Overshoot = ',num2str(Overshoot),'%'])

else if c==200

subplot(3,2,6); plot(t,X,t,R,'m','LineWidth',3); axis tight; grid on;

xlabel('w/pi'); ylabel('Amplitude');

title(['Approximation for N = ', num2str(c),...

'. Overshoot = ',num2str(Overshoot),'%'])

end

end
end
end
end
end

R = 0; % Reset the approximation to calculate new one

end

%% ========================================================================