Learners Development Theory

Sigmund Freud
3 components of Personality
 The ID - This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive behaviors
 The EGO - The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
 The SUPEREGO - The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire
from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong)

5 Psychosexual stages of Developmend

1. The oral stage

 Age range: Birth to 1 year
 Erogenous zone: The mouth
Well, according to Freud, during this first stage of development, a human’s libido is located in their mouth.
Meaning the mouth is the primary source of pleasure.

2. The anal stage

 Age range: 1 to 3 years old
 Erogenous zone: anus and bladder
Freud believed that during this stage, potty training and learning to control your bowel movements and
bladder are a major source of pleasure and tension.

3. The phallic stage

 Age range: 3 to 6 years old
 Erogenous zone: genitals, specifically the penis
Freud proposed that for young boys, this meant obsession with their own penis. For young girls,
this meant fixation on the fact that they don’t have a penis, an experience he called “penis envy.”

4. The latency stage

 Age range: 7 to 10 years old, or elementary school through preadolescence
 Erogenous zone: N/A, sexual feelings inactive
Freud argued that this is when sexual energy was channeled into industrious, asexual activities like
learning, hobbies, and social relationships.

5. The genital stage

 Age range: 12 and up, or puberty until death
 Erogenous zone: genitals
According to Freud, this is when an individual begins to have strong sexual interest in the opposite sex.

2. Eric Erikson

8 Psychosocial stages of Development

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)

Trust vs. mistrust is the first stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins
at birth continues to approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the
world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)
Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial
development. This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately 3 years. According to
Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills
and a sense of independence.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)
Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. During the
initiative versus guilt stage, children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other
social interaction.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11)
Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis, involving industry (competence) vs. Inferiority occurs during childhood
between the ages of five and twelve. Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read and write,
to do sums, to do things on their own. Teachers begin to take an important role in the child’s life as they
teach the child specific skills.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)
The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is identity vs. role confusion, and it
occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of
self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)
Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage
takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. During this stage, the
major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)
Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh of eight stages of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial
development. This stage takes place during during middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs). sychologically,
generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast
an individual. During middle age individuals experience a need to create or nurture things that will outlast
them, often having mentees or creating positive changes that will benefit other people.
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)
Ego integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial
development. This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death. It is during this time that we
contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful
life.
 3. Jean Piaget – Doing new things
4 Stages of Cognitive Development
 Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old)
The first stage is the sensory motor stage, and during this stage the infant focuses on
physical sensations and on learning to co-ordinate his body.
 Preoperational stage (2–7 years old)
The pre-operational stage is one of Piaget's intellectual development stages. It takes place
between 2 and 7 years. At the beginning of this stage the child does not use operations, so
the thinking is influenced by the way things appear rather than logical reasoning.
 Concrete operational stage (7–11 years old)
During this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete events.
 Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood)
The formal operational period begins at about age 11. As adolescents enter this stage,
they gain the ability to think in an abstract manner, the ability to combine and classify items
in a more sophisticated way, and the capacity for higher-order reasoning.
4. Lawrence Kohlberg – Development of morality
3 Levels and substages of moral development

1. Stage 1 (Pre-Conventional)
 Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?)
 Self-interest orientation (What’s in it for me? aiming at a reward)
2. Stage 2 (Conventional)
 Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms, good boy – good girl attitude)
 Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality)
3. Stage 3 (Post-Conventional)
 Social contract orientation (Justice and the spirit of the law)
 Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

5. Lev Vygotsky

ON LANGUAGE
- Vygotsky's theory says that social interactions help children develop their ability to use language.
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
- Vygotsky believed that, as an infant and caregiver participate in an activity, the adult begins by guiding
and leading the experience (i.e., scaffolding the infant's experience), slowly giving more control to the
infant. Vygotsky proposed that infants collect 'tools' to help them learn and grow.
Scaffolding - Instructional scaffolding is a process through which a teacher adds supports for students in
order to enhance learning and aid in the mastery of tasks.

6. Urie Bronfenbrenner
Ecological Systems
- Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory is one of the most accepted explanations regarding
the influence of social environments on human development. This theory argues that the
environment you grow up in affects every facet of your life.
- Bronfenbrenner divided the person's environment into five different systems: the microsystem,
the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystemm.