Encyclopedia

Group Rombel 1
1. Maria Sekar Rosari
2. Yulita Windiasih
3. Darmini Septiyani
4. Karen Santi Hapsari
5. Sumiyati
6. Reny Pramoe Wulandari
7. Prahesti Shinta F

K
Kinesthetic Intellegence

Kinesthetic intelligence is the abiltity to use one’s body with great precision, helping
to facilitate the implementation of our goals and personal objectives. Those with kinesthetic
intelligence are able to use the body to move fromintetion to action. It is crucial for our own
wellbeing, to remember the importance of unity, balance and harmony of both concepts.
Logical and kinesthetic intelligence by keeping in mind that the body and mind go hand in
hand in our development. The “reflective” or celebral part is equally as necessary as the
“active” or physical part of us.

Katz, Lilian

Lilian G.Katz was born on 7 Juni 1932 in London, Britania raya. Lilian G. Katz is an
international leader in early childhood education. She taught at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign for more than three decades and directed the ERIC Clearinghouse on
Elementary and Early Childhood Education (ERIC/EECE) for more than 30 years. She is a
professor emerita of early childhood education at the University of Illinois at Urbana–
Champaign, where she is also principal investigator for the Illinois Early Learning Project
and a contributor to the Early Childhood and Parenting Collaborative. She founded two
journals: Early Childhood Research Quarterly for which she served as editor-in-chief during
its first six years, and Early Childhood Research & Practice the first on-line peer-reviewed
early-childhood journal for which she remains editor-in-chief. Her scholarly work focused on
the developmental stages of a teacher, child social development, and she has been a
proponent of the project-based learning approach to childhood education, believing children
learn best in informal and interactive situations.

Kamii, Constance

Constance Kamii was born in Geneva, Switzerland, and attended elementary schools
there and in Japan. She finished high school in Los Angeles, attended Pomona College, and
received her Ph.D. in education and psychology from the University of Michigan.She is now
a professor of early childhood education at the University of Alabama in Birmingham. A
major concern of hers since her work on the Perry Preschool Project in the 1960s has been
the conceptualization of goals and objectives for early childhood education on the basis of a
scientific theory explaining children’s sociological and intellectual development. Convinced
that the only theory in existence that explains this development from the first day of life to
adolescence was that of Jean Piaget, she studied under him on and off for 15 years.When she
was not studying under Piaget in Geneva, she worked closely with teachers in the United
States to develop practical ways of using his theory in classrooms. The outcome of this
classroom research can be seen in Physical Knowledge in Preschool Education and Group
Games in Early Education, which she wrote with RhetaDeVries. Since 1980, she has been
extending this curriculum research to the primary grades and wrote Young Children Reinvent
Arithmetic (about first grade), Young Children Continue to Reinvent Arithmetic, 2nd Grade,
and Young Children Continue to Reinvent Arithmetic, 3rd Grade. In all these books, she
emphasized the long-range, over-all aim of education envisioned by Piaget, which is
children’s development of sociological and intellectual autonomy.

Kohlberg, Lawrence

Lawrence Kohlberg was born on 25 October 1927. He is American psychologist best

known for his theory of stages of moral development. He served as a professor in the
Psychology Department at the University of Chicago and at the Graduate School of
Education at Harvard University. Even though it was considered unusual in his era, he
decided to study the topic of moral judgment, extending Jean Piaget's account of children's
moral development from twenty-five years earlier.[1] In fact, it took Kohlberg five years
before he was able to publish an article based on his views. [1] Kohlberg's work reflected and
extended not only Piaget's findings but also the theories of philosophers George Herbert
Mead and James Mark Baldwin.  At the same time he was creating a new field within
psychology: "moral development". In an empirical study using six criteria, such as citations
and recognition, Kohlberg was found to be the 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th
century.

Kwarshiorkor

The condition of malnutrition accompanied by clinical signs such as edema in the

whole body, thin hair, rounded face and swollen. Kwashiorkor is a condition of malnutrition
(protein). Although the main reason for this disease is protein deficiency, but because the
food eaten is less nutritionally supplemented with different local consumption, there will be
differences in the picture of kwashiorkor in various countries.
Children / babies suffering from marasmic-kwashiorkor have symptoms (syndrome)
combined with the two things above. A baby suffering from marasmus then continues to be
kwashiorkor or vice versa depending on food / nutrition and the extent to which energy
reserves from fat and protein will be reduced / used up.
Marasmus-kwashiorkor has symptoms (syndrome) combined with the two things
above. A baby suffering from marasmus then continues to be kwashiorkor or vice versa
depending on food / nutrsely, if a protein reserve is used for energy, the symptoms of
kwashiorkor will be accompanied.
The causes of kwashiorkor include the following:
1. Diet
Proteins (and amino acids) are substances that are needed by children to grow and develop.
Although food intakes contain enough calories, not all foods contain adequate protein / amino
acids. Babies who are still breastfeeding generally get the protein from breast milk given by
their mother, but for those who do not get protein breast milk from other sources (milk, eggs,
cheese, tofu, etc.) are needed. Lack of maternal knowledge about the balance of child
nutrition plays an important role in the cause of kwashiorkor, especially during the transition
of breast milk to breast milk substitutes.
2. Social factors
Living in a country with a high population density, social and political conditions are
unstable, or there are restrictions to use certain foods and have gone down and down can be
things that cause kwashiorkor.
3. Economic factors
Low family / income poverty that cannot meet the needs results in a balance of children's
nutrition that is not fulfilled, when the mother cannot fulfill her protein needs.
4. Factors of infection and other diseases
It has long been known that there is a synergistic interaction between MEP and infection.
Infection of any degree can worsen nutritional conditions. And vice versa MEP, although in a
mild degree will reduce the body's immunity to infection.

Kindergarten

Kindergarten is a preschooleducational approach based on playing, singing,

practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home
to school. Such institutions were originally created in the late 18th century
in Bavaria and Strasbourg to serve children whose parents both worked outside home. The
term was coined by the German Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-
years education. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe a variety
of educational institutions and learning spaces for children ranging from two to seven years
of age, based on a variety of teaching methods.A school or class that prepares children for
first grade. A child in kindergarten is typically 5 or 6 years old. Frobel is the originator of the
Kindergarten. Kindergarten is a year when all of this is sorted and squished about, massaged
and nurtured. Each part–social, emotional, behavioral, and intellectual–pushes forward in fits
and starts. In addition, a concentrated dose of academics is worked into the mix.

Kurzweil “Reading Machine”

Ray kurzweil is one of the world’s leading inventors, thinkers, and futurists, with a
30-year track record of accurate predictions. Called “the restless genius” by The Wall Street
Journal and “the ultimate thinking machine” by Forbes, Mr. Kurzweil was selected as one of
the top entrepreneurs by Inc. magazine, which described him as the “rightful heir to Thomas
Edison.” PBS selected him as one of the “sixteen revolutionaries who made America.” Mr.
Kurzweil was the principal inventor of the first CCD flat-bed scanner, the first omnifont
optical character recognition, the first printto- speech reading machine for the blind, the first
text-to-speech synthesizer, the first music synthesizer capable of recreating the grand piano
and other orchestral instruments, and the first commercially marketed large-vocabulary
speech recognition.
On January 13, 1976, the finished product was unveiled during a widely reported
news conference headed by Kurzweil and the leaders of the National Federation of the Blind.
Called the Kurzweil Reading Machine, the device covered an entire tabletop, but functioned
exactly as intended. kurzweil "reading machine" is a tool that can translate printed writing
into sound or sound so that it can be received by the blind through hearing. and various other
special equipment such as special calculators, or internet browsing systems.

Kamila, Shafa Tasya

Shafa Tasya Kamila popular or has the name Michael Jackson is the former singer of
children who are now beginning a teenager. Trisha who was born in Jakarta, 22 November
1992, his debut in the entertainment pangung in August 1997 through an advertising model
dairy products. Moments later, it's a lot of cute boy featured starring role in a number of
advertisements and soap operas and movies. Tasya entry into the world of entertainment
Indonesia since was in kindergarten. Michael Jackson has starred in soap operas recorded
DESTINY, TV movies and UNGU BUTTERFLY BIRD SONGS, who delivered her award-
winning Goled Award at the Children's Film Festival in Cairo, Egypt. In 2000, the couple's
daughter and Billy Permadi Joewono Isverina then auditioned Sony Music and signed a
contract for one year. Soon, this Barbie doll lovers album spawned Holiday Has Arrived
(2000), Happy Gathering (2001), Ketupat Lebaran (2001), Pizza Palace (2003) and Bed Time
Stories (2003). Especially for the Holidays Have Arrived album AT Mahmud's work, had
sold up to 350,000 copies. Michael Jackson himself was the third of three brothers, each
named kakanya Muhammad Fatha Permana and Dhenia Lizariani Hafsha.
L
Locke, John
John Locke was born in 29 August 1632 in Whington. A small village in
Southwestern England. He is one of the most important of the world some have even
considered him as the most notable English Philosopher. He is often regarded as the founder
of a school of thought known as British Empiricism, and the made foundational contributions
to modern theories of limited, liberal goverment. He is also influental in the areas of
theology, religious tolerance and educational theory.
John Locke view on education are based in his empirical theory of human knowledge in his
famous work “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”. When born, the mind of the
child is like or blank slate – “tabula rasa”, to be filled later with the data derived from sensory
experience.

Locomotor
The locomotor basic motion is the behavior of moving the body from one place to
another (Bety, 1994: 42), so that it is proven by the existence of movement of the body
(traveling) from one point to another. Mahendra (2009b: 1) these movements stretch from
motion that is of a very natural nature such as crawling, walking, running, and jumping, to
movements that have been in the form of special skills such as wheeling, front rolling, to
handspring and backhandspring. The locomotor basic motion is the basis of various skills that
are very necessary for guidance, training and development so that children can carry out well
and correctly. Some basic locomotor movements develop as a result of several stages. The
process of formation of motion does not occur automatically, but is an accumulation of the
process of learning and practicing, namely by understanding movements and repetitive
movements accompanied by awareness of the movements carried out. Sayuti Sahara in
Sujiono (2003: 4.6-4.7) locomotor motion is a basic motion that is the foundation to be
studied and introduced to kindergarten-aged children.
 Ligthart, Jan
Jan Ligthart was born on 11 January 1859 in Amsterdam, in the Jordaan district. He
was a Dutch teacher and philosopher. He became known for his innovative educational
methods and the modernisation of the Dutch education system. He wrote many articles and
books about education. The learning model that can be applied to early childhood and in
accordance with the stage of development of concrete operational children is the Jan
Lighthart learning model or commonly referred to as the real item learning model. The real
item learning model was first introduced by Jan Lighthart. Through learning the real thing
will grow to develop the activity of children to observe, investigate and study the
environment. Real environmental conditions will also attract the spontaneous attention of
children so that children have an understanding and wealth of knowledge that comes from
their own environment. Learning materials in the environment around the child will be easily
remembered, seen, practiced solearning activities become practical functions of Sujiono
(2009: 101).
According to janligthartthe purpose of education is to produce humans (children)
who have noble character, not only are intelligent and educated in their brains, but also
intelligent in behaving.The purpose of family education is the basis for further education
where the main role is in a mother. To achieve this goal, role models are a very effective
educational tool. In order for children to have noble character, then the activity of filling in
and fostering the "heart" of children becomes a very important thing. The purpose of
education is to produce humans (children) who have noble character, not only are intelligent
and educated in their brains, but also intelligent in behaving.
The purpose of family education is the basis for further education where the main
role is in a mother. To achieve this goal, role models are a very effective educational tool. In
order for children to have noble character, then the activity of filling in and fostering the
"heart" of children becomes a very important thing. One of the educational methods
implemented by Jan Lighthart in instilling character and conscience is through the "method of
the lemon". The essence of this method lies in the concept of "defeating the ugliness of a
child's behavior with good deeds". Therefore, he is a figure who strongly opposes punishment
(especially corporal punishment) as a form of educational tool. teaching steps include centers
of interest, travel, discussion, telling, expression.
 Lupus
Lupus is not a drama story but a disease, some time ago lupus was a disease that
was not yet well known but with the passage of time lupus was like a fast-growing fungus in
various places. Lupus comes from Latin which means wolf, this is because in patients with
lupus, also called odapus, there is a red rash on its cheek called the butterfly rash, lupus is
also often called systemic lupus erithematosus (SLE). Lupus is a chronic "autoimmune"
disease that can affect the skin, nervous system, joints, kidneys, lungs and other parts of the
body. In lupus, the immune system is supposed to protect the body from attacks by viruses or
bacteria, on the contrary, healthy body tissue is attacked by its own immune system. Until
now the cause of the attack of lupus is unknown but there are several factors that affect
genetenetics (heredity), environment (drugs, poisons, food, and sunlight) (Hariadi &
Hoediyanto, 2007: 431). Lupus is not contagious, because lupus is not a contagious disease.
What are the symptoms of lupus? Usually the symptoms commonly felt by odapus feel tired
or weak body, fever, patches on the skin and pain in muscles and joints, sometimes these
symptoms can be interpreted as flu or dengue fever.

Literacy
According to Elizabeth Sulzby (1986), the meaning of literacy is the language skills
possessed by someone in communication (reading, speaking, listening, and writing) in
different ways according to their purpose. If defined briefly, the definition of literacy is the
ability to write and read. whereas According to UNESCO (The United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization), the meaning of literacy is a set of real skills, especially
skills in reading and writing, which are independent of the context in which the skills are
acquired and who gets them.
The objectives of literacy are as follows, Helping to increase public knowledge by
reading useful information. Helps increase a person's level of understanding in drawing
conclusions from information that is read. Improving one's ability to provide a critical
assessment of a paper. Helps grow and develop good character in a person. Increase the value
of one's personality through reading and writing activities. Grow and develop literacy culture
in the midst of society at large. Helps improve the quality of one's time usage so that it is
more useful. besides the purpose of literacy as well as the benefits of literacy, among others,
Increase the vocabulary (vocabulary) of someone. Optimizing brain performance because it is
often used for reading and writing activities. Get new insights and information.A person's
interpersonal skills will be better. The ability to understand the meaning of information will
increase. Improve one's verbal abilities. Improve one's analytical and thinking skills. Helps
improve one's focus and concentration ability. Improving one's ability in meaningful writing
and writing.

Leukemia

Leukemia is a hematological malignancy or a cancer of the blood. It develops in the

bone marrow, the soft inner part of bones where new blood cells are made. When a child has
leukemia, the bone marrow produces white blood cells that do not mature correctly. Normal
healthy cells only reproduce when there is enough space for them. The body will regulate the
production of cells by sending signals of when to stop production. When a child has
leukemia, the cells do not respond to the signals telling them when to stop and when to
produce cells. The bone marrow becomes crowded resulting in problems producing other
blood cells. Leukemia is the most common cancer in children and teens, accounting for
almost 1 out of 3 cancers. Most childhood leukemias are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
Most of the remaining cases are acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chronic leukemias are rare
in children. Leukemia begins in the bone marrow, which is where new blood cells are made.
The symptoms of leukemia are often caused by problems in the bone marrow. As leukemia
cells build up in the marrow, they can crowd out the normal blood cells. As a result, a child
may not have enough normal red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets. These
shortages show up on blood tests, but they can also cause symptoms. The leukemia cells
might also invade other areas of the body.

Lullaby

Lullabies are rhymed and harmonious words; in the form of poetry and prose
according to a certain melody generally sung by mothers but sometimes also by relatives like
grandma, aunt, elder sister etc. in order to soothe crying children or make them sleep.
Lullabies, the first teller of which is anonymous, are usually sung by mothers in order to send
their children to sleep. Mothers who are singing the lullabies in the form of ballads are thus
transmitting them to their children by either rocking them in their bosom or on their legs via
improvisation. A mother’s singing a lullaby while rocking her baby in a soft and harmonious
tone is a tradition of our culture that has its roots in very ancient times. Within this tradition
there is also the mother’s unique kind of managing her voice by softening, rising, hardening,
fastening or slowing it just according to the situation of the child at that moment. In this way
the mother is in fact directing her baby with the tone of her voice.

Lullaby is a tradition sung all over the World in order to send children to sleep. The
due tradition has very positive and constructive effects on children. Because of this reason
sources that apply to the interest of children should be given special importance.8 Besides the
positive effect of the lullabies on children the clues they bear in their body provide significant
contribution for the scientists of today. If we should shortly mention them: 1. Lullabies are
sung for boys as well as girls. 2. When babies are afraid of sudden movements and sudden
voices their blood pressure and heartbeats rise immediately. Lullaby draws this high blood
pressure suffered by children into a normal level and this is achieved in a very short time. 3.
Lullabies provide for a healthier period of growing up. 4. The language of lullabies is simple,
plain and fluent. As a result children comprehend the words being sung very rapidly and are
able to learn them in a very short time. 5. A child that grows up by listening to the lullabies of
its mother will have a much healthier kind of communication with her. 6. While the baby
communicates with the mother through lullabies its mind becomes active. Because as long as
the mother keeps speaking or singing the related perception centres in the brain of the child
remain stimulated. And this contributes to a faster comprehension of the desired information
the baby is supposed to perceive. 7. Some expressions taking place in lullabies transfer
children lots of subjects about life. 8. Lullabies take the tension present on the child and thus
ease the baby’s falling asleep. 9. The lullabies sung assist children in forming a calmer kind
of personality. 10. The words of the lullabies comprise wishes, desires and love; generally
meant for the wellbeing of the child. Consequently the due desires affect the child’s
subconsciousness positively.

Learning Environtment
Learning environment can refer to an educational approach, cultural context, or
physical setting in which teaching and learning occur. The term is commonly used as a more
definitive alternative to "classroom", but it typically refers to the context of educational
philosophy or knowledge experienced by the student and may also encompass a variety of
learning cultures its presiding ethos and characteristics, how individuals interact, governing
structures, and philosophy. In a societal sense, learning environment may refer to the culture
of the population it serves and of their location. Learning environments are highly diverse in
use, learning styles, organization, and educational institution.
Learning environment refers to the diverse physical locations, contexts,
and cultures in which students learn. Since students may learn in a wide variety of settings,
such as outside-of-school locations and outdoor environments, the term is often used as a
more accurate or preferred alternative to classroom, which has more limited and traditional
connotations a room with rows of desks and a chalkboard, for example.
The term also encompasses the culture of a school or class its presiding ethos and
characteristics, including how individuals interact with and treat one another as well as the
ways in which teachers may organize an educational setting to facilitate learning e.g., by
conducting classes in relevant natural ecosystems, grouping desks in specific ways,
decorating the walls with learning materials, or utilizing audio, visual, and digital
technologies. And because the qualities and characteristics of a learning environment are
determined by a wide variety of factors, school policies, governance structures, and other
features may also be considered elements of a “learning environment.”
Educators may also argue that learning environments have both a direct and indirect
influence on student learning, including their engagement in what is being taught, their
motivation to learn, and their sense of well-being, belonging, and personal safety. For
example, learning environments filled with sunlight and stimulating educational materials
would likely be considered more conducive to learning than drab spaces without windows or
decoration, as would schools with fewer incidences of misbehavior, disorder, bullying, and
illegal activity. How adults interact with students and how students interact with one another
may also be considered aspects of a learning environment, and phrases such as “positive
learning environment” or “negative learning environment” are commonly used in reference to
the social and emotional dimensions of a school or class.

Limited English Proficiency (LEP)

Limited English proficiency (LEP) is a term used in the United States that refers to a
person who is not fluent in the English language, often because it is not their native language.
Both LEP and English-language learner (ELL) are terms used by the Office for Civil Rights,
a sub-agency of the U.S. Department of Education. According to data collected from the U.S.
Census Bureau and Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) data, LEP
individuals accounted for 9% of the U.S. population over the age of five.The definition of
"limited English proficiency" varies between states and within state districts. Limited English
Proficient (LEP) students are not considered for 504 services based solely on the fact that
they are acquiring English and are not yet proficient in the language. In fact, they are similar
in most ways to students whose heritage language is English. They learn at different rates,
have various interests and characteristics and different personalities and bring vast
differences in background knowledge and experiences to the learning situation. All are
unique. However, language and culture add other dimensions to their uniqueness. Problems
may surface because these learners may use another language at home as they are learning
English at school. Many cultural references, idiomatic expressions and multiple meanings or
words that are known to most literate English-speaking students may be foreign to LEP
students. An example might be the sign, “Fine for Loitering.” If the LEP student has learned
the meaning for “fine” is “it is all right to do something,” the sign would convey an entirely
different meaning than the idea of having to pay money for loitering. All of these concerns
may cause barriers to learning. Although such problems are typical for second language
learners, they alone do not constitute a handicapping condition. Teachers must be able to
recognize the stages of language acquisition and be able to make modifications for these
students as they are acquiring English. The following page lists characteristics or behaviors
educators may see in LEP students, but is not meant to be a complete list or indicate that LEP
students are progressing in language development in the same way and at the same rate. Each
student is unique and educators will need to consider the needs of each student individually.
Life Skill Education (LSE)

According to WHO, life skills are positive and adaptive behavioral abilities that
support a person to effectively overcome the demands and challenges of his life. In
accordance with the Education Law No. 20/2003 Article 26 Paragraph 3 states that Life skill
education is included in non-formal education, which provides personal, social intellectual /
academic and vocational skills to work independently. Unicef defines life skill as a
behavioral development approach or behavior change between knowledge, attitudes and
skills. The skills in question are problem solving skills, critical thinking, decision making,
creative thinking.
 Lice

Lice are parasites that live on the scalp and cause itchy scalp. The medical term for
this disease caused by head lice is pediculosis capitis. A person can get lice from contact with
the head of another person who has head lice. This is different from the opinion of the public,
that head lice arise due to poor hair and scalp hygiene, or due to contracting from animals.
Lice are most often transmitted through direct contact with the patient's head. Without direct
contact, head lice cannot move from one head to another. This is because head lice cannot fly
or jump. Even though it can't fly or jump, head lice can crawl quickly. This allows head lice
to move from the head of the patient to the head of another person through objects used in the
head, such as hats, scarves, combs, pillows, towels, and headphones. Transmission can also
occur if someone saves these objects in the same place with objects belonging to the sufferer,
for example putting clothes in the same closet. how to prevent lice there are several steps you
can take to prevent head lice. This preventive step also needs to be done by people who have
been exposed to head lice, so that it doesn't happen again. Some of these steps are Avoid head
contact when on the move with other people, don't share the use of personal items, such as
clothes, hats, towels and pillows, do not lie on a sofa, carpet, or bed that has been used
recently by the sufferer, unless it has been cleaned with a vacuum cleaner (vacuum cleaner),
wash the patient's clothes with hot water, then dry in the hot sun, wash items used by
sufferers. If it cannot be washed with water, use the dry-clean method or put the item in a bag
and cover tightly for 2 weeks.

Laryngitis

Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx caused by various etiologies and can be

classified as acute or chronic based on duration of symptoms. Laryngitis is chronic if
symptoms persist for 3 weeks or greater. Symptoms of chronic laryngitis include dysphonia,
globus sensation, odynophagia, and excessive throat clearing. Etiologies for chronic
laryngitis include laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), irritants (cigarette smoke or inhaled
medications), rhinitis (allergic or other), mechanical irritation from voice misuse/overuse, and
infectious, including bacterial laryngitis and laryngeal candidiasis. Historically, routine use of
antibiotics to treat chronic laryngitis has not been recommended, and chronic infectious
laryngitis secondary to bacterial infection remains a poorly understood disease process.
Causative organisms have not been fully identified, and optimal treatment regimens are
unknown. A recent study demonstrated that otolaryngologists rarely treat chronic laryngitis
with antibiotics as the first-line therapy, preferring to start with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
treating LPR as the presumed etiology..
In this population, infectious laryngitis is defined as colonization with bacteria not
found in the previously characterized laryngeal microbiome of benign vocal fold lesions. In
suspected cases of infectious laryngitis, culture is recommended, by biopsy if needed. For
MSSA- and MRSA-associated laryngitis, an extended course of antibiotics may be necessary
for symptom improvement and resolution of laryngeal inflammation. However, the optimal
treatment regimen has yet to be defined and will require larger, prospective studies.

Lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy is the swelling of lymph nodes that are widely spread in the body
such as the armpit, chin, behind the ear, groin, and back of the head. This condition can be
detected by the presence of lumps more than one centimeter below the skin, sometimes
accompanied by pain. Besides lumps, people with lymphadenopathy can also feel other
symptoms. Lymphadenopathy is a disease that is dangerous for children, if not treated
immediately it will cause death in children. The spleen gland can be found throughout the
body. This gland is most easily felt in the neck, under the arm, and near the groin.
Lymphadenopathy can appear in one or several areas of the child's body. Mothers should
contact doctor if the child has the following symptoms: Fever, has swollen and painful lymph
glands, has a skin rash, the lymph glands remain swollen or painful, even enlarged, the lymph
glands have red streaks around them, or the skin around the gland red spleen. If the child has
the above signs or symptoms or other questions, consult a doctor. Each person's body is
different. Always consult a doctor to treat the condition of your child's health. Take
antibiotics to treat bacterial infections that trigger swollen lymph glands such as sore throat
and skin or ear infections, taking painkillers such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or
acetaminophen. You need to be careful in giving this medicine to your little one. The reason
is that even though this drug is safe for children over two years old, your child should not
take it when he has just recovered chickenpox or flu, self-care such as warm water
compresses and adequate rest. Mother only needs to soak cloth or towel into hot water, then
attach it to the lump area. Do it several times a day until the lump shrinks until it disappears.
 Lipoma

Lipoma is a fat lump that grows slowly between the skin and the muscle layer. Lipoma can
move or shift if pressed with a finger slowly and feels soft. When pressed, lipoma usually
does not cause pain. This condition is more often experienced by middle-aged people.
Lipoma can occur in all parts of the body, but most often occurs in the neck, shoulders, back,
abdomen, arms, and thighs. Lipomas that appear on the body are usually rarely risky or
dangerous. However, if there is a lump or swelling in the body, consult a doctor immediately.
Please contact your doctor if you feel pain around the area of the body that has a lump. If you
feel the size of the lump is getting bigger (for example, twice) in 12 months, you should
immediately contact a doctor. If the lipoma develops slowly and instead increases in size, it
can be a sign of a serious health problem. If you have the above signs or symptoms or other
questions, consult your doctor. Each person's body is different. Always consult a doctor to
treat health conditions. Family / genetic history, As explained earlier, someone who has a
family history of lipoma can increase the risk of developing lipoma. Age, Although lipoma
can affect people of all ages, this condition is more common in those between the ages of 40-
60 years. Lipomas rarely occur in children. Special circumstances, Someone also has the
potential for lipoma to occur in the following conditions: Gardner's syndrome, dolorosa
adiposis, familial multiple lipomatosis, and Cowden's syndrome. In general, a lipoma does
not require special treatment. However, if it interferes with aesthetics and causes pain, the
doctor will usually recommend appointment. You also do the following home steps to be
aware of a lump: Frequently monitor for lumps that appear on your body. Although the lump
is not dangerous, this condition can become more serious and must be treated immediately.
Call the doctor when the lump shows a reddish color and appears swollen with warmth.
Regular consultation with a doctor to monitor the development of symptoms. Listen to each
doctor's advice and do not do it yourself in dealing with lumps.

Learning through play

Learning through play is a term used in education and psychology to describe how a
child can learn to understand the world around them. Through the game, children can develop
social and cognitive skills, emotionally mature, and gain the confidence needed to engage in
new experiencesand environments. [1]The main ways that little children learn include
playing, getting along with others, being active, exploring and new experiences, talking to
themselves, communicating with others, facing physical and mental challenges, being shown
how to do new things , train and repeat skills and have fun. [2]. According to proponents of
the concept, play enables children to make sense of their world. Children possess a natural
curiosity to explore and play acts as a medium to do so.

Learning through play for Piaget is defined as movement through playing practice,
imaginative play, and continuing to play with a set of rules. On the other hand, Vygotsky
thinks that children can be helped to move from their level of performance to what they can
do. Vygotsky believed the zone of proximal development was created through games that
when children could, "operate at the highest cognitive level" (Smidt, 2006, p. 46). When
children understand the world around them, Vygotsky thinks that those who express
themselves through play.

Lincoln, Thomas

Thomas Lincoln (January 6, 1778 – January 17, 1851) was an American farmer,

carpenter, and father of 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. Unlike some
of his ancestors, Lincoln could not write, but he was a well-respected community and church
member known for his honesty. Lincoln struggled to make a successful living for his family
and met challenges of Kentucky real estate border disputes, the early death of his first wife,
and the integration of his second wife's family into his own family before making his final
home in Illinois. He was the one who put forward the concept of character education. In
character education Lickona (1992) emphasized the importance of the three components of
good character (components of good character) that is moral or knowledge of moral knowing,
moral feeling or sense of moral action and moral or immoral acts. This is necessary so that
learners can understand, feel and do as well as virtues.

Thomas Lickona defines the nature of the character as a person in response to a moral
situation that given into action through good behavior, honesty, responsibility, respect for
others and other noble characters. This notion is similar to those expressed by Aristotle
(1987), that the character is closely related to the "habit" or habits that continue to be done.
Illustrated that the character is like the "muscle", where "muscles" of the character will
become mushy if not trained, and be strong and sturdy that is often used. As a bodybuilder
who constantly practice to form the muscles, the "muscles" of the character will also be
formed with a Atihan practices that would eventually become a habit (habit).
 Lewin, Kurt

Kurt Lewin (September 9, 1890 – February 12, 1947) was a German-American

psychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied
psychology in the United States. Exiled from the land of his birth, Lewin made a new life for
himself, in which he defined himself and his contributions within three lenses of analysis:
applied research, action research, and group communication were his major offerings to the
field of communication.vLewin is often recognized as the "founder of social psychology" and
was one of the first to study group dynamics and organizational development. A Review of
General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Lewin as the 18th-most cited
psychologist of the 20th century.

Learning Project

Learning Project is clear about it identity. The school has a serious sense of propose, it is
guided by time tested pedagogical. Learning project is student - centered pedagogy that
involves a dynamic class approach where it is believed that student gain deeper knowledge
through active exploration of real-world challenges and problems. 1) Student learning about
subjects by working for long periods of time to investigate and respond to complex questions,
challenges or problems. 2) These are active learning styles and inquiry-based learning.
Learning project cites many benefits for implementing strategies in the classroom-including a
deeper understanding of concepts, a broader knowledge base, better communication and
interpersonal/ social skills, improved leadership skills, increased creativity and improved
skills writing.

Long Term Memory

Long-term memory refers to the storage of information over an extended period. If

you can remember something that happened more than just a few moments ago whether it
occurred just hours ago or decades earlier, then it is a long-term memory.Some important
things to know about long-term memory. Long-term memories are often outside of the
conscious mind. This information is largely outside of our awareness but can be called
into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is relatively easy to
recall while other memories are much harder to access.Not all long-term memories are
created equal, however. Information that is of greater importance leads to a stronger recall.
You can usually remember important events such as your wedding day or the birth of your
first child with much greater clarity and detail than you can less memorable days. While some
memories spring to mind quickly, others are weaker and might require prompts or reminders
to bring them into focus.Memories that are frequently accessed also become much stronger
and easier to recall. Accessing these memories over and over again strengthens the neural
networks in which the information is encoded, leading to the easier recollection of the
information. On the other hand, memories that are not recalled often can sometimes weaken
or even be lost or replaced by other information.

M
Mental Retardation (MR)

Mental retardation (MR) is one of the more common developmental disabilities. It is

defined as an intellectual functioning level (as measured by standard tests for intelligence
quotient) well below average and significant limitations in daily living skills (adaptive
functioning). Mental retardation is defined as IQ score below 70 to 75. It can be idiopathic
and challenging to recognize in normal-appearing children who have developmental delays.
According to the ‘Centre for Disease Control and Prevention’, in the 1990s, mental
retardation occured in 2.5 to 3 percent of the general population. Mental retardation begins in
childhood or adolescence before the age of 18. Stromme and Hagberg (14) studied 178
children with MR derived from a population-based series of 30,000 children born between
1980 and 1985 in Norway. Forty-four per cent of these children had severe MR (IQ less than
50) and 56% had mild MR (IQ 50 to 70) as presented in Table 1. Monogenic and
chromosomal disorders were more frequent in the severe MR group, whereas, less specific
deficits were associated with mild MR.Only rarely do parents raise a concern about MR to
the pediatrician. Most affected children present with “speech” delay, the most common type
of developmental delay. A busy pediatrician often sees several children who have “speech
delay” each week. For the young child whose hearing is intact, language development is the
best indicator of future cognitive abilities. In fact, one of the most common causes of
language delay is cognitive impairment or MR. When a parent is concerned about his or her
child’s speech, the pediatrician must determine whether the child has an isolated expressive
language (speech) delay or a more serious combined expressive and receptive language
delay. Due to time constraints and lack of pediatrician-friendly standardized tools, this
determination is accomplished best by a speech and language pathologist

Malnutrition

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of

energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition covers 2 broad groups of conditions. One is
‘undernutrition’—which includes stunting (low height for age), wasting (low weight for
height), underweight (low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a
lack of important vitamins and minerals). The other is overweight, obesity and diet-related
noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer). Malnutrition
affects people in every country. Around 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight, while
462 million are underweight. An estimated 41 million children under the age of 5 years are
overweight or obese, while some 159 million are stunted and 50 million are wasted. Adding
to this burden are the 528 million or 29% of women of reproductive age around the world
affected by anaemia, for which approximately half would be amenable to iron
supplementation. Many families cannot afford or access enough nutritious foods like fresh
fruit and vegetables, legumes, meat and milk, while foods and drinks high in fat, sugar and
salt are cheaper and more readily available, leading to a rapid rise in the number of children
and adults who are overweight and obese, in poor as well as rich countries. It is quite
common to find undernutrition and overweight within the same community, household or
even individual – it is possible to be both overweight and micronutrient deficient, for
example. In April 2016, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution
proclaiming the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition from 2016 to 2025. The Decade aims to
catalyse policy commitments that result in measurable action to address all forms of
malnutrition. The aim is to ensure all people have access to healthier and more sustainable
diets to eradicate all forms of malnutrition worldwide. Every country in the world is affected
by one or more forms of malnutrition. Combating malnutrition in all its forms is one of the
greatest global health challenges. Women, infants, children and adolescents are at particular
risk of malnutrition. Optimizing nutrition early in life—including the 1000 days from
conception to a child’s second birthday—ensures the best possible start in life, with long-term
benefits. Poverty amplifies the risk of, and risks from, malnutrition. People who are poor are
more likely to be affected by different forms of malnutrition. Also, malnutrition increases
health care costs, reduces productivity and slows economic growth, which can perpetuate a
cycle of poverty and ill health.

Micronutrients

Micronutrients are small compounds needed in minimum amounts to enable the body to
produce enzymes, hormones and other substances essential for healthy growth and
development. Commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals, micronutrients include
compounds such as fluoride, selenium, sodium, iodine, copper, and zinc. They also include
vitamins such as vitamin C, A, D, E, and K, as well as the B-complex vitamins. Although we
need less quantities of micronutrients compared to macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins,
fats), the consequences of their absence can be severe.Micronutrients are those vitamins and
minerals required in very small quantities in our bodies which are essential for a number of
different functions, including growth and development.  Despite requiring only trace
amounts, micronutrient deficiencies are widespread, affecting approximately two billion
people worldwide, the equivalent of a third of the world’s population. Micronutrient
deficiencies are commonly associated with chronic hunger, in addition to specific dietary
deficits. Such deficiencies negatively impact on children’s physical growth and mental
development leading to stunting, poor cognitive function and poor school
performance. Micronutrient Deficiencies are often hard to notice, but ultimately have a
devastating form of malnutrition. The most common deficiencies in school-age children are
due to lack of iron, vitamin A and iodine.

Muscular Dystrophy

The muscular dystrophy are a group of inherited disorders characterised by

progressive muscle wasting and weakness. Muscular Dystrophy is degenerative, chronic, and
having certain life time. Usually this disease is about men, while women who have this
disease only career (Wedhanto & Siregar, 2007). Muscular Dystrophy only appears 1 of the
3600 births of male babies (Tachjian 1997, in Wedhanto & Siregar, 2007).

Montessori, Maria

Maria Montessori is the first female in Itali to graduate from the University of Rome’s
Medical School in 1896 and become a licensed medical doctor is well known. Montessori
was born on 31 August 1870 in the town of Chiaravelle in the province of Ancona at a time
when “New Italy” and the spirit of Risorgimento (Italian Unification) were paving the way
for major political and social changes.

Maria Montessori become famous because she made the education program for
“defective children” and she’s program can developed worked so well that several of the
“defective children” learned how to read and write and were able to pass the state
examinations with above-average scores. Her interest in “idiot children” because she was
triggered by her exposure to the conditions with wich they lived, for they were housed with
the adults in the asylums and no effort was made to care for them, beyond keeping them
alive.

Motor Development

Motor development is the process of learning how to use muscles in the body to
move. The progression of acquiring motor skills goes from simple to complex. How the
process motor development for children. First, most children develop from head to toe, or
cephalocaudal. Initially, the head is disproportionately larger than the other parts of the
infant's body. Second, children develop their motor skills from the center of their bodies
outward, near to far or proximal-distal. This principle asserts that the head and trunk develop
before the arms and legs, and the arms and legs before the fingers and toes. Babies learn to
master control of upper arms and upper legs, then forearms and legs, then their hands and
feet, and finally fingers and toes. An example of this is an infant's need to control the arm
against gravity before being able to reach for a toy. Lastly, the general to specific
development pattern is the progression from the entire use of the body to the use of specific
body parts. This pattern can be best seen through the learned process of grasping. Initially,
infants can grossly hold a bottle with both hands at about four months of age. After practice
and time, twelve-month-old infants can hold smaller toys or food in each hand using a
pincher grasp. Within the motor milestones exist two forms of motor development: gross
motor development and fine motor development. The infant's gross motor activity is
developed from movements that began while in the womb and from the maturation of reflex
behavior. With experience, the infant slowly learns head control, then torso or trunk control,
and then is rolling, sitting, and eventually walking. The first year of a baby's life is filled with
major motor milestones that are mastered quickly when compared to the motor milestone
achievements of the rest of the baby's development. In addition to the development of gross
motor skills, a baby is simultaneously learning fine motor skills.

Metabolic syndrom

Metabolic syndrom is The MetS is one of several patterns of risk for atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). It represents a combination of risk determinants that
contrasts it to isolated cigarette smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes.
The MetS follows in the wake of urbanization, increasing obesity, and sedentary life habits.
Moreover, some ethnic groups are particularly susceptible to the MetS. To overcome MetS is
Modifying the health care system to more effectively cope with the MetS through lifestyle
therapy will be necessary to reduce the burden of chronic disease associated with advancing
age. MetS very risky those who suffer from abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides,
reduced highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated
glucose simultaneously.

Music

Music is sound that has been organized by using rhythm, melody or harmony. If
someone bangs saucepans while cooking, it makes noise. If a person bangs saucepans or pots
in a rhythmic way, they are making a simple type of music.. Most music includes people
singing with their voices or playing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, or drums.
The word music comes from the Greek word μουσική (mousike), which means "(art) of the
Muses". In Ancient Greece the Muses included the goddesses of music, poetry, art, and
dance. Someone who makes music is called a musician. Most likely the first rhythm
instruments or percussion instruments involved the clapping of hands, stones hit together, or
other things that are useful to keep a beat. There are finds of this type that date back to the
paleolithic. Some of these are ambiguous, as they can be used either as a tool or a musical
instrume.

Myopia

Myopia is referred to as nearsightedness due to reduced ability to see far, but can
see closely well (Ilyas, 2006: 29). Myopia is problem of eye’s health that are still often
experienced until now. Beside the genetic factors, study behavior is often linked to the
prevalence of myopia among students. Complications in myopia can be prevented by using
correction glasses early. regular use of correction glasses is mostly done by school-age
children who suffer from myopia with female gender. Characteristics of respondents based on
age in school-age children with myopia who use eye glasses correction on learning
achievement showed the use of glasses corrected in rutindi Pacar Keling VI Elementary
School Surabaya was mostly carried out by students in the 9 year age group 26.19% and the
use of corrective glasses most routines are carried out by students in the 9 year age group
19.04%. The different nature of women and men makes the use of corrective glasses more
regularly done by female students. Quantitative learning achievement in the good category is
obtained by many female students who use corrective glasses on a regular basis, this is
because correction glasses help students get a normal sharp vision so they can learn well.

Minimal Brains Dysfuction

Brain injury can be caused by major trauma or infection. Brain injury can occur at
any time. Children who experience acute brain injury are some children who are suffered a
brain injury resulting from a cause that needed treatmentmedical or direct or emergency
surgery. The injury can be caused by an infection, bleeding, tumor, trauma, developing
hydrocephalus,or one of the number of conditions that need to be addressed to ensure that
children stay alive and limit the damage that occurs to the brain. Child injured brains that
experience "Mental Imperfection": children who experiencemental imperfection is a child
who has malformation or brain abnormalities. This can be caused by a genetic disorder, such
as Down syndrome, or a number of problems that can affect child brain development before
birth. Children with brain injuries are accompanied neurodegenerative disorders: children
who experience neurodegenerative disorders may have a disease or condition in their nervous
system2. Brain injury can cause a concentration of attention or attention deficit disorder. The
main treatment approach for minimal brain dysfunction is pharmacotherapy, which is focused
primarily on "brain nutrition" and increased blood flow through blood vessels in the brain to
increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to nerve cells, and target long-term rehabilitation
Manualism

Manualism is a communication system that emphasizes manual alphabet (finger

spelling) and sign language. Important reason Sign language for deaf children is revealed in
Cline & Frederickson (2002, p. 373). Marschack (1993) states thatpsychological studies show
poor cognitive development and social deaf children if they are not given access to
communication in the form of visual mediation. Other than that, various national sign
languages have all the main characteristics from oral language (Kyle & Woll, 1983).

Multiple Intelligence

Multiple intelligence is multiple intelligence which can be interpreted as a person's

ability to solve a problem. Intelligence includes thinking power and cognitive development.
There are 4 cognitive developments triggered by Jean Piaget, namely (1) sensorimotor in
children aged 0-2 years, (2) preoperative in children aged 2-7 years, (3) concrete surgery in
children aged 7-12 years, (4) and formal surgery in children aged> 12 years. This figure in
multiple intelligences was pioneered by Prof. Dr. Howard Gardner is a psychologist and
education expert from Harvard University, USA. This was introduced through Gardner's
work entitled Frame of mind. In the beginning, multiple intelligence was triggered by only 8
types of intelligence, but as time and knowledge developed, multiple intelligence became 9
intelligences.
Intelligence is one of the main factors that determine the success of failure of
learners studying in school. Students who have low or below normal intelligence levels are
difficult to expect high achievement. But there is no guarantee that with a high level of
intelligence someone will automatically succeed in learning at school. Sharing knowledge
from Professor Gardner who has discovered the theory of multiple intelligence or Multiple
Intelligences, that there is a lot of intelligence that everyone has. This theory also emphasizes
the importance of "models" or examples that have succeeded in developing one intelligence
to the top. In the concept book and the meaning of learning (Sagala, 2005: 84) describes 8
intelligences namely verbal / language intelligence, logic / mathematical intelligence, spatial /
visual intelligence, body / kinesthetic intelligence, musical / rhythmic intelligence,
interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, spiritual intelligence.

Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals.
Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In
severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin ten
to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. If not properly treated, people may
have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an
infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over
months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. It is caused by the
single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group. The disease is most commonly
spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites
from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood. The parasites travel to the liver, where they
mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans. Most
deaths are caused by p. falciparum because p. vivax, p. ovale, and p. malariae generally cause
a milder form of malaria. The species p. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans. Malaria is
typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with
antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests. Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect
the parasite's of DNA have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is
common due to their cost and complexity.

Mary Mack/Miss Mary Mack

"Mary Mack" ("Miss Mary Mack") is a clapping game played by children in
English-speaking countries. It originated in Virginia in 1908 and is best known in various
parts of the United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and in New Zealand and has
been called "the most common hand-clapping game in the English-speaking world". Another
standard in children's song literature "Miss Mary Mack" is an African American children's
hand clapping or street game. The melody line is simple and the lyrics are repetitious which
makes learning the song quick and easy. Help the children understand that the lyrics are
"fantasy" words with the primary value contained in the rhythmic delight young children
having when performing this song and clapping activity. In the game, two children stand or
sit opposite to each other, and clap hands in time to a rhyming song.The same song is also
used as a jumprope rhyme,although rarely so according to one source.
How to play isbody percussion or hand clapping activities are favorites with young
children and help them develop rhythmic accuracy without the complication of instruments in
their hands while they are learning the patterns. This clapping activity uses an 8-count pattern
that actually begins on the three pick-up notes of the song. The actual down beat of the song
comes on the word "Mack" in the first verse, but the clapping begins on "Miss", right at the
beginning. This takes some practice. (1) pat your lap, (2) pat your chest, (3) clap your own
hands, (4) right hand to your partners right hand, (5) clap your own hands, (6) left hand to
your partners left hand, (7) clap your own hands, (8) clap your two hands to your partners
two hands. Practice the pattern slowly until the children are confident with their coordination
of the sequence. Then pick up speed and watch them go. The objective is to sing and move at
the same time.
Once the children get going, they like to keep the magic happening. The song can
be extended by creating (individually or as a group) additional verses on the same theme.
Since the whole song is fantasy, anything the children dream up should be workable as long
as it fits the pattern. The fun of doing street games is the "unofficial contest" of going faster
and faster without losing the sequence or messing up the game. After the children have
learned the hand game, put the students into small groups of 6 and let them find a working
tempo together that is comfortable for their group. This will require listening sensitivity
directed toward each person in the group. Once the children are working together allow them
to slowly pick up the tempo, at their own timing, as they try to outdo the other children in the
group. (Social Studies) Street games are the creative product of children who live in large
urban areas of the United States where the homes and often the schools have no yard or
playground for physical activity. The games are played on the sidewalks or in the alley ways.
Have the children in your class compare their neighborhood and play activities to those of
urban children. What is different? What is the same? Have the children in your class try and
make up a singing game or hand clapping game that is reflective of themselves and their
neighborhood. Discuss it afterward.
 Mathematical Intelligence

Logical-mathematical intelligence is intelligence that involves the ability to process

numbers properly and or correctly using reasoning or logic. This intelligence includes
sensitivity to logical relationships, causal relationships, and other logics. The process used in
mathematical-logical intelligence includes classification (classification / grouping),
conclusions and calculations. From an early age or at the age of preschoolers. To practice
abstraction skills, logical thinking skills, specific understanding, intuitive strength, ability to
use formulas / formulas, and memory / imagination to think of children's mathematics.
Parents and teachers in the school. Parents or educators can guide PAUD children in
recognizing numbers with various kinds of games, from an early age or at the age of
preschoolerspuzzles and sorting images of numbers from small to large ones too introduce
children to the currency used.

Multisensory Approach

Multisensory approach emphasizes the principles of teaching through visual, auditory,

kinesthetic and tactile (VAKT) implies that student learn best when information is presented
in different modalities (Mercer & Mercer, 1993). Multisensory is instruction is a way of
teaching that engages more than one sense at a time for kids with reading issues like dyslexia,
the use of sight, hearing, movement and touch can be helpful for learning. Can be used in any
subject from reading to math to science and drama, allows for more individualized lesson
planning.

Meningitis

Meningitis is a disease that occurs due to inflammation or infection of the meninges

of the brain. This disease has a high mortality rate, including in Indonesia. Can be prevented
by living a healthy lifestyle and avoiding conditions that can trigger the spread of infection.
To increase immunity from germs that cause meningitis, vaccinate according to your doctor's
advice.
 Measles

Measles is a viral infection that is characterized by the appearance of a rash

throughout the body and is very contagious. Measles can be very disturbing and leads to more
serious complications. Symptoms of measles begin to appear around one to two weeks after
the virus enters the body. How to prevent measles, which is to provide MMR vaccination is a
joint vaccine for measles, mumps and German measles. MMR vaccination is given twice.
The first is given when the child is 13 months old, then the next is given when they are 5-6
years old or before entering elementary school.

Mumps

Mumps is a swelling that occurs in the parotid gland due to a viral infection. The
parotid gland is a gland that functions to produce saliva and is located just below the ear.
When mumps occur, the side of the patient's face will look enlarged. Mumps is an infectious
disease that is commonly suffered by children. This disease is caused by a virus from the
paramyxovirus family. The spread of mumps virus can occur through sprinkling of saliva
released by mumps sufferers when coughing or sneezing. Healthy people can contract the
mumps if the spark enters their nose or mouth, either directly or through an intermediary. For
example due to sharing eating equipment with patients or touching the surface of objects that
have been contaminated with the virus from the sufferer. Mumps can spread within a few
days. Therefore, prevention efforts need to be done as early as possible. The trick is to avoid
direct contact with patients and undergo immunization, especially for children over the age of
one year. How to prevent mumps is to give MMR immunization to children. Vaccination is
done when the child is aged 1 and must be repeated once again at the age of 5 years. In
people who do not get vaccines when they are young, the precautionary measures that can be
taken are always to maintain hand hygiene, not sharing toiletries or eating utensils with
others, using tissue paper when sneezing or coughing so that they can be disposed of
immediately, and wearing a mask. For sufferers of mumps, it is recommended not to move
outside the home for at least five days after the first symptoms appear, to prevent the spread
of the disease to other people.

Mumbled

Mumbled is a white liquid that melts in the baby's mouth. The amount is not too much
and after the baby spit still looks fine. Mubled is a normal condition for babies under 12
months, especially for those under the age of 6 months. The smaller the age of the baby, the
more often it will mumled. Mumbled itself is caused by the digestive system of infants who
are not yet perfect to receive food that enters their bodies including breast milk. How to deal
with mumbled up is First, make it a habit to feed or breastfeed a baby in a more upright state,
maintain that position about 20-30 minutes after giving milk or food, let the intake go down
in the digestive tract and do not immediately be invited to play. Try to give less milk or food,
but with frequency often enough. Then don't forget to make your belching every time you
suckle or if you need to do this between suckles, which is about 2-3 minutes. Babies who
suckle using pacifiers, you should pay close attention to the size. Pacifiers that are too large
can trigger spit up because the milk is too much for the baby, and don't let the baby suck from
the empty bottle. Avoid getting the baby to sleep on his stomach. The baby should sleep in a
supine position, with the head slightly higher than the body and legs. This can also avoid
sudden infant death syndrome or sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Some actions that
can also be done to reduce spit up is to add thickening substances to food, or reduce
consumption of cow's milk for the little one, especially in infants suspected of suffering from
lactose intolerance. However, it is still advisable to consult a doctor first, in order to get
appropriate treatment if deemed necessary.

Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration is a global diseasethat causes blindness, is
becoming increasingly prevalent, and has no effective cure. Age-related macular
degeneration is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in people 50 years of age or older
in the developed world. Nowadays the pathogenesis of AMD is still not entirely clarified,
however, this disorder has multifactor background, which include interactions between
genetic and environmental factors. AMD is divided into two forms: exudative (“wet”) and
nonexudative (“dry). Any some symptoms may occur, including blurred vision, visual
scotomas, decreased contrast sensitivity, abnormal dark adaptation (difficulty adjusting from
bright to dim lighting), and the need for brighter light or additional magnification to read
small print. Gradual, insidious visual loss with central or pericentral visual scotomas typically
develops in patients who have advanced non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration,
usually over the course of months to years.19 Conversely, patients with neovascular age-
related macular degeneration can have sudden, profound visual loss within days to weeks as a
result of subretinal hemorrhage or fluid accumulation secondary to choroidal
neovascularization.
The treatment of agerelated macular degeneration depends on the stage of the disease
progression. One of the first methods of treatment of exudative AMD was laser
photocoagulation with argdson laser. Currently, this kind of treatment is used in certain cases
of neovascularization in extrafoveal area. Next elderly method of therapy of AMD was a
photodynamic therapy (PDT) at year 2000. The treatment consist in intravenous injection of
verteporfin and a laser at the same time. At 2002 was in use transpupillary thermotherapy
(TTT). Last few years for treatment AMD is used antagonist of vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF). Apart from every mentioned method above, nutritional therapy is also
essential and it decrease the risk of progression of AMD. The diet should contain products
full of vitamin C,E, beta carotene, zinc and cooper.

Mitigation

Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of
disasters. In order for mitigation to be effective we need to take action now—before the next
disaster—to reduce human and financial consequences later (analyzing risk, reducing risk,
and insuring against risk). It is important to know that disasters can happen at any time and
any place and if we are not prepared, consequences can be fatal.

Effective mitigation requires that we all  understand local risks, address the hard choices, and
invest in long-term community well-being. Without mitigation actions, we jeopardize our
safety, financial security and self-reliance.

 Disasters can happen at anytime and anyplace; their human and financial
consequences are hard to predict.

 The number of disasters each year is increasing but only 50% of events trigger
Federal assistance.

 FEMA's mitigation programs help reduce the impact of events—and our dependence
on taxpayers and the Treasury for disaster relief.

FEMA's Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA) manages the National
Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and implements a variety of programs authorized by
Congress to reduce losses that may result from natural disasters. Effective mitigation efforts
can break the cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. FEMA's
mitigation and insurance efforts are organized into three primary activities that help states,
tribes, territories and localities achieve the highest level of mitigation: Risk Analysis, Risk
Reduction, and Risk Insurance. Through these activities and FEMA's day-to-day work across
the country, communities are able to make better mitigation decisions before, during, and
after disasters.

Moral Feeling

Moral feeling is one of the characteristics of education proposed by Thomas

Lincoln. Moral Feeling is another aspect of the Hares implant in them which is a source of
energy of human beings to act according to moral principles. There are six things that are
emotional aspects that should be able to be felt by a person to become a man of character are:
1) Conscience, It has two sides, the first is the cognitive side of knowing what is right, and
the second side of the emotional feeling is the obligation to do the right thing, 2) Self-esteem
(confidence) Someone must have the right size about self-esteem so that they can judge
themselves, their thoughts or allow others to harass themselves, 3) Empathy (feel the pain of
others) The ability to recognize and understand the situation of others, 4) Loving the good
(love the truth) Being truly related to all good things. 5) Self-control (able to control himself)
Self-control helps someone to behave according to ethics, and 6) Humility, humility makes a
person open to self limitations and wants to correct mistakes that have been made
.
Moro Reflex

The Moro Reflex, sometimes caled the infant startle reflex, is an automatic reaction to
a sudden change in sensory stimuli. A sudden change of any kind (bright light, change in
body position, temperature, loud noise, intense odor, touch etc.) can trigger the Moro Reflex.
The Moro reflex is a combination of movements. The baby’s arms and legs open rapidly
upward and away from the body. At the same time there is a quick intake of breath, then a
momentary freeze of the arms and legs in the outward position. The arms and legs then return
to the normal flexed posture of the infant, and the breath is released, often with a cry.The
Moro reflex is a response to a perceived threat and creates instant arousal of the baby’s
survival system, or “fight or flight” response. It is also the baby’s instinctual response to
summon a caregiver
Moro reflex is a sudden response in a newborn baby and occurs due to surprising
sounds or movements. when shocked, the newborn baby arches his back, throws his head
back, and stretches his arms and legs. Moro reflex is a legacy of our primate ancestors and
this reflex is an effort to maintain life. This reflex is a normal condition for all newborns, and
tends to disappear at the age of 3 to 4 months.

Morphological Development

The rate of Morphological development in a child may differ, there seems to be some
degree in the regularity in the stages that the children go through as they acquire different
morphemes such as plural and past tense. At first children may produce correct
morphological words because they are mainly repeating words like a parrot. As the child
begins to recognize in the input that it is receiving and tries to work out the systematic
fashion. As they begin to relies they may be making morphological errors which were
previously correct. In these instances children are applying a particular pattern to a word that
is in fact an exception to the rule. It is likely that they produce forms that they would not have
heard from their surrounding environments.

With nouns, children usually learn to use the singular form in a noun first. Both in context
when the noun is singular and where it is plural. For example saying the phrases ,'one shoe
two shoe and three shoe'. In places where the plural form is irregular in adult speech, the
child may hear the irregular form but not recognize that the word is in it's irregular plural
form. The child may use it in place of the singular or use as a variant of the singular form. For
example, 'one mice or one feet'.

Moral Knowing

Moral Knowing is one of the characteristics of education proposed by Thomas

Lincoln. Moral Knowing is important to teach the terdin of six things: 1) moral awareness
(moral consciousness)Using intelligence that is owned to assess a situation to fit the
prevailing moral values, 2) Knowing moral values (know the moral values) know and apply
various moral values such as respect, responsibility, and tolerance in all situations, 3)
Perspective takingThe ability to take viewpoints from other people, such as feeling what
other people feel, and imagining what other people might think and react to something, 4)
Moral reasoning is Understanding of what moral means must be moral, 5) Decision
makingThe ability to make decisions and actions in dealing with problemsand 6) Self-
knowledgeThe ability to know and evaluate the behavior of yourself.

Moral Action

Moral Action is one of the characteristics of education proposed by Thomas Lincoln.

Moral action is how to make moral knowledge can be realized into real action. This moral
action is the outcome of two other character components. To understand what drives a person
in good deeds (act morally) then three other aspects of character must be seen, namely
competence (competence), will (will) and habits (habit). Moral action involves taking the
necessary steps to transform the intent to do the right thing into reality. This includes moral
ownership, moral efficacy, and moral courage. Even if people are aware of ethical issues they
encounter, able to determine the correct choice to make, and truly wish to do the right thing,
they still may not be able to convert that awareness, decision-making ability, and intent into
action. Sometimes people fail to do the right thing even though they know what it is and want
to do it. Many students may be able to conjure up situations where by themselves they were
able to change the trajectory of a situation.

Manipulative motion

According to Sujiono (2007: 12.4) said that manipulative motion is an activity carried
out by the body with the help of a tool. According to Pramono et al. (2010: 9) states that
Manipulative motion is the motion of playing a certain object or tool, for example, a ball,
racket, or wooden bat. Examples of throwing, catching, herding, kicking, bouncing,
bouncing, bouncing. Manipulative is another complex motion skill. Therefore, children who
are in a period of growth and development really need a structured control of adults.

Malaguzzi Loris
 Loris Malaguzzi as the inventor of the Reggio Emilia Approach also created a Charter
of Rights which lists the rights of children, teachers, and parents in the Reggio Emilia
educational environment. This charter is the main base of the Reggio Emilia Approach.
Educational methods or approaches for early childhood, which are different from
conventional approaches, namely Reggio Emilia Approach (REA). This approach is
committed "to create learning conditions that will encourage and facilitate children to build
their own thinking power through the incorporation of all expressive, communicative, and
cognitive languages" (Edward & Forman, 1993). REA was created by Loris Malaguzzi and
parents in the area around Reggio Emilia in Italy after World War II. At that time, because
the number of male workforce was reduced due to the war, women were forced to become
laborers in factories and industries. Coupled with the conditions of destruction, parents feel
the need for a new approach to how to teach their children. These parents felt that in the early
years of their development they formed themselves as individuals. Departing from this
thought, a program was created which was principled with respect, responsibility and
togetherness through exploration in a supportive environment and enriching children's
interests. The role of teachers in REA is quite complex. Besides being obliged to work with
other teachers, the first and foremost role of the teacher is to become a learner with students.
The teacher acts as a researcher who becomes a source of knowledge and guides who lend
their expertise to students. In such an environment, the teacher as an educator must be careful
in listening to, paying attention to, and documenting student work and the development of the
community in his class, as well as the task of provoking and stimulating the thought process.
Teachers are committed to evaluating their own teaching and learning. Programs at REA
concentrate on families. The vision of Loris Malaguzzi about "relationship-based education"
is focused on the relationship of each child with others and seeks to activate and support
reciprocal relationships between children and other children, families, teachers, society, and
the environment. REA challenges some conventional understandings of teacher competence
and also teaching practices that are suitable for the pattern of child development. In REA, for
example, teachers understand that confusion is part of the learning process. So, one of the
important teaching strategies of REA is to let mistakes occur (compared to conventional
formal schools where making mistakes is considered the worst thing a student does), or
sometimes inviting students to start a learning project without knowing clearly how to end it.
later.
 Milia

Milia are tiny white bumps that appear across a baby's nose, chin or cheeks. Milia are
common in newborns but can occur at any age. You can't prevent milia. And no treatment is
needed because they usually disappear on their own in a few weeks or months. Milia are most
commonly seen on a baby's nose, chin or cheeks, though they may also occur in other areas,
such as on the upper trunk and limbs. Sometimes similar bumps appear on a baby's gums or
the roof of the mouth. These are known as Epstein pearls. Some babies also develop baby
acne, often characterized by small red bumps and pustules on the cheeks, chin and forehead,
which can occur with or without milia. Milia develop when tiny skin flakes become trapped
in small pockets near the surface of the skin.

Mother tongue

Mother tongue can enable students’ understanding of the concepts, lexical or

grammatical or academic terms (Nguyen, 2012). This implies that mother tongue is the
language in which the individual is most familiar with and has the contact for the longest
period of time. The use of mother tongue and translation can serve as a tool for improving
language skills (Mohan, 2013). This indicates that in learning or acquiring second language,
mother tongue plays an essential role as well. As the individual has acquired the mother
tongue, it becomes the yardstick in helping the individual to learn the second language. This
can be done via translation. The translation is useful for L2 acquisition because, firstly, it uses
authentic materials, secondly, it is interactive, thirdly, it is learner-centred, and finally it
promotes learner autonomy (Mohan, 2013).

Mother Goose Story

The figure of Mother Goose is the imaginary author of a collection of French fairy
tales and later of English nursery rhymes.[1] As a character, she appeared in a song, the first
stanza of which often functions now as a nursery rhyme.[2] This, however, was dependent on
a Christmas pantomime, a successor to which is still performed in the United Kingdom. The
term's appearance in English dates back to the early 18th century, when Charles Perrault’s
fairy tale collection, Contes de ma Mère l'Oye, was first translated into English as Tales of
My Mother Goose. Later a compilation of English nursery rhymes, titled Mother Goose's
Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle, helped perpetuate the name both in Britain and the United
States. Mother Goose's name was identified with English collections of stories and nursery
rhymes popularised in the 17th century.

Multiple disabilities

"Multiple disabilities" means concomitant impairments (such as mental retardation

blindness, mental retardation-orthopedic impairment, etc.), the combination of which causes
such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education
programs solely for one of the impairments. The term does not include deaf blindness. For a
child to be identified as having multiple disabilities (MD) he/she must exhibit two (2) or
more disabilities. Referral should be based on the observation of a combination of the
characteristics outlined in the eligibility criteria section of this document.

Mongolian spots

Mongolian spots are a type of birthmark caused by the pigment in the skin. The medical term
for a pigmented birthmark such as a Mongolian spot is a congenital dermal melanocytosis.
Mongolian marks are often present at birth, but may also appear in the infant's first weeks of
life. These birthmarks have been known about for centuries, and people used to attribute them
to cultural beliefs and myths. Mongolian spots cannot be prevented, and experts do not know
why some babies get them and others do not. They occur when some of the skin's pigment
gets "trapped" in the deeper layers of skin during the infant's development. When the pigment
does not reach the surface, it appears as a gray, greenish, blue, or black mark. Mongolian
spots are considered to be harmless, even with their possible link to the rare disorders listed
above. If the baby has been checked by a medical professional and has no health issues, the
spots should not be cause for concern. People who have Mongolian spots, whether they
outgrow them or have them for life, live normal, healthy lives. As with any birthmark, people
with Mongolian spots may decide to accept their appearance or look into cosmetic removal
options. The decision is up to the individual and their healthcare team.

Monica, Agnes Muljoto

 Agnes Monica's full name or commonly greet Muljoto agnes monica, was born in
Jakarta on July 1, 1986. He is the youngest of the couple Jenny and Ricky Siswono Suprapto.
He has a brother named Steve Muljoto who later became her manager. Agnes completed
Tarakanita elementary education in Jakarta, and then continued his education to Junior Pelita
Harapan. At her school, Agnes is a student who excel in academics and often receive a
scholarship, although he is also busy with activities outside of school such as piano lessons,
English, ice skating, and badminton. Agnes talent in the arts has seemingly since he was a
child, especially the singing field. Besides forged in the church, Agnes also took courses
vocals in some places. When the age of six years, Agnes began her career as a singer and
recording his first children's album, entitled The Meow. Agnes's name as a singer bounce
when she released her second album in 1995 which is a duet album with Eza yayang. The
album was named the "Best Children's Album" in 1999. Another album was released the
Bala-Bala Agnes. The third album is successful jump into the ranks of Agnes on the most
popular singer in the era of the 1990s. In addition to singing and released an album, Agnes
also a presenter of children ie Children's Video Anteve (VAN) in Anteve, Tralala-Trilili in
RCTI and Diva Romeo in Trans TV.

Agnes was awarded Panasonic Awards for "HOST Children's Favorite" for two
consecutive years, 1999 and 2000. A teenager, Agnes began to plunge into the world of
acting, beginning with his appearance on the soap opera and Mr. Lupus Millenia. Hologram
in 1999. In that year, Agnes managed to poll ranks first best actress teenager artiscilik.com
version. In 2000, Agnes became the main character in the soap opera with Sahrul Gunawan
Early Marriage. This soap opera that had catapulted the name Agnes and erase its image as a
little artist. Agnes was acting in the soap opera was awarded "Favorite Actress" at the
Panasonic Awards in 2001 and 2002, and SCTV Awards as "popular actress" in 2002.
N
NAEYC (National Association for the Education of Young)

National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) is focused on

improving the wellbeing of young children, with particular emphasis on the quality of
educational and developmental services for children from birth through age eight. NAEYC’s
main founder is Patty Smith Hill, was founded in 1926 in Washington D.C. These programs
typically adopt a child centered approach to education, provide services that align with
children’s developmental needs, and are documented to positively impact development and
school readiness (North Dakota Department of Human Services 2010).

Neurological Visual Impairment

Neurological Visual Impairment is defined as a disturbance/ limitation/ limitation in the

sense of sight, which although aided by certain tools (corrected), conditions this still has a
detrimental influence on the processes with disabilities. The terms visual impairment include
blind and low vision (IDEA, in Heward 2017).

Numeracy Skills

The numeracy skills of children are very important. Numeracy in kindergarten is

necessary to develop further knowledge of basic math in elementary school. Learning to
count early childhood, namely to train children to think logically and systematically from an
early age and to introduce the basics of numeracy learning so that in time the child will be
more prepared to take arithmetic learning at a more complex level.
 Nose bleed

Nose bleeds are bleeding that occurs from the nose. Blood can come out of one or
both holes of different duration. Some experience it for only a few seconds, and there are
more than 10 minutes. Nose bleeds are common in kids 3 to 10 years old, and are most likely
to be nose-picking or dry water. They can be scary, but are rarely cause for alarm. Most will
stop on their own and can be easily managed at home. How to treat child’s nose bleeds is you
can help slow down your child’s nose bleed by seating them in a chair. Follow these steps to
stop a nose bleed: first Keep them upright and gently tilt their head forward slightly. Leaning
their head back could cause blood to run down their throat. It will taste bad, and it can make
your child cough, gag, or even vomit. Second Pinch the soft part of the nose below the nasal
bridge. Have your child breathe through their mouth while you (or your child, if they are old
enough) do this. Third Try to maintain pressure for about 10 minutes. Stopping too early may
make your child’s nose begin bleeding again. You can also apply ice to the bridge of the
nose, which may reduce blood flow.

Nursery School

Nursery school is (UK and US) from 0 months to 5 years old is a pre-primary
educational child care institution which includes Preschool. Child care programs that
typically operate for fewer hours/day and days/week than other child care option and tend to
have less regulatory oversight. The first level of schooling, the nursery is the level in the
schooling system, and is for children under the age of compulsory school attendance, i.e.
under the age of 6. It is for all children, irrespective of mental and physical ability, culture or
religion. Parents bear primary responsibility for the raising of their shildren, while the nursery
school is an additional developmental tool.

Neoromotor Disorder

Children who experience neuromotor or physical disorders are those who experience
movement or physical disorders caused by neurological disorders, congenital, infections and
abnormalities in the brain. Neuromotor barriers are clearly seen combining children moving,
walking, and doing daily activities. For example in learning to write, exercise, dance, or skill
activities and so on. Specially needed in the learning provided. When a child is born he is
diagnosed with disorder including walking, speaking and language disorders. In large cities
and abroad many children are affected by the disorder. Because children who have the
disorder can be given therapy for their recovery or entering children into extraordinary
schools. Both have a disorder, the characteristics and symptoms displayed can be different
between babies and children. Longer the child experiences disorder, the growth will be more
disturbed. So, by knowing the symptoms of early, parents can prevent more severe
complications. no parent wants their child to have a disruption in their development, therefore
they are really carry out various ways so that their child can recover.

Nutrition

Nutrition is a source of substances in healthy foods that are needed to help the growth
and development of body organs optimally. Nutrition itself is often referred to by many
people with the term nutrition. The way to approve nutrition is through solving food extracts
by the digestive system. Nutrition can help into two groups, namely micronutrients and
macronutrients. At the age of 1-3 years it is very vulnerable to nutritional diseases, such as
vitamin A deficiency and protein energy malnutrition. Children aged 6-24 months need at
least 100 mg of DHA per day which can help their brain development. Nutritional factors at
this time become important because a lack of certain nutrients can cause brain development is
hampered which makes children's intelligence decreases.

Nutrition that is right for the child's brain can help improve memory and children's
skills that make children's performance better at receiving lessons. Children get their nutrition
from the food they eat. usually, in the content of the food there are nutritional components
such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and iron. Children need to be given complete
nutritional intake so that their growth is optimal. Because, nutrients in the body can not work
alone to provide maximum benefits for the body. Parents of children, especially mothers,
because mothers know the nutrition given to their children. Start with breakfast, make meal
time a priority, monitor children's eating habits, and make food creations for children.

Neophobia

Food neophobia is a term which has gained currency recently as a tool for
understanding difficulty with feeding and eating. It refers to an overwhelming fear of new or
unfamiliar foods; ‘neophobia’ refers specifically to fear of new. in various countries and
usually happens in Indonesia. This phobia first appears in infants between the ages of 12-24
months. To prevent food phobias, it takes 5-10 repetitions to introduce new foods. Until, they
can adapt to these foods. Because our ancestors would have built up knowledge of which
foods were safe to eat, and which were not, through associations between a food's smell and
colour and what happened when they ate it. For example, whether it made them sick or
not. Based on this, they could make generalisations about other foods; certain colours, smells,
or textures suggesting freshness with others predicting danger. Avoid forcing food into his
mouth, Be patient and avoid "cheating", Create food, Eating directly, in front of it, Try
special therapy. parents of children who experience food phobia

Neuron Sensorik

Sensory neurons are nerve cells that function to deliver stimuli / impulses from the
central nerve both the brain and spinal cord. when the body is on the move, sensory neurons
will work on their own. In the brain and spinal cord. Sensory neurons send stimuli or
impulses received from the senses, such as the eyes, nose or skin, central nervous system, that
is, to the brain and spinal cord. The brain in turn, processes these stimuli and sends them back
to other parts of the body, telling them how to react to certain types of stimuli. Because
neurons have the ability as conductivity (conductor) and existence (can be stimulated, and
have the ability to respond to stimuli very well.

Naturalist Intelligence

Naturalist intelligence is relevant with the things that are natural in human. According
to Sri Widayati naturalist intelligence is the ability to identify any kinds of flora, fauna and
other natural phenomenon such as the origin of animal, plants growth, solar system existence,
galaxies, and others. The children who have strong naturalist intelligence have interest to the
outside world or fauna which arise since early age.

Nodules

Nodules is a condition when painful nodules that resemble pimples or boils grow on
the edge of the eyelid. Most nodules only appear in one eye. This condition also generally
does not affect the patient's visual ability. Nodules usually occur on the outer eyelids, but
sometimes they can also appear on the inside. Nodules that grow on the inside are more
painful than those that grow outside. staphylococcal bacteria. Examples of infections caused
by bacteria that can trigger nodules are infections that occur in the roots of the lashes, oil
glands, and sweat glands. Staphylococcal bacteria usually live on human skin without causing
disease. But the risk of nodules will increase when we touch the eyes with dirty hands. How
to prevent nodules is to maintain eye hygiene is the most important step to avoid bites.
 Nystagmus

Nystagmus is an oscillation of the ocular motor system that begins with a slow eye
movement that takes the eyes away from the target or intended gaze angle and is followed by
either a return slow eye movement, a saccade, or a combination of both. A saccadic intrusion
is initiated by a saccade that takes the eyes away from the target or intended gaze angle and is
followed by either a return slow eye movement or a saccade. A saccadic oscillation is a
repetitive series of saccadic intrusions. There are several types of benign nystagmus usually
seen in infancy. The most common types consist of the Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS,
aka “congenital” nystagmus — CN), the Fusion Maldevelopment Nystagmus Syndrome
(FMNS, aka latent/manifest latent nystagmus — LMLN), the nystagmus blockage syndrome
(NBS), and the Spasmus Nutans Syndrome (SNS).
The nystagmus of the INS is an ocular motor disorder that can appear at birth, but is
usually noted in early infancy (at the time of development of both motor and visual function)
and persists throughout life. INS encompasses both nystagmus that is not associated with
ocular anomalies and nystagmus associated with other anomalies (e.g., albinism, aniridia,
retinal dystrophies, optic nerve hypoplasia, or congenital cataracts). The syndrome consists of
one or more types of nystagmus with characteristic waveforms, head turns, tilts, or
oscillations. Rarely, the nystagmus becomes manifest later in life[3], so the term “congenital”
should be thought of as a congenital “predisposition” for this particular type of ocular motor
instability rather than taken literally.
Current therapies for nystagmus fall into two major categories: central and peripheral.
Central therapies may be neurosurgical or pharmacological; each is directed at the central
source of the nystagmus and its aim is to directly reduce the initiating, brain-stem nystagmus
signal (the motor command). Peripheral therapies may be pharmacological, optical, or
surgical; each is directed at a peripheral mechanism to reduce the resulting eye oscillation
directly without affecting the brain-stem nystagmus motor command. One additional, new
therapy that may affect nystagmus is afferent therapy. An example is gene therapy applied to
the retina to correct genetic deficits that impair vision directly and may facilitate the
development of nystagmus.
 Nasionalism

Nationalism is an understanding of the society of a nation that has the same culture, and the
region and the same ideals and goals, thus the society of a nation feels a deep loyalty towards
the nation itself. Because the sense of patriotism and nationalism cannot be taken for granted
when someone is in the adult stage. This must be implanted and fertilized since childhood is
rooted to maturity. All that starts from planting values at home. Parents and people are closest
to the child are the main ones. Planting national values at the age of three children are able to
communicate verbally well. When children already understand the love of the country, that is
where the attitude and sense of nationalism will grow and develop properly. But parents also
have an important role in teaching children to have a sense and attitude of nationalism. In the
school environment, residence, and surrounding environment. Maybe initially with easy
things first like food and clothing. For example, by introducing fruits from Indonesia,
traditional cakes, such as as nagasari cake, lepet, cassava and so on. Then new to language.
You must provide good and correct examples in Indonesian. Especially now that are more
proud of their children speak English. Before introducing foreign languages, from age 0-5
years the child must be introduced to the mother tongue first. Sometimes parents like to
forget the basics. Introducing a variety of Indonesian cultures, using domestic work products,
introducing Indonesian history, educating children to appreciate diversity, introducing
traditional games, and traditional food.

Nephritis

Nephritis is a condition in which the renal functional units (nephrons) become inflamed. This
inflammation is also known as glomerulonephritis, which can affect kidney function. The
kidneys are organs to filter blood circulating in the body to reduce excess water and remove
waste from the kidneys. Glomerulonephritis is a major cause of end-stage renal failure and
high rates of morbidity in both children and adults. Most glomerulonephritis is chronic with
unclear causes and most appear to be immunological. Glomerulonephritis is often
experienced by children around 3 to 7 years old and is more common in boys than girls.
Nephritis and kidney disease are usually inherited in the family, which indicates the
possibility of a genetic component. Some infections, such as HIV and hepatitis B or C, can
also cause nephritis. Kidney damage, in some cases, can occur as a result of drugs, such as
antibiotics. This damage can cause nephritis. Using too many painkillers, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or diuretic pills can also cause this condition. Symptoms of
acute nephritis can occur suddenly, while chronic nephritis can occur chronic and
unwittingly. Sometimes this disease does not show any symptoms, but for some people this
disease appears with the characteristics of nephritis as follows: nausea, anemia or lack of
blood, hypertension, puffy eyelids, urine that comes out a little, urine is red, usually
accompanied by hypertension. To prevent this from happening, patients must undergo
dialysis (dialysis), an action that uses a tool to replace kidney function. However, patients
will not survive only with dialysis. Later, the kidneys must be replaced with healthy kidneys
through kidney transplants.

Neuropsychology

Neuropsychology is the study and characterization of the behavioral modifications

that follow a neurological trauma or condition It is both an experimental and clinical field of
psychology that aims to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain
functioning and is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral and cognitive
effects of neurological disorders. Whereas classical neurology focuses on the pathology of
the nervous system and classical psychology is largely divorced from it, neuropsychology
seeks to discover how the brain correlates with the mind through the study of neurological
patients. It thus shares concepts and concerns with neuropsychiatry and with behavioral
neurology in general. The term neuropsychology has been applied to lesion studies in humans
and animals. It has also been applied in efforts to record electrical activity from individual
cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients).

Neurosains

Etymology neuroscience is neural science that studies the nervous system, especially
studying neurons or nerve cells with a multidisciplinary approach.2 In terminology,
neuroscience is a field of science that specializes in scientific studies of the nervous system.
On this basis, neoroscience is also referred to as the study of the brain and all of the back
nerve functions. The brain system has an important role in the regulation of cognition,
affection, and psychomotor, including IQ, EQ, and SQ.4 Physical, spiritual and mental
separation will have implications for the development of all three (IQ, EQ and SQ) which
automatically perpetuates imbalances in the realm of cognition , affective and psychomotor in
learning.5 This scientific evidence inspires that character education is not like developing the
potential of the brain. All systems in the brain work together to build human attitudes and
behavior. Therefore, regulating normal brain performance will produce optimal functions so
that behavior can be consciously controlled by involving emotional and spiritual dimensions.

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma most commonly arises from the adrenal gland(s), but can form
anywhere that sympathetic nervous tissue is present, including paraspinal sympathetic
ganglia in the chest and abdomen. The term neuroblastoma is commonly used to describe a
spectrum of neuroblastic tumours including neuroblastomas (the most common type),
ganglioneuroblastomas, and ganglioneuromas. The vast majority of neuroblastomas are
diagnosed in children younger than 5 years old, and nearly all patients are diagnosed by the
time they are 10 years old. The median age at diagnosis is around 18 months. Neuroblastoma
accounts for nearly 8% of all childhood malignancies and is the most common solid tumour
in children not arising from the brain. This incidence is similar across industrialised nations.
Given the rarity of the disease, strict associations are hard to prove, and no specific
environmental exposure has been implicated in the development of neuroblastoma.
Neuroblastoma is classically an embryological malignancy derived from neural crest cells.
The neural crest is a group of neuronal cells that migrate from the spinal cord to form many
structures, including the sympathetic nervous system, during fetal development. Therefore,
the tumour is found to originate from sympathetic ganglia near the spinal cord.

Neonatal

Neonatal is a place that exists in the first life of a baby. The first life experienced by
the baby is usually at the age of 28 days. In Neonatal the baby must adjust the state that is
outside the uterus. Given this baby lives in the womb at birth all organs in the baby must be
able to talk with the situation outside the uterus. Optimal neonatal care requires knowledge of
history family, history of previous and current pregnancies and the state of labor. The
condition of a mother affects the condition of the neonate who is born. Pregnancy
complications that increase the risk of maternal and neonatal pregnancy, pregnancy
complications, maternal medical complications and obstetric complications.

Native Language

Native language is helpful in explaining complex idea and grammar rules and helps
students learning new vocabulary more effectively, and preventing the waste of time in
explanations and instructions (Spahiu, 2013). In concurrence to previous claim, it is crucial to
note that mother tongue will be helpful for an individual in understand certain concepts in the
second language. Whenever faced with complex terminologies and rules, mother tongue
helps in making the individual understand the concept by comprehending their pre-requisite
knowledge in mother tongue. Thus, embedding native language use in second language
learning is seen as an alternative in getting the learners familiar with the second language.

Nature and nurture in child development

The Nature/Nurture is a continuing phenomenon in developmental sciences, resulting

from emerging theoretical perspectives and research findings in neuroscience, psychology,
sociology and education fields. It can be interpreted as a conflicting yet complementary
dialogue which underpins a greater understanding of an extremely complex and dynamic
interaction between the biological factors and the environmental influences in human
development. It was observed, that if a baby does not sleep properly, his sleeping schedule
can be improved by you to induce better sleep. According to one study, it was observed that
babies who were exposed to a significant amount of daylight during the day, slept better at
night in comparison to babies who were not. This is because exposing the babies to sunlight
is beneficial in regulating their sleeping and waking schedule. Apart from this, some simple
changes in your kid’s bedtime routine such as no distractions before sleep-time, quiet
surroundings, playing soft music, are some of the things that may help in inducing better
sleep.
O
ORS (Oral Rehydration Salts)

ORS (oral rehydration salts) is a special combination of dry salts that is mixed with
safe water. It can help replace the fluids lost due to diarrhoea. When a child has three or more
loose stools in a day, begin to give ORS. In addition, for 10–14 days, give children over 6
months of age 20 milligrams of zinc per day (tablet or syrup); give children under 6 months
of age 10 milligrams per day (tablet or syrup). In most countries, ORS packets are available
from health centres, pharmacies, markets and shops. How to make ORS the first step put the
contents of the ORS packet in a clean container. Check the packet for directions and add the
correct amount of clean water. Too little water could make the diarrhoea worse. The second
step Add water only. Do not add ORS to milk, soup, fruit juice or soft drinks. Do not add
sugar.The third step stir well, and feed it to the child from a clean cup. Do not use a bottle.
Then Encourage the child to drink as much as possible.

Omega-3

Omega-3s are essential fatty acids that help feed the brain and keep it healthy. They
are part of the process of building new cells — the key to developing the central nervous and
cardiovascular systems and helping the body absorb nutrients. Omega-3 fats also are
important for eye function.

Oat

Oats (Avena sativa) are a type of

cereal grain. People use them as food for themselves and other animals, for example,
chickens and horses. Oatmeal is made from oats. Oat straw is used as bedding for animals.
Porridge is made only from whole grain oats. It forms an excellent part of a balanced diet for
the following reasons:

1. Oats are rich in both soluble and insoluble fiber.

2. Oats are a place to get energy. As a rich place to get complex carbohydrates, they
provide a slow release of energy over the morning – in that way they reduce the desire
to eat ‘quick energy release’ sugar-based foods.
3. Oats are also a good place to get protein.
4. Oats are low in unsaturated fat and contain no cholesterol.
5. Oats are also a good place to get vitamin B1.

Oats have many uses in food. Most of the time they are rolled or crushed into oatmeal,
or ground into oat flour. Oatmeal is also eaten as porridge, but may also be used in many of
baked goods, such as oat cakes, oatmeal cookies, and oat bread. Oats are also an substance
used in many cold cereals, in particular muesli and granola. Without cooking, oats may also
be taken as food.

Organism

An organism is any living thing. It is easy to recognise a living thing, but not so easy
to define it. Animals and plants are organisms, obviously. Organisms are a biotic, or living,
part of the environment. Rocks and sunshine are parts of the non-living environment.
Organisms usually have five basic needs. They need air, water, nutrients (food), energy and a
place to live. However, not all living things need all these at the same time. Many organisms
do not need access to water at all. Some organisms are so small that they cannot be seen with
the naked eye. You need a microscope to see them. They are called microorganisms.
Organisms can be made up of just one cell. They are called unicellular organisms or single
celled organisms. Examples include bacteria, and protozoa such as the Amoeba and
Paramecium.

Orthopedic

The definition of an, "Orthopedic Impairment," is one that includes impairments

caused by congenital anomalies such as absence of a member, clubfoot, impairments caused
by disease such as bone tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, or impairments for other causes to
include amputations, fractures, cerebral palsy, burns, or fractures. Orthopedic impairment is
defined as a severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child's educational
performance. The term includes impairments caused by congenital anomaly (e.g., clubfoot,
absence of some member, etc.), impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone
tuberculosis, etc.), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and
fractures or burns that cause contractures). Many students with orthopedic impairments have
no cognitive, learning, perceptual, language, or sensory issues. However, individuals with
neuromotor impairments have a higher incidence of additional impairments, especially when
there has been brain involvement. For most students with orthopedic impairments, the impact
on learning is focused on accommodations necessary for students to have access to academic
instruction.

Oxygen (O2)

Oxygen (O) is a chemical element. In nature, oxygen is a gas with no color or smell.
Oxygen is a very important element because it is a part of the air people breathe and the water
people drink. Because of this, oxygen supports life. Many living things (including humans)
need oxygen to live and breathe, though it is poisonous to some forms of life. In liquid state
of matter, oxygen is light blue. Oxygen was initially discovered in 1772 by Carl Wilhelm
Scheele. Then Joseph Priestley also discovered it two years later and spread the news before
Scheele. This made many people think that Priestley discovered oxygen first. The word
oxygen comes from Greek words: oxus (acid) and gennan (generate). Oxygen comes to earth
from all parts of the universe in meteorites. It is also found in minerals and plants that grow
on the earth and other planets.

Obesity

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in some developing countries. A

potential emerging public health issue may be the increasing incidence of childhood obesity
in developing countries and the resulting socioeconomic and public health burden faced by
these countries in the near future. Obesity is a condition of excess body weight due to buried
fat, for men and women respectively exceeded 20% and 25% of the weight of the body and
can harm health. While overweight (overweight, obesity) is a State in which a person's
Weight exceeds the Weight normally. According to the WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION (WHO) as well as NIH 1998, referred to as Obesity when BMI (IMT)
more than normal. To accurately referred to as Overweight if the BMI 25.0 >, whereas
preobese when BMI between 25-29.9, Obese I when BMI 30-34.9, Obese II his BMI 35-39.9
and Obese III when her BMI exceeds 40. Obesity is a major risk factor for chronic diseases
and plays a central role in the “insulin resistance” or “metabolic” syndrome, which includes
hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and an increased
risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of overweight and obesity
increases from childhood to adulthood, though the level of early childhood malnutrition
remains relatively high. This review found a rapidly increasing prevalences in overweight
and obesity among children of preschool age in developing countries. Overweight/obesity
and stunting is an important public health issue of low and medium-income countries, which
began in early childhood. Malnourished mothers and related growth retardation insimanation
and compromised breastfeeding and infant feeding results in stunting early in life.

This pattern is typically followed by indirek the kids was hindered by poor quality
diet nutrition, characterized by high-calorie food low in density and diversity, which in turn
leads to weight gain later in childhood. In Western countries, the incidence of obesity has
more than doubled during the past generation; as a result, the prevalence of metabolic
syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing very rapidly in the population of
pediatric. Although chronic diseases are now well recognized as a growing problem for low
and medium income countries, the limited data available for these countries and the
developing countries have been ignored in health strategies. Until now, most national public
health programs and policies, as well as the national level research on children from low and
medium income countries, have focused on malnutrition and its effects on the survival and
death of mother and child. an estimated 22 million children under the age of 5 years is
estimated to be overweight or at risk of becoming overweight worldwide. There is strong
evidence that childhood obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent in middle and low income
countries. The highest prevalence of childhood overweight is found in Eastern Europe and the
Middle East, while India and Sri Lanka have the lowest prevalence. for clinical practice and
epidemiology research, children who are overweight and obesity is assessed using indicators
based on weight and height measurements, such as measures of weight-for-height or body
mass index (weight (kg) /height (m).

Otitis Media

Otitis Media is Otitis media is the medical name for middle ear infections, which are
very common in young children. Otitis media is a common childhood illness. It has been
estimated that about 75 per cent of children will have had otitis media at least once by the
time they start school. Acute otitis media occurs most often in children aged between 6 and
18 months, but is common up until 4 years of age. How to prevent otitis media in children is
keep children from a smoke-filled environment or in a smoker's environment. Complete
vaccination in children on schedule, especially pneumococcal vaccines and DTP / IPV / Hib
vaccines. Prioritize breastfeeding, not formula milk. Avoid direct contact with children who
are sick or have an infection. Do not feed children when they lie down. After children aged 6-
12 months, don't give them pacifiers.

Onlooker play

Onlooker play is a phase of the game proposed by Mildrer Parten. Mildred parten was
a sociologist who studied children's play in the 1930s. ‘Onlooker play’ commonly emerges a
little later when the child is around 30 months. Here, the child clearly observes others
playing, and may talk about what is happening in the play, but makes no effort to actively
participate. Parten also identified ‘parallel play’, which usually occurs at much the same time
as onlooker play, defining this as a side-by-side activity which may involve mimicry and
choosing similar toys. Though there is no communal engagement, this is an important
precursor to fully interactive play.

OED Method

OED method is very suitable to be applied to children born to 2 years. the OED
stimulation model was developed by Bambang Sujiono through longitudinal research on his
three children from 1993-2007 and to date the process continues. The basis of the
development of this model is the development of the potential of children from an early age
and the formation of the initial ability of children from birth to 2 years, the next age is the
development of what has been formed. besides this model is preferred to stimulate the
development of sensory function.

OCD

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder in which people

experience unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, images, or sensations (obsessions) and
engage in behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response. Often a person with OCD
carries out the compulsions to temporarily eliminate or reduce the impact of obsessions, and
not performing them causes distress. OCD varies in severity, but if left untreated, it can limit
one's ability to function at work, school, or home. OCD usually first appears in childhood,
adolescence, or early adulthood. how to treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is
typically treated with psychotherapy, medication, or both at the same time. Research-backed
forms of therapy for treating OCD include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which is
used to treat a range of disorders, and a specific type of CBT called Exposure and Response
Prevention (ERP). In ERP, a person with OCD, initially guided by a therapist, is exposed to
thoughts, things, or situations that produce anxiety or lead to obsessions and compulsions
and, in doing so, learns to not engage in habitual compulsions. This approach aims to
gradually reduce the anxiety prompted by such thoughts and encounters so that the individual
can better manage OCD symptoms. Medications called serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs)
and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are also used to treat OCD. These include
the older antidepressant clomipramine and more recently developed drugs such as fluoxetine,
fluvoxamine, and sertraline. SSRIs are thought to work by increasing the amount of the
neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain, and they are commonly prescribed for other
conditions, including depressive and anxiety disorders. They may take as long as 12 weeks to
produce an improvement in symptoms when used to treat OCD.

Occupational Therapy

Occupational Therapy", roots are in the subsoil of the moral movrment developed in
Europe durmg thr Age of Enlightenmenl. Philippe Pinel. A French philosopherphysician, and
Willzam Tuke. Occupational therapy is a holistic approach to health care treatment that
promotes an individual’s wellbeing and quality of life through the therapeutic use of
everyday activities (occupations). Occupational therapists empower people of all ages and
abilities to participate in the activities that they need and want to do, despite any injury,
illness, or disability they are experiencing. Occupational therapy aims to help people who
have difficulty with their everyday work, home or leisure activities because of illness or
disability. Some occupational therapists (OTs) have specialist knowledge in dealing with
difficulties caused by arthritis and related conditions, and they’ll work with you to find
solutions to these difficulties, so you can manage your daily activities independently.
The occupational therapy process involves the sensing, defining, and resolving
ofproblems in occupational status as well as the sensing and defining of assets. Diagnostic
reasoning is the component of clinical reasoning that results in the occupational therapy
diagnosis. From an information-processing perspective, diagnostic reasoning proceeds from
cue acquisition to hypothesis generation to cue interpretation to hypothesis evaluation. The
end product, the occupational therapy diagnosis, summarizes the therapist's perceptions of the
patient's occupational deficits. Ideally, the occupational therapy diagnosis names the problem,
provides an explanation for its advent, specifies the cues indicative of the problem, and
names the pathologic agent. Through assessment, the therapist also creates a clinical image of
the patient, which embodies the patient's assets and deficits and, along with the occupational
therapy diagnosis, provides the foundation for resolving problems in occupational status and
capitalizing on assets.

Optacon

The OPTACON (Optical TActile CONverter) is a reading devide for the blind
developed at Stanford University, USA (Bliss, 1974) and manufactured by Telesensory
Systems Inc. Equipment for displaying speech-derived signals on the vibrator matrix of an
Optacon is described. The aim is to test if the inherent short-time memory of the display
mode used in the Optacon, which i s very useful when converting visual signals into tactile
for the blind also will facilitate the perception of speech-derived signals converted into tactile
for the deaf.
The device converts printed images such as letters of the alphabet into tactual images
that can be felt and read by the blind. The tactual image is formed by a matrix with 6x24
individually controlled vibrators arranged in a 12x24 mm area suiting the finger tip. The user
moves a small camera over the text and the letter seen by the camera appears in tactile analog
form on a vibrator matrix which i s felt by the left hand 1 index finger. Reading rates of 400
letters per minute have been reported (Hill, 1973). Reading rates around 200 letters per
minute seem possible for most subjects to achieve after a relatively short training time. This
reading rate is higher than those that have been reported from earlier devices. Experiments
show that increased reading rate is obtained when the number of columns in the display is
increased, Taenzer (1971).

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people

worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones wears down
over time. Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint in your body, the disorder most
commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine. Osteoarthritis is a chronic
(long-term) disease. There is no treatment that can be done to cure it, more treatment is done
to relieve symptoms, namely with long-term treatment. The most common symptom of
osteoarthritis is pain in the affected joint after repeated use. Joint pain usually worsens later.
Pain and stiffness in the joint can also occur after a period of inactivity (inactivity) for a long
time such as sitting in a cinema. Severe osteoarthritis where there is a loss of the entire
cartilage which causes friction or friction between bones, can cause pain complaints even at
rest or when movement is limited. With the help of doctors who are experts on the disease
and from yourself how to avoid the disease. Encourage children to exercise regularly,
advising children to exercise for 30 minutes at least 5 times a week. But make sure you
monitor child exercise activities because studies show that exercising too hard can be a cause
of osteoarthritis. Protect joints, in this case, provide knowledge to children that they can
protect their joints by using joints wisely. Being active does not mean you have to force your
feet to work too hard. Avoid too much pressure on the joints. Recognize pain in the joints,
provide understanding of the child to realize if their joints are painful as a sign that their
joints are resting so they can prevent osteoarthritis. Avoid injuries to the joints.

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning is a theory developed by B.F Skinner. B.F Skinner was an

American psychologist born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, United
States. After earning a doctorate from Harvard University and joining the university in 1948,
Skinner was known as one of the influential figure of the psychology of behaviorism. This
theory reveals that behavior is not just a response to a stimulus, but an intentional or
operative action. Behavior is an act done by someone in a certain situation. The intended
behavior lies between two influences namely the influence that preceded it (antecedent) the
influence that follows it (consequence).

Overparenting

Overparentingis the term now used to describe a situation of being so protective of our
children, so desperate for them to succeed in life, that we will do everything in our power to
help them on their way and avoid anything potentially unpleasant. Overparenting can start
right from babyhood, with newborns nestling under protective buggy canopies to minimise
their exposure to 'germs in the atmosphere', or not being allowed to taste certain foods lest
they develop, god forbid, some kind of allergy. In childhood, they may be ferried to school by
car and carefully taxied to every extracurricular activity, thus avoiding the perils of crossing
the road or the suspicious character lurking near the school gates.

Old MacDonald Had a Farm

New York Times bestselling author and artist James Dean brings us a groovy
rendition of the classic favorite children’s song “Old MacDonald Had a Farm,” sung by cool
cat Pete and perfect for sing-along time with young readers. Pete the Cat: Old MacDonald
Had a Farm is filled with vibrant, engaging illustrations for even the youngest of Pete fans
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm" is a children's song and nursery rhyme about a farmer
named MacDonald (sometimes known as "McDonald" or "Macdonald") and the various
animals he keeps on his farm. Each verse of the song changes the name of the animal and its
respective noise. In many versions, the song is cumulative, with the animal sounds from all
the earlier verses added to each subsequent verse. For example, the verse uses a cow as an
animal and "moo" as the animal's sound.
 Orthotist

Orthotist/prosthetists are tertiary qualified Allied Health Professionals who assess and
treat the physical and functional limitations of people resulting from illnesses and disabilities,
including limb amputations. Orthotist/ prosthetists are trained to prescribe, design, fit and
monitor orthoses and prostheses. The orthotist/ prosthetist’s role is to assess, prescribe,
design, fit, monitor, provide therapy and educate regarding the use and care of an appropriate
orthosis/prosthesis that serves an individual’s requirements. Orthotist/ prosthetists treat a
wide variety of clients such as children born with congenital limb deficiency or cerebral
palsy, people who have had an amputation following an accident, patients with muscular
weakness after a stroke or spinal injury, patients with diabetic foot ulcers or the elderly who
have lost a limb as a result of vascular disease. Orthotist/ prosthetists may forge clinical
careers in major hospitals, private orthotic/prosthetic facilities and Non-Government
Organisations (NGOs). A number of practitioners also work in academia and research areas
in major tertiary hospitals and universities. Within the clinical setting an orthotist/prosthetist
is part of the allied health team and will be found within the allied health and rehabilitation
departments of major hospitals