The Fisher Valley College, Inc.

“A Christ-centered Institution”

College of Education

#5 M.I. Quezon St. Hagonoy, Taguig City

ED203A FACILITATING LEARNER-CENTERED TECH

(Saturday 1:00-4:00)

Review of Development Theories

Reporters:
Escañan, Myra
Flores, Arcylivia
Madelo, Mary Honeyleen
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
This theories present systematic ways of thinking about how human beings grow from
babies to adolescents to adults to elderly people, and the various changes they undergo
as they make this passage.

SIGMUND FREUD (May 6, 1856-September 23 1939)

 Austrian Psychiatrist

 Father of Psychoanalysis

 He was the founder of Psychoanalysis, a theory of

how the mind works and a method of helping people

in mental distress.

 Freud was one of the most influential and controversial

l thinker of the 20th century.

Freud's Psychosexual Development:

Here are three terms Freud used within this theory:
Libido: Sexual energy that can manifest through different types of behaviors
Fixation: The idea that part of a person's libido is stuck in a particular stage of
development through overindulgence or disruption
Erogenous Zone: A part of the body that is sensitive to stimulation

 He believed that we go through 5 stages of Psychosexual Development and that at

each stage of development we experience pleasure in one part of the body than in
others.

Five stages of psychosexual development

The Oral Stage

Age Range: Birth to 1 Year
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
 Pleasure centers on the mouth
 Sucking, biting, chewing
 Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers the infant also develops a
sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation.
 The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process--the child must become
less dependent upon caretakers.
Fixation: issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation can result in problems
with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting.

The Anal Stage

Age Range: 1 to 3 years
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control
 Pleasure focus on bowel and bladder
 The major conflict at this stage is toilet training. Developing this control leads
to a sense of accomplishment and independence

 If parents are too lenient, anal-expulsive personality could develop (messy,

wasteful)
 If parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early, an anal-retentive
personality develops (stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive)
The Phallic Stage
Age Range: 3 to 6 Years
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
 Pleasure zone is genitals
 Children discover the differences between males and females.
 Coping with incestuous sexual feelings
The Oedipus complex. describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and
the desire to replace the father.
Electra complex has been used to described a similar set of feelings experienced by
young girls. Freud, however, believed that girls instead experience penis envy.
Eventually, the child copes by Repressing the feelings and then Identifies with the rival
parent

The Latent Period

Age Range: 6 to Puberty
Erogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive
 Dormant sexual feelings
 The stage begins around the time that children enter into school and
become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies, and other interests.
 The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is still
present, but it is directed into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social
interactions.
 This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills
and self-confidence.

The Genital Stage

Age Range: Puberty To Death
Erogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual interest
 Maturation of sexual interests
 Where in earlier stages the focus was solely on individual needs and, interest in
the welfare of others grows during this stage.
 If the other stages have been completed successfully, the individual should now
be well-balanced, warm, and caring.
Examples of Fixations
Oral - smoking, eating, drinking
Anal - excessively messy or neat
Phallic - penis envy, castration anxiety
Latency - lack of social and communication skills
Genital - sexual perversions may develop

JEAN PIAGET (August 9, 1896 - September 16, 1980 )

 Swiss psychologist known for work on child and cognitive

development
 Jean Piaget is considered the father of child psychology. He
was interested in the thought processes of children from birth
through adolescence.
Sensorimotor (Birth through ages 18-24 months)

Infants gain awareness about the world around them and focus on their physical
abilities. The abilities that an infant is born with—sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
—combined with physical capabilities that continue to develop—including touching,
grasping, and tasting—allow infants to interact and build awareness of themselves and
what is around them.

Preoperational (Toddlerhood through early childhood age 7)

During this stage (toddler through age 7), young children are able to think about things
symbolically. Their language skills become more refined. Their memory develops and
their imagination grows wild.

Concrete operational (Ages 7 to 11)

The concrete operational child is able to make use of logical principles in solving
problems involving the physical world. For example, the child can understand principles
of cause and effect, size, and distance.

Formal operational (Adolescence through adulthood)

Adolescents who reach this fourth stage of intellectual development are able to use
symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science. They can think
about things in systematic ways, come up with theories, and consider possibilities. They
also can ponder abstract relationships and concepts such as justice.

Erik Erikson (June 15, 1902-May 12, 1994)

  Erik Homburger Erikson was a German-American child
psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial
development of human beings. He coined the phrase
identity crisis.

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth
and 1 year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. At this point in
development, the child is utterly dependent upon adult caregivers for everything they
need to survive including food, love, warmth, safety, and nurturing.

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

This stage occurs between the age of 18 months and around age 2 or 3 years.
According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense
of self-control.

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

This stage occurs during the preschool years, between the ages of 3 and 5. During the
initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the
world through directing play and other social interactions.

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

The fourth stage occurs during childhood between the ages of six and 11. During the
stage of industry vs. inferiority, a child is learning new skills. When they productively
navigate this stage, they feel useful and develop a sense of self-worth.

Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion

This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 and 18.
During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self.
Identity vs. role confusion is a stage characterized by asking "Who am I," and learning
more about your own goals, values, and beliefs.

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

The intimacy vs. isolation stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages
of approximately 19 and 40. The major conflict at this stage of life centers on forming
intimate, loving relationships with other people.

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

This stage takes place during middle adulthood, between the approximate ages of 40
and 65. During this stage, middle-aged adults strive to create or nurture things that will
outlast them, often by parenting children or fostering positive changes that benefit
others.

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair This stage begins at approximately age 65 and
ends at death. Psychologists, counselors, and nurses today use the concepts of
Erikson's stages when providing care for aging patients. At the integrity versus despair
stage, the key conflict centers on questioning whether or not the individual has led a
meaningful, satisfying life.

Lev Vygotsky (November 17, 1896 - June 11, 1934)

  He was a russian psychologist who made a great
contribution in the fields of child development and
cognitive psychology.
 He graduated with a degree in law in 1917 from Moscow
state University

Sociocultural Theory
The sociocultural theory is a sociological and psychological theory that deals with the
importance of culture and society in developing and shaping individuals.

MAJORS THEMES IN HIS THEORY

 Role of social interaction in cognitive development

 More Knowledgeable others
 Zone of Proximal development
 Scaffholding

Role of social interaction in cognitive development

 Language plays a central role in mentally development

 Language itself becomes a very powerful toll of intellectual adaptation.

Zone of Proximal development

More Knowledgeable others
as anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner,
particularly in regards to a specific task, concept or process.

Scaffholding
It focuses on the learner's ability to grow through the guidance of a more informed
individual. Working in collaboration with a guide or with a peer group can help students
achieve independent learning.

Lawrence Kohlberg (October 25, 1927— January 17, 1987)

  -American psychologist and educator known for his theory
of moral development.
 Expanded on piaget’s theories of cognitive development

Moral development
is the process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong
(morality) and engage in reasoning between the two (moral reasoning).

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

LEVEL 1
Preconventional Morality 0-9
Stage 1- Obedience and Punishment
Obedience and Punishment Especially common in young children, but adults are
capable of expressing this type of reasoning. At this stage, children see rules as fixed
and absolute.
Stage 2- Naively egotistical
At this stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and
judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. Reciprocity is possible, but
only if it serves one's own interests.

LEVEL 2
Conventional Morality 10- 15 years
Stage 3 - Developing Good interpersonal Relationships
Often reffered to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, This stage of moral
development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an
emphasis on conformity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influence
relationships.
LEVEL 3
Postconventional Morality 16+
Stage 5 - Social Contract and individual Rights
At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of
other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the
society should agree upon these standards.

Stage 6 – Universal ethical Principles

Kolhberg’s final level of moral
reasoning is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this
stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with
laws and rules.

QUIZ
1. It present systematic ways of thinking about how human beings grow from
babies to adolescents to adults to elderly people, and the various changes they
undergo as they make this passage.
Ans:
Developmental Theories

2-6. Who are the five (5) psychologists under developmental theories?
Ans:
Freud, Piaget, Erikson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg

7-11. According to Segmund Freud, there are five stages of psychosexual

development, what are those stages?
Ans:
Oral Stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage, Latency Stage, Genital Stage

12-15. What are the four (4) stages of cognitive development?

Ans:
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Form Operational

16. It is a sociological and psychological theory that deals with the importance of
culture and society in developing and shaping individuals.
Ans:
Sociocultural Theory

17. It is the process by which people develop the distinction between right and
wrong (morality) and engage in reasoning between the two (moral reasoning).
Ans:
Moral Development
18-20. Name the three (3) levels of Moral development.
Ans:
Preconventional Morality, Conventional Morality, Postconventional Morality