Julianne Telen

BSHM-2

Assignment #2
Personal Development

1. What are the 4 Stages of Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development? Describe each
one of them in 3 sentences.
- The 4 Stages of Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development are the following:
- Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old) - This is the first stage of Cognitive
Development wherein it takes place usually in the first two years of a child’s life.
In this stage, children learn about the world through the sense of touch, by
seeing things, and feeling. It is also said that children in this stage experiment
and gather experience with just their senses through various methods.
- Preoperational stage (2–7 years old) - Toddlers and kids up to the age of
seven are capable of thinking figuratively at this stage in development. Their
language grows more advanced. They also grow in imagination, which enables
them to distinguish between the past and the future and to engage in play
pretend.
- Concrete operational stage (7–11 years old) - Preadolescent children, aged 7
to 11, develop logical, concrete reasoning at this stage. Children begin to think
with less focus on themselves. They are becoming more conscious of outside
occurrences. They begin to acknowledge that their own ideas and emotions are
special and might not even be a part of reality. However, most kids still aren't able
to reason logically or hypothetically at this age.
- Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood) - When
adolescents reach this fourth stage of cognitive growth, which typically occurs at
age 11 or older, they are able to use symbols that correspond to abstract ideas.
They have the capacity to develop theories, think through options, and think
about situations logically. They can also reflect on abstract relationships and
ideas, such as in social issues and equality.

2. What are Laurence Kohlberg's on the development of Moral Judgments?

Describe them in 3 sentences.
- Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of development is a thorough concept of the stage
theory of moral development, based on Jean Piaget's theory of moral judgment
for children. In Kohlberg's theory, it focuses on the thinking process that happens
when one contemplates on whether a behavior is right or wrong, thus giving
several reasons and emphasis to how one responds to a moral dilemma. Moral
 dilemma, on the other hand, pertains to the choices in which a person has to
choose within two conflicting moral requirements. His theory contains six stages.
The first one is Punishment orientation where behavior is determined to obey
in punishment because of consequences. The second stage is called the
Instrumental purpose orientation where the individual is focused on receiving
rewards and needs. The third stage is called Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation
where behavior is determined by approval. The fourth stage is known as Law and
order orientation where moral decision making is taken into consideration on a
larger perspective. The fifth stage is known as Social contract orientation, in
this stage, the individual rights is determined by behavior, mainly given to
situations where the individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for improving
human purposes. The last stage is known as Universal ethical principle
orientation, and according to Kohlberg, the appropriate action is determined by
one’s self-chosen ethical principles of conscience.

3. What are the 8 Psychological Stages of Eric Erickson? Describe each of them
in 3-4 sentences.
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
- The first phase of Erik Erikson's theory of psychological development is trust vs.
mistrust. This stage starts at birth and lasts for around 18 months. Infants in this
stage seek assurance and consistency of care from their primary caregiver since
they are still unaware of the world in which they live.

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

- The second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is
autonomy versus shame and doubt. Between the ages of 18 months and around
3 years is when this stage takes place. Children in this period, in accordance with
Erikson, are concentrating on gaining a sense of personal control over their
physical abilities as well as independence.

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

- Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial
development. Children express themselves more frequently through conducting
play and other social interactions when they are in the initiative versus guilt
stage.

4. Industry vs. Inferiority

- Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis, involving industry (competence) vs. Inferiority
occurs during childhood between the ages of five and twelve.
 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
- The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is identity vs.
role confusion, and it happens from roughly 12 to 18 years old during
adolescence. Adolescents go through a period of self-exploration during which
they seek to define their personal identity and sense of self.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

- Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development. This stage takes place during young adulthood
between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. The primary source of
contention throughout this phase is developing close, loving bonds with others.

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

- Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh of eight stages of Erik Erikson's
theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during middle
adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs).

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair

- Ego integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson’s stage
theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at approximately age 65
and ends at death. This is the period when we reflect on our successes and, if
we believe we are leading a successful life, we can build integrity.

Reference/s:
Rick Ansorge (2020) Piaget Stages of Development
https://www.webmd.com/children/piaget-stages-of-development

Sanders, C. E. (2022, November 30). Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral

development. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/Lawrence-Kohlbergs-stages-of-moral-development

McLeod, S. (2018) Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychological Development

https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html