Chapter

EVALUATING A SINGLE PROJECT

4
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of Chapter 4 is to discuss contemporary methods for
determining project profitability.

All engineering economy studies of capital projects should consider the

return that a given project will or should produce. The basic question that we want
to answer is whether a proposed capital investment and its associated expenditures
can be recovered by revenue (or savings) over time in addition to a return on the
capital that is sufficiently attractive in view of the risks involved and the potential
alternative uses.
In this chapter we will concentrate on the correct use of methods for
evaluating the economic profitability of a single proposed problem solution. The
methods are
1. Present Worth (PW) method
2. Future Worth (FW) method
3. Annual Worth (AW) method
4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method
5. External Rate of Return (ERR) method
6. Payback Period method
7. Benefit – Cost Ratio method
The first three methods convert cash flows resulting from a proposed
solution into their equivalent worth at some point in time by using an interest rate
known as the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR). The IRR and ERR methods
produce annual rates of profit, or returns, resulting from an investment, and are
then compared against the MARR.
The payback period is a measure of the speed with which an investment is
recovered by the cash inflows it produces. This measure, in its most common form,
ignores time value of money principles.
The benefit-cost ratio method involves the calculation of a ratio of benefits to
costs. Whether evaluating a project in the private sector or in the public sector, the
time value of money must be considered to account for the timing of cash flows (or
benefits) occurring after the inception of the project. Thus, the benefit-cost ratio is
actually a ratio of discounted benefits to discounted costs.

DETERMINING THE MINIMUM ATTRACTIVE RATE OF RETURN

(MARR)
The Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) is usually a policy issue
resolved by the top management of an organization in view of numerous
considerations. Among these considerations are the following:
57 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

1. The amount of money available for investment, and the source and cost of
these funds (i.e., equity funds or borrowed funds)
2. The number of good projects available for investment and their purpose (i.e.,
whether they sustain present operations and are essential, or whether they
expand on present operations and are elective)
3. The amount of perceived risk associated with investment opportunities
available to the firm and the estimated cost of administering projects over
short planning horizons versus long planning horizons
4. The type of organization involved (i.e., government, public utility, or private
industry)

In theory, the MARR, which is sometimes called the hurdle rate, should be
chosen to maximize the economic well-being of an organization, subject to the types
of considerations listed above. How an individual firm accomplishes this in practice
is far from clear-cut and is frequently the subject of discussion. One popular
approach to establishing MARR involves the opportunity cost viewpoint, and it
results from the phenomenon of capital rationing. This situation may arise when
the amount of available capital is insufficient to sponsor all worthy investment
opportunities.

THE PRESENT WORTH (PW) METHOD

The present worth (PW) method is based on the concept of equivalence worth
of all cash flows relative to some base or beginning point in time called the present.
That is, all cash inflows and outflows are discounted to the present point in time at
an interest rate that is generally the MARR.
The PW of an investment alternative is a measure of how much money an
individual or a firm could afford to pay for the investment in excess of its cost. Or,
stated differently, a positive PW for an investment project is a peso amount of profit
over the minimum amount required by investors.
To find the PW as a function of i% (per interest period) of a series of cash
inflows and outflows, it is necessary to discount future amounts to the present by
using the interest rate over the appropriate study period. That is

PW (%) = PW inflows – PW outflows

To apply the PW method of determining a project’s economic worthiness, we

simply compute the present equivalent of all cash flows using the MARR as the
interest rate. If the present worth is greater than or equal to zero, the project is
acceptable.

PW DECISION RULE:

If PW (i = MARR) 0, the project is economically justifiable.

Example 4.1
A piece of new equipment has been proposed by an engineer to increase the
productivity of a certain manual welding operation. The investment cost is Php250,000
and the equipment will have a market value of Php50,000 at the end of the study
period of 5 years. Increased productivity attributable to the equipment will amount to
Php80,000 per year after operating costs have been subtracted from the revenue
generated by the additional production. If the firm’s MARR is 20% per year, is this
proposal a sound one? Use PW method in your analysis.
58 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

 SOLUTION: PW (%) = PW inflows – PW outflows

Php50,000 PW  20%   Php80,000  P / A, 20%,5 
A = Php80,000  Php50,000  P / F , 20%,5   Php250,000
  1.20  5  1 
0 1 2 3 4 5 PW  20%   Php80,000  5
i =20%  0.20  1.20  
 Php50,000  1.20 
5
 Php250,000
Php250,000 PW  20%   Php9,342.85

Because PW(20%)  0, this equipment is economically justified.

ASSUMPTIONS OF THE PW METHOD

There are several noteworthy assumptions that we make when using PW to
model the wealth-creating promise of a capital investment opportunity. First, it is
assumed that we know the future with certainty (though we don’t live in a certain
world!). Second, it is assumed we can borrow and lend money at the same interest
rate (i.e., capital markets are perfect). Regrettably, the real world has neither
certainty for perfect capital markets.
The PW (and FW, AW) model is built on these seemingly restrictive
assumptions, but it is cost-beneficial in the sense that the cost of using the PW
model is less than the benefits of improved decisions resulting from PW analysis.
More sophisticated models exist, but they usually do not reverse decisions made
with the PW model. Therefore, our goal is to cost-beneficially recommend capital
investments that maximize the wealth of a firm to its owners.

BOND VALUE

Definition
A bond is an IOU where you agree to lend the bond issuer money for a
specified length of time (say, 10 years). In return, you receive periodic interest
payments from the issuer plus a promise to return the face value of the bond
when it matures.

A bond provides an excellent example of commercial value as being the PW

of the future net cash flows that are expected to be received through ownership of
an interest-bearing certificate. Thus, the value of a bond, at any time, is the PW of
future cash receipts. For a bond, let
Z = face, or par, value;
C = redemption or disposal price (usually equal to Z);
R = bond rate (nominal interest) per interest period;
n = number of periods before redemption;
i = bond yield rate per period;
Vn = value (price) of the bond n interest periods prior to redemption
59 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

The owner of a bond is paid two types of payments by the borrower. The
first consists of the series of periodic interest payments (s)he will receive until the
bond is retired. There will be n such payments, each amounting to rZ. These
constitute an annuity of n payments. In addition, when the bond is retired or sold,
the bondholder will receive a single payment equal in an amount to C. The PW of
the bond is the sum of PWs of these two types of payments at the bond’s yield rate
(i%):
Vn  C  P / F , i %, n   rZ  P / A, i %, n 

The most common situations faced by potential investor in bonds are (1) for
a desired yield rate; how much should you be willing to pay for the bond and (2) for
a stated purchase price, what will your yield be?

Example 4.2

A bond with a face value of Php50,000 pays interest of 8% per year. This bond will be
redeemed at par value at the end of its 20-year life, and the first interest payment is
due one year from now. How much should be paid now for this bond in order to receive
a yield of 10% per year on the investment?

 SOLUTION:

Vn  Php50,000  P / F ,10%, 20    0.08   Php50,000   P / A,10%, 20 

  1.10  20  1 
Vn  Php50,000  1.10 
20
 Php4,000  20 
 0.10  1.10  
Vn  Php41, 486.44

Example 4.3

Stan Moneymaker has the opportunity to purchase a certain bond that matures in eight
years and has a face value of Php100,000. This means that Stan will receive
Php100,000 cash when the bond’s maturity date is reached. The bond stipulates a
fixed nominal interest rate of 8% per year, but interest payments are made to the
bondholder quarterly. Stan would like to earn a 10% nominal interest (compounded
quarterly) per year on his investment rates in the economy have risen since the bond
was issued. How much should Stan be willing to pay for the bond?

 SOLUTION:
10% 8%
i  2.5% per quarter r   2% per quarter n  4  8 years   32 quarters
4 4
Vn  Php100,000  P / F , 2.5%,32    0.02   Php100,000   P / A, 2.5%, 32 
  1.025  32  1 
Vn  Php100,000  1.025 
32
 Php2,000  32 
 0.025  1.025  
Vn  Php89,075.41
60 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

THE FUTURE WORTH (FW) METHOD

Because a primary objective of all time value of money methods is to
maximize the future wealth of the owners of a firm, the economic information
provided by the future worth (FW) method is very useful in capital investment
decision situations. The future worth is based on the equivalent worth of all cash
inflows and outflows at the end of the planning horizon (study period) at an interest
rate that is generally the MARR. Also, the FW of a project is equivalent to its PW;
that is, FW = PW(F/P, i%, n). If FW ≥ 0 for a project, it would be economically
justified.

To find the FW, we may use the following relationship:

FW (%) = FW inflows – FW outflows

FW DECISION RULE:

If FW (i = MARR) 0, the project is economically justifiable.

To this point, the PW and FW methods have used a known and constant
MARR over the study period. Each method produces a measure of merit expressed
in pesos and is equivalent to the other. The difference in economic information
provided is relative to the point in time used (i.e., the present for the PW versus the
future, or end of the study period, for the FW).

Example 4.4

Evaluate the FW of the potential improvement project described in Example 4.1. Show
the relationship between FW and PW for this example.

 SOLUTION:
FW (20%) = FW inflows – FW outflows

FW  20%   Php80,000  F / A, 20%,5   Php50,000 - Php250,000  F / P, 20%,5 

  1.20  5  1 
FW  20%   Php80,000    Php50,000 - Php250,000  1.20 
5

 0.20 
FW  20%   Php23, 248
Again, the project is shown to be a good investment since FW(20%)  0. The
PW is actually a multiple of the equivalent FW value:
PW  20%   Php23, 248  P / F , 20%,5   Php23, 248  1.20 
5
 Php9,342.85

THE ANNUAL WORTH (AW) METHOD

The annual worth (AW) of a project is an equal annual series of peso
amounts, for a stated study period, that is equivalent to the cash inflows and
outflows at an interest rate that is generally the MARR. Hence, the AW of a project
is annual equivalent revenues or savings (R) minus annual equivalent expenses (E),
less its annual capital recovery (CR) amount, which is defined in the equation
61 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

below. An annual equivalent value of R, E, and CR is computed for the study

period, which is usually in years. In equation form the AW, which is a function of i
%, is

AW (%) = R – E – CR(%)
such that
CR (%) = I(A/P, i%, n) – S(A/F, i%, n)

where: I = initial investment for the project

S = salvage (market) value at the end of the study period

Also we need to notice that the AW of a project is equivalent to its PW and

FW. That is, AW = PW(A/P, i%, n) and AW = FW(A/F, i%, n). Hence, it can be easily
computed for a project from these other equivalent values.

As long as the AW is greater than or equal to zero, the project is

economically attractive; otherwise, it is not. An AW of zero means that an annual
return exactly equal to MARR has been earned.

AW DECISION RULE:

If AW (i = MARR) 0, the project is economically justifiable.

Example 4.5

By using the AW method, determine whether the equipment described in Example 4.1
should be recommended.

 SOLUTION:
AW (20%) = AW inflows – AW outflows
RE           CR amount
          
    
AW  20%   Php80,000 -  Php250,000  A / P, 20%,5  - Php50,000  A / F , 20%,5  
  0.20  1.20  5   0.20  
AW  20%   Php80,000 - Php250,000   - Php50,000  
  1.20   1    1.20   1  
5 5

AW  20%   Php3,124.06
Because AW(20%)  0, the equipment more than pays for itself over a period
of 5 years, while earning a 20% return per year on the unrecovered investment. In
fact, the annual equivalent “surplus” is Php3,124.06, which means that the
equipment provided more than a 20% return on beginning-of-year unrecovered
investment. This piece of equipment should be recommended as an attractive
investment opportunity.
Also, we can confirm that the AW(20%) is equivalent to PW(20%) =
Php9,342.85 and FW(20%) = Php23,248.
 0.20  1.20  5 
AW  20%   Php9,342.85  A / P, 20%,5   Php9,342.85    Php3,124.06
  1.20   1 
5

 0.20 
AW  20%   Php23, 248  A / F , 20%,5   Php23, 248    Php3,124.06
  1.20   1 
5
62 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

THE INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) METHOD

The IRR method is the most widely used rate or return method for
performing engineering economic analyses. It is sometimes called by several other
names, such as investor’s method, discounted cash flow method, and profitability
index.
This method solves for the interest rate that equates the equivalent worth of
an alternative cash inflows (receipts or savings) to the equivalent worth of cash
outflows (expenditures, including investment costs). Equivalent worth may be
computed with any of the three methods discussed (PW, FW, or AW). The resultant
rate is termed the internal rate of return (IRR).
By using PW formulation, the IRR is the i’% at which
n n

 R  P / F , i '%, k    E  P / F , i '%, k 
k 0
k
k 0
k

Rk = net revenues or savings for the kth year

where:
Ek = net expenditures including any investment costs for the kth year
n = project life (or study period)

Once i’% has been calculated, it is compared with the MARR to assess
whether the alternative in question is acceptable.
IRR DECISION RULE:

If IRR MARR, the project is economically justifiable.

A popular variation of the above equation for computing IRR for an

alternative to determine i’% at which its net PW is zero. In equation form, the IRR
is the value of i’% at which
n n
PW  i '%    Rk  P / F , i '%, k    Ek  P / F , i '%, k   0
k 0 k 0

Example 4.6

Use IRR method to evaluate the economic soundness of the investment discussed in
Example 4.1.

 SOLUTION:
 Using the PW analysis, our equation is:
PW  i '%   Php80,000  P / A, i '%,5   Php50,000  P / F , i '%,5   Php250,000=0
  1  i '%  5  1 
PW  i '%   Php80,000   Php50,000  1  i '%   Php250,000=0
5
5
 i '%  1  i '%  
 We will solve for i’%, that will satisfy the above equation, using trial-and-error:
At i’% = MARR = 20%, PW = Php9342.85;
At i’% =25%, PW = (Php18,473.60)
Now that we have both a positive and a negative PW, the answer is bracketed
20%  i '%  25%
63 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

 SOLUTION:
 By Linear Interpolation:
i ' 25 0   18, 473.60 
i’% PW 
20% Php9,342.85 20  25 9342.85   18, 473.60 
i’% 0
i’ = 21.68%
25% (18,473.60)

Since i’% > MARR, the investment is economically justifiable.

DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE IRR METHOD

The PW, FW, and AW methods assume that net receipts less expenses
(positive recovered funds) each period are reinvested at the MARR during the study
period, n. However, the IRR method is not limited by this common assumption and
measures the internal earning rate of an investment.
Two difficulties with the IRR method are its computational difficulty and the
occurrence of multiple IRRs in some types of problems. Generally speaking, multiple
rates of return are not meaningful for decision-making purposes.
Another drawback to the IRR method is that it must be carefully applied and
interpreted in the analysis of two or more alternatives when only one of them is to
be selected (i.e., mutually exclusive alternatives). The key advantage of the method
is its widespread acceptance by industry, where various types of rates of return and
ratios are routinely used in making project selections. The difference between a
project’s IRR and the required return (i.e., MARR) is viewed by management as a
measure of investment safety. A large signals a wider margin of safety (or less
relative risk).

THE EXTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (ERR) METHOD

The reinvestment assumption of the IRR method may not be valid in an
engineering economy study. To remedy the weakness and disadvantages of IRR,
some other rate of return method can be used. One such method is the external

rate of return (ERR). It directly takes into account the interest rate
 
external to
a project at which net cash flows generated by the project over its life can be
reinvested (or borrowed). If this external reinvestment rate, which is usually the
firm’s MARR, happens to equal the project’s IRR, then ERR method produces
identical to those of the IRR method.
In general, three steps are used in calculating ERR:
1. All net cash outflows are discounted to time 0 (the present) at  % per
compounding period.
2. All net cash inflows are compounded to period n at  %.
3. The external rate of return, which is the interest rate that establishes
equivalence between the two quantities, is determined.
64 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

Figure 4.1Steps in Calculating ERR

In equation form, the ERR is the i’% at which
n n

 E  P / F , %, k   F / P, i '%, n    R  F / P, %, n  k 
k 0
k
k 0
k

ERR DECISION RULE:

If ERR MARR, the project is economically justifiable.

The external rate of return method has two basic advantages over the IRR
method:
 It can usually be solved for directly rather than by trial and error.
 It is not subject to the possibility of multiple rates of return.

Example 4.7

Referring to Example 4.1, suppose that  =MARR = 20% per year. What is the project’s
ERR, and is the project acceptable?

 SOLUTION:
 We have the following relationship to solve for i’, using the equation for ERR:
Php250,000  F / P, i '%,5   Php80,000  F / A, 20%,5   Php50,000
 Solving for i’,
  1.20  5  1 
Php250,000  1  i '   Php80,000 
5
  Php50,000
 0.20 
Php250,000  1  i '   Php645,328
5

Php645,328
i'  5 1
Php250,000
i '  20.88%
Since i’% > MARR, the investment is economically justifiable.

THE PAYBACK PERIOD METHOD

One of the primary concerns of most business people is whether, and when,
the money invested in a project can be recovered. The payback method screens
projects one the basis of how long it takes for net receipts to equal investment
outlays. This calculation can take one of two forms by either ignoring time value of
money considerations of including them. The former case is usually designated as
the conventional payback method, whereas the latter case is known as the
discounted payback method.
A common standard used to determine whether or not to pursue a project is
that a project does not merit consideration unless its payback period is shorter
than some specified period of time. (This time limit is largely determined by
management policy.) If the payback period is within the acceptable range, a formal
project evaluation (such as PW analysis) may begin. It is important to remember
that payback screening is not an end in itself, but rather a method of screening out
65 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

certain obvious unacceptable investment alternatives before progressing to an

analysis of potentially acceptable ones.
CONVENTIONAL PAYBACK METHOD
Determining the relative worth of new production machinery by calculating
the time it will take to pay back what it cost is the single most popular method of
project screening. If a company makes investment decisions based solely on the
payback period, it considers only those projects with a payback period shorter than
the maximum acceptable payback period.
What does the payback period tell us? One consequence of insisting that
each proposed investment has a short payback period is that investors can assure
themselves of being restored to their initial position within a short span of time. By
restoring their initial position, investors can take advantage of additional, perhaps
better, investment possibilities that may come along.
Given a uniform stream of receipts, we can easily calculate the payback
period by dividing the initial cash outlay by the annual receipts:

Initial cost
Payback period =
Uniform annual benefit

Example 4.8

Referring to Example 4.1, use the conventional payback method to evaluate the
economic soundness of this proposed equipment.

 SOLUTION:
EOY Cash flow Cumulative Cash flow
(Php) (Php)
0 -250,000 -250,000
1 80,000 -170,000
2 80,000 -90,000
3 80,000 -10,000
4 80,000 70,000
5 80,000 + 50,000 200,000

 Therefore, the company’s payback period is 4 years because the cumulative

balance turns positive at EOY 4.

If the company’s policy is to consider only projects with a payback period of 5

years or less, this equipment is economically justifiable investment.

DISCOUNTED PAYBACK METHOD

If the time value of money (i.e., the cost of funds (interest) used to support
the project) is considered, the modified payback period is referred to as the
discounted payback period. In other words, we may define the discounted payback
period as the number of years required to recover the investment from discounted
cash flows.
Example 4.9

Referring to Example 4.1, use the discounted payback method to evaluate the economic
soundness of this proposed equipment. The firm’s MARR is 20% per year.
66 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

 SOLUTION:
EOY PW of Cash flow Cumulative PW at 20%
(Php) (Php)
0 -250,000.00 -250,000.00
1 66,666.67 -183,333.33
2 55,555.56 -127,777.77
3 46,296.30 81,481.47
4 38,580.25 -42,901.22
5 52,244.08 9,342.86
 The company’s payback period is 5 years because the cumulative discounted
balance turns positive at EOY 5.
Therefore, if the company’s policy is to consider only projects with a payback
period of 5 years or less, this equipment is economically justifiable investment.

BENEFITS AND FLAWS OF PAYBACK SCREENING

The simplicity of the payback method is one of its most appealing qualities.
Initial project screening by the payback method reduces the information search by
focusing on that time at which the firm expects to recover the initial investment.
The method may also eliminate some alternatives, thus reducing a firm’s need to
make further analysis efforts.
But this method has a number of serious drawbacks. The principal
objection to the payback method is that it fails to measure profitability. Simply
measuring how long it will take to recover the initial investment outlay contributes
little to gauging the earning power of a project. Because payback period analysis
ignores differences in the timing of cash flows, it fails to recognize the difference
between the present and future value of money. Because it also ignores all
proceeds after the payback period, it does not allow for the possible disadvantages
of a project with a longer economic life.

THE BENEFIT-COST RATIO METHOD

The benefit-cost (B-C) ratio is defined as the ratio of the equivalent worth of
benefits to the equivalent worth of costs. The equivalent-worth measure applied
can be PW, FW, or AW, but customarily, either PW or AW is used. The B-C ratio is
also known as the savings-investment ratio (SIR) by some governmental agencies.
Several different formulations of the B-C ratio have been developed. Two of
the more commonly used formulations are presented below:

CONVENTIONAL B-C RATIO

PW (Benefits of the Proposed Project)
B-C 
PW (Total Costs of the Proposed Project)

MODIFIED B-C RATIO

PW (B) - PW (O&M)
B-C 
I  PW (MV)

where: B = benefits of the proposed project;

I = initial investment in the proposed project;
67 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

MV = market value at the end of the useful life;

O&M = operating and maintenance costs of the proposed project
The numerator of the modified B-C ratio expresses the equivalent worth of
the benefits minus the equivalent worth of the operating and maintenance costs,
and the denominator includes only the initial investment costs (less any market
value). A project is acceptable when the B-C ratio is greater than or equal to 1.0.

Example 4.10

Referring to Example 4.1, use the benefit-cost ratio method to evaluate the economic
soundness of this proposed equipment. The firm’s MARR is 20% per year.

 SOLUTION:
Php80,000  P / A, 20%,5 
B-C 
Php250,000  Php50,000  P / F , 20%,5 
  1.20  5  1 
Php80,000  
 0.20  1.20  
5

B-C 
Php250,000  Php50,000  1.20 
5

Php239,248.97
B-C   1.04
Php229,906.12
Since B-C ratio is greater than 1.0, then the investment is economically
acceptable.
68 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ________________

COURSE/YEAR: _______________________________ DATE: _________________

EXERCISE 7

Analyze and solve the following problems.

1. A new municipal refuse-collection truck can be purchased for Php840,000.

Its expected useful life is six years, at which time its market value will be
zero. Annual receipts less expenses will be approximately Php180,000 per
year over the six-year study period. Determine the acceptability of this
proposal using each of the following if the company’s MARR is 18%:
a. PW method c. Discounted Payback method
b. IRR method d. Conventional B-C Ratio method

 SOLUTION:
69 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ________________

COURSE/YEAR: _______________________________ DATE: _________________

2. A project your firm is considering for implementation has these estimated

costs and revenues: an investment cost of Php500,000; maintenance costs
that start at Php50,000 at EOY one and increases by Php10,000 for each of
the next four years, and then remain constant for the following five years;
savings of Php200,000 per year; and a resale value of Php350,000 at the end
of study period. If the project has a 10-year life and the firm’s MARR is 10%
per year, justify the economics of the project based on the following
methods:
a. AW method c. Conventional Payback method
b. ERR method d. Modified B-C Ratio method

 SOLUTION:
70 | Chapter 4 – Evaluating a Single Project

NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ________________

COURSE/YEAR: _______________________________ DATE: _________________

3. The world’s largest carpet maker has just completed a feasibility study of
what to do with the 16,000 tons of overruns, rejects, and remnants it
produces every year. The company’s CEO launched the feasibility study by
asking, why pay someone to dig coal out of the ground and then pay
someone else to put our waste into a landfill? Why not just burn our own
waste? The company is proposing to build a Php10 million power plant to
burn its waste as fuel, thereby saving Php2.8 million a year in coal
purchases. Company engineers have determined that the waste-burning
plant will be environmentally sound, and after its four-year study period the
plant can be sold to a local electric utility for Php5 million. If the firm’s
MARR is 15% per year, determine the acceptability of this proposal using the
following methods:
a. FW method c. Conventional Payback method
b. IRR method d. Conventional B-C Ratio method

 SOLUTION: