CHRISTMAS TREE

A Christmas tree is an assembly of valves, spools and fittings used for oil, gas,
water injection, water disposal, gas injection, condensate and other types of wells. It
is named for its resemblance to a decorated tree at Christmas.
A wellhead must be present to utilize a Christmas tree and is used without a
Christmas tree during drilling operations. The wellhead is the component at the
surface of a well that provides the structural and pressure-containing interface for
the drilling and production equipment. Producing surface wells that require pumps
(pump jacks, nodding donkeys, etc.) frequently do not use any tree because no
pressure containment is required.
The Christmas tree and the wellhead work together to bring oil and gas to the
surface.
Tree complexity has increased over the last few decades. The trees are
frequently manufactured from blocks of steel containing multiple valves rather than
made from multiple flanged valves.
The primary function of a tree is to control the flow into or out of the well,
usually oil or gas.
 A tree often provides numerous additional functions including chemical injection
points, well intervention means, pressure relief means (such as annulus vent), tree
and well monitoring points (such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand
detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback,
connection points for devices such as down-hole pressure and temperature
transducer.)
Trees function for these purposes:

 On producing wells, injecting chemicals or alcohols or oil distillates to prevent

and or solve production problems (such as blockages).
 Controlling the injection of gas or water on a producing or non-producing well to
sustain economic “production” volumes of gas from other wells in the area (in
the field).
 The control system attached to the tree controls the downhole safety valve
(surface controlled subsurface safety valves, downhole safety valve or
subsurface safety valve) while the tree acts as an attachment and conduit means
for the control system to the downhole safety valve.
As Figure 1 shows, there are five valves: the kill wing valve, swab valve,
production wing valve, upper master valve and lower master valve. When the
operator, well and facilities are ready to produce and receive oil or gas, valves are
opened and the released formation fluids are allowed to flow into and through a
pipeline. It is important to understand where these valves are located and what role
they play in getting gas from the well bore to the customer.
SUMBER : https://www.valvemagazine.com/magazine/sections/new-know-your-
valves/8736-christmas-tree-or-wellhead.html