FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN PARTIAL METRIC SPACE

USING SOME NEW CONTRACTIVE CONDITION

ASHISH PRABHAKAR NAWGHARE, HARESH GAMBHIR CHAUDHARI

BHUSAWAL ARTS, SCIENCE AND P. O. NAHATA COMMERCE COLLEGE BHUSAWAL,
GSMS ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, CHOPADA
ASHISHNAWGHARE@GMAIL.COM, HARESHGCHAUDHARI@GMAIL.COM:

Abstract. The fixed point theory is one of the important fields in non-linear
analysis. The Banach Contraction Theorem is milestone in the study of non-
linear analysis, given by Banach [12] in 1922. Since that, many authors have
given different versions of Banach Contraction Theorem in different spaces
using a variety of contraction mappings. The study of denotational semantics
of dataflow networks by Matthews [13] introduced the partial metric space.
He generalized the Banach Contraction Theorem for application in program
verification in the context of partial metric spaces. After Matthews many
authors studied the Bancah contraction in partial metric space with a range of
contractive conditions. In this study we present a new contractive condition
to prove contraction theorem of Banach in partial metric space, where we have
the concept of non-zero self-distances. One may find need of such study in
computer science, to certain problems of denotational semantics.

AMS Classification: 54H20

Keywords: Metric Space, Contraction mappings, Cauchys sequence, Fixed Point.

1. Introduction

The well-known Banach contraction theorem [12] is at the centre in the study of
non-linear analysis. The technique in fixed point theory of non-linear analysis has

JOURNAL OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS & GEOMETRIC THEORIES

VOL. 17, NUMBER 1 (2019) 57-65.
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c PUBLICATIONS
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great importance in the development of pure and applied sciences like mathemat-
ics, engineering and computer sciences [13], [7], [6] and [1]. In research activity, the
Banach Contraction Theorem is generalized by many authors in various spaces [13],
[7],[10], [6], [1],[4],[3],[8]. Since, the last few decades the fixed point theorems are
generalized in a good number of generalizations of metric spaces like quasi metric
space, dislocated metric space, b-metric space, dislocated quasi metric space, dislo-
cated quasi b metric space, modular metric space, partial metric space, fuzzy metric
spaces, 2-metric spaces, cone metric space, G-metric space and many more. Some of
the researchers have also studied different generalized versions of contraction map-
pings like Kannan Mapping, Cyclic Mapping, Admissible mapping, α-admissible
Mapping, Compatible Mappings, Weakly Compatible Mappings.
In the study of domain theory, Matthews[13] in 1994 supplied notion of distance in
semantics domain and introduced the partial metric space as a part of the study
of denotational semantics of dataflow networks. Further study of the denotational
semantics of programming languages, he constructed a topological model for a pro-
gramming language, defined as a system of logic. He added that; the Banach
contraction principle can be applied in program verification in Computer Science in
the context of partial metric spaces. After Matthews [13] many authors from [10] ,
[6],[2], [9],[5] proved fixed point results in partial metric spaces.
In this study we present a new contractive condition to prove contraction theo-
rem of Banach in partial metric space, where we have the concept of non-zero
self-distances. One may find need of such study in computer science, to certain
problems of denotational semantics.

2. Preliminaries

In this paper, we use the letters R, R+ , N to denote the set of real numbers, the
set of nonnegative real numbers and the set of natural numbers respectively.
We first recall some basic definitions and properties of partial metric spaces.

Definition 2.1. [13] Let X be a non empty Set and let p : X × X → R+ be such that
the following are satisfied for all x, y, zX
i) x = y ⇐⇒ p(x, x) = p(y; y) = p(x; y);
ii) p(x, x) ≤ p(x, y);
iii) p(x, y) = p(y, x);
FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN PARTIAL METRIC SPACE USING SOME NEW CONTRACTIVE CONDITIONS— JDSGT VO

iv) p(x, y) ≤ p(x, z) + p(z, y) − p(z, z).

Then p is called a partial metric on X and the pair (X, p) is called a partial metric
space.

2.1. Note. From definition we can see that, in partial metric spaces

1. If p(x, y) = 0 then x = y (from (i) and (ii)); But if x = y then p(x, y) may
not be 0.
2. The function dp : X×X → R+ defined as dp (x, y) = 2p(x, y)−p(x, x)−p(y, y)
satisfies the condition of an usual metric on X.
3. Each partial metric p on X generates a T0 topology τp on X, whose base is a
family of open p-balls {Bp (x, ) : xX,  > 0}where Bp (x, ) = {yX : p(x, y) ≤
p(x, x) + } for all xX and  > 0.

Definition 2.2. [13] Let (X, p) be a partial metric space a sequence {xn } in
the partial metric space (X, p) converges to the limit x if and only if p(x,x) =
limn→∞ p(x, xn ).

Definition 2.3. [13] Let (X, p) be a partial metric space a sequence {xn } in the par-
tial metric space (X, p) is called a Cauchy sequence if p(x, x) = limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn )
exists and is finite.

Definition 2.4. [13] A partial metric space (X, p) is called complete if every Cauchy
sequence {xn } in X converges with respect to τp to a point x  X such that p(x,x) =
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ).

Lemma 2.5. [13] Let (X, p) be a partial metric space. A sequence {xn } is a Cauchy
sequence in the partial metric space (X, p) if and only if it is a Cauchy Sequence in
the Metric Space (X, dp ).

Lemma 2.6. [13] A partial metric space (X, p) is complete if and only if the metric
space (X, dp ) is complete.
Moreover,
limn→∞ p(x, xn ) = 0 if and only if p(x, x) = limn→∞ p(x, xn ) = limm,n→∞ p(xn , xm ).

The Banach Fixed Point Theorem [12] asserts as

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Theorem 2.7. If (X, d) is a complete metric space and T:X×X −→ X is a mapping

such that,

d(T x, T y) ≤ αd(x, y)

For all x, yX and some 0 ≤ α < 1 then T has a unique fixed point xX. Moreover,
the Picard sequence of iterates {T n x}, nN converges, for every x X, to x∗ .
In the literature there is great number of generalizations of Banach contraction
Theorem. Here, we point some of the well-known results.

Theorem 2.8. [4] Boyd-Wang Let X be complete metric space, and T :X −→ X.

Assume that, there exists a right-continuous function φ : [0, ∞) −→ [0, ∞) such
that φ (r) < r if r>0, and d(Tx,Ty) ≤ φ (d(x,y)) for all x, yX then T has a unique
fixed point x0 X and {T n x} −→ x0 for each xX.

Theorem 2.9. [3] Caristi Let X be a Complete Metric Space, and let T:X −→ X.
Assume that there exists a lower semicontinuous function ψ : X −→ [0, ∞) such
that, d(x,Tx) ≤ ψ(x) - ψ(T(x)) for all x X. Then T has a fixed point in X.
Kannan in [7] , obtained the extension of the Banach fixed point theorem known as
Kannan fixed point theorem.

Theorem 2.10. [7] If (X,d) is a complete metric space and T :X −→ X is a

mapping such that,
α
d(T x, T y) ≤ (d(x, T x) + d(y, T y))
2
for all x, yX and some 0 ≤ α < 1 then T has a unique fixed point x  X.
Moreover, The Picard Sequence of iterates {T n x} converges, for every xX to x∗ X.
The contraction mapping used in this theorem is known as Kannan mapping or
Kannan contraction.

Theorem 2.11. [8]Let T :M −→ M be a mapping of a metric space (M,d) into

itself such that,

d(T x, T y) ≤ qmax{d(x, y); d(x, T x); d(y, T y); d(x, T y); d(y, T x)}

for some q < 1 and all x, yM, then T has a unique fixed point in M. The contraction
mapping used in this theorem is known as quasi-contraction mapping.
FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN PARTIAL METRIC SPACE USING SOME NEW CONTRACTIVE CONDITIONS— JDSGT VO

3. Main Results

Theorem 3.1. Let (X, p) be a complete partial metric space. Suppose that the
mapping T : X → X satisfies the condition

(p(x, T x) + p(y, T y))

p(T x, T y) ≤ ( )p(x, y)
(p(x, T x) + p(y, T y) + p(x, x))

for all x, y  X, then T has a unique fixed point in X and {T n x∗ }, n  N converges

to a fixed point, for all x∗  X.
Proof : To Prove that, T has unique fixed point.
we define a sequence {xn } in ( X, p) for an arbitrary point x0 , by denoting x1 = T x0 ,
x2 = T x1 = T 2 x0 , ... , xn+1 = T xn = T n x0 .
Consider, p(xn+1 , xn ) = p(T xn , T xn−1 )

p(xn , T xn ) + p(xn−1 , T xn−1 )

≤( )p(xn , xn−1 )
p(xn , T xn ) + p(xn−1 , T xn−1 ) + p(xn , xn )

p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn )

≤( )p(xn , xn−1 )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(xn , xn )
We denote
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn )
Sn = ( )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(xn , xn )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn p(xn , xn−1 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 p(xn−1 , xn−2 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 p(xn−2 , xn−3 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 ...S1 p(x1 , x0 )

Thus, We obtain a sequence {Sn } of positive terms which is non-increasing.

Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 ...S1 ≤ S1 n

also S1 n −→ 0 as n −→ ∞ or limn→∞ S1 n = 0
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and we get,
p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ 0 =⇒ p(xn+1 , xn ) = 0
Now, for all m,n N and m > n
Since,
p(xm−1 , xm−1 ) ≥ 0 =⇒ p(xm , xn ) ≤ p(xm , xm−1 ) + p(xm−1 , xn )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ p(xm , xm−1 ) + p(xm−1 , xm−2 ) + · · · + p(xn+1 , xn )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ S1 m−1 p(x1 , x0 ) + S1 m−2 p(x1 , x0 ) + · · · + S1 n p(x1 , x0 )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ (S1 m−1 + S1 m−2 + · · · + S1 n )p(x1 , x0 )
Taking limit n −→ ∞
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) ≤ limm,n→∞ (S1 m−1 + S1 m−2 + · · · + S1 n )p(x1 , x0 )
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) ≤ (0 + 0 + · · · + 0)p(x1 , x0 )
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) = 0 =⇒ limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) is finite.
Which proves that, xn is a Cauchy’s Sequence in Partial Metric Space (X, p).
As (X, p) is Complete Partial Metric Space, Sequence {xn } must converge to some
point in X.
Let it be x∗ X, ∴ xn −→ x∗ as n −→ ∞
Consider,
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ p(T x∗ , T xn ) + p(T xn , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , T xn )
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ ( )p(x∗ , xn ) + p(T xn , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , T xn ) + p(x∗ , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , xn+1 )
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ ( )p(x∗ , xn ) + p(xn+1 , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(x∗ , x∗ )
as n −→ ∞ p(x∗ , xn ) −→ 0 and p(xn+1 , x∗ ) −→ 0
∴ p(T x∗ , x∗ ) = 0
This Shows that x∗ is Fixed Point of T .
To Prove Uniqueness :
Suppose that x∗ and x∗∗ are two fixed points of T.
∗ ∗ ∗∗ ∗∗
Consider, p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) = p(T x∗ , T x∗∗ ) ≤ ( p(x∗ ,Tp(x ,T x )+p(x ,T x ) ∗ ∗∗
x∗ )+p(x∗∗ ,T x∗∗ )+p(x∗ ,x∗ ) ) p(x , x )
Thus,
p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) ≤ 0 =⇒ p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) = 0 =⇒ x∗ = x∗∗
Hence, T has unique fixed point x∗ in X.
Now, For x∗ X,
Consider,
p(T n x∗ , x∗ ) = p(T n−1 (T x∗ ), x∗ ) = d(T n−1 x∗ , x∗ ) = d(T n−2 (T x∗ ), x∗ ) = · · · =
FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN PARTIAL METRIC SPACE USING SOME NEW CONTRACTIVE CONDITIONS— JDSGT VO

d(T x∗ , x∗ ) = 0.
Thus,
d(T n x∗ , x∗ ) = 0 =⇒ T n x∗ = x∗

Proving that, {T n x∗ }, nN converges to a fixed point, for all x∗ X.

Theorem 3.2. Let (X, p) be a complete partial metric space. Suppose that the
mapping T : X → X satisfies the condition

(p(x, T x) + p(y, T y))

p(T x, T y) ≤ ( )p(x, y)
(p(x, T x) + p(y, T y) + p(y, y))

for all x, y  X, then T has a unique fixed point in X and {T n x∗ }, n  N converges

to a fixed point, for all x∗  X.
Proof : To Prove that, T has unique fixed point.
we define a sequence {xn } in ( X, p) for an arbitrary point x0 , by denoting x1 = T x0 ,
x2 = T x1 = T 2 x0 , ... , xn+1 = T xn = T n x0 .
Consider, p(xn+1 , xn ) = p(T xn , T xn−1 )
p(xn , T xn ) + p(xn−1 , T xn−1 )
≤( )p(xn , xn−1 )
p(xn , T xn ) + p(xn−1 , T xn−1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn−1 )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn )
≤( )p(xn , xn−1 )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(xn−1 , xn−1 )
We denote
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn )
Sn = ( )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(xn−1 , xn−1 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn p(xn , xn−1 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 p(xn−1 , xn−2 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 p(xn−2 , xn−3 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 ...S1 p(x1 , x0 )

Thus, We obtain a sequence {Sn } of positive terms which is non-increasing.

Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 ...S1 ≤ S1 n

also S1 n −→ 0 as n −→ ∞ or limn→∞ S1 n = 0
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and we get,
p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ 0 =⇒ p(xn+1 , xn ) = 0

Now, for all m,n N and m > n

Since,
p(xm−1 , xm−1 ) ≥ 0 =⇒ p(xm , xn ) ≤ p(xm , xm−1 ) + p(xm−1 , xn )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ p(xm , xm−1 ) + p(xm−1 , xm−2 ) + · · · + p(xn+1 , xn )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ S1 m−1 p(x1 , x0 ) + S1 m−2 p(x1 , x0 ) + · · · + S1 n p(x1 , x0 )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ (S1 m−1 + S1 m−2 + · · · + S1 n )p(x1 , x0 )
Taking limit n −→ ∞
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) ≤ limm,n→∞ (S1 m−1 + S1 m−2 + · · · + S1 n )p(x1 , x0 )
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) ≤ (0 + 0 + · · · + 0)p(x1 , x0 )
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) = 0 =⇒ limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) is finite.
Which proves that, xn is a Cauchy’s Sequence in Partial Metric Space (X, p).
As (X, p) is Complete Partial Metric Space, Sequence {xn } must converge to some
point in X.
Let it be x∗ X, ∴ xn −→ x∗ as n −→ ∞
Consider,
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ p(T x∗ , T xn ) + p(T xn , x∗ )

p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , T xn )
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ ( )p(x∗ , xn ) + p(T xn , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , T xn ) + p(xn , xn )

p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , xn+1 )

p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ ( )p(x∗ , xn ) + p(xn+1 , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn , xn )

as n −→ ∞ p(x∗ , xn ) −→ 0 and p(xn+1 , x∗ ) −→ 0

∴ p(T x∗ , x∗ ) = 0
This Shows that x∗ is Fixed Point of T .
To Prove Uniqueness :
Suppose that x∗ and x∗∗ are two fixed points of T.
∗ ∗ ∗∗ ∗∗
Consider, p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) = p(T x∗ , T x∗∗ ) ≤ ( p(x∗ ,Tp(x ,T x )+p(x ,T x ) ∗ ∗∗
x∗ )+p(x∗∗ ,T x∗∗ )+p(x∗∗ ,x∗∗ ) ) p(x , x )
Thus,
p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) ≤ 0 =⇒ p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) = 0 =⇒ x∗ = x∗∗
FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN PARTIAL METRIC SPACE USING SOME NEW CONTRACTIVE CONDITIONS— JDSGT VO

Hence, T has unique fixed point x∗ in X.

Now, For x∗ X,
Consider,
p(T n x∗ , x∗ ) = p(T n−1 (T x∗ ), x∗ ) = d(T n−1 x∗ , x∗ ) = d(T n−2 (T x∗ ), x∗ ) = · · · =
d(T x∗ , x∗ ) = 0.
Thus,
d(T n x∗ , x∗ ) = 0 =⇒ T n x∗ = x∗

Proving that, {T n x∗ }, nN converges to a fixed point, for all x∗ X.

Theorem 3.3. Let (X, p) be a complete partial metric space. Suppose that the
mapping T : X → X satisfies the condition

p(y, T y)
p(T x, T y) ≤ ( )p(x, y)
(p(x, T x) + p(y, T y) + p(x, x))

for all x, y  X, then T has a unique fixed point in X and {T n x∗ }, n  N converges

to a fixed point, for all x∗  X.
Proof : To Prove that, T has unique fixed point.
we define a sequence {xn } in ( X, p) for an arbitrary point x0 , by denoting x1 = T x0 ,
x2 = T x1 = T 2 x0 , ... , xn+1 = T xn = T n x0 .
Consider, p(xn+1 , xn ) = p(T xn , T xn−1 )
p(xn−1 , T xn−1 )
≤( )p(xn , xn−1 )
p(xn , T xn ) + p(xn−1 , T xn−1 ) + p(xn , xn )
p(xn−1 , xn )
≤( )p(xn , xn−1 )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(xn , xn )
We denote
p(xn−1 , xn )
Sn = ( )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(xn , xn )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn p(xn , xn−1 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 p(xn−1 , xn−2 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 p(xn−2 , xn−3 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 ...S1 p(x1 , x0 )

Thus, We obtain a sequence {Sn } of positive terms which is non-increasing.

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Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 ...S1 ≤ S1 n

also S1 n −→ 0 as n −→ ∞ or limn→∞ S1 n = 0
and we get,
p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ 0 =⇒ p(xn+1 , xn ) = 0
Now, for all m,n N and m > n
Since,
p(xm−1 , xm−1 ) ≥ 0 =⇒ p(xm , xn ) ≤ p(xm , xm−1 ) + p(xm−1 , xn )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ p(xm , xm−1 ) + p(xm−1 , xm−2 ) + · · · + p(xn+1 , xn )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ S1 m−1 p(x1 , x0 ) + S1 m−2 p(x1 , x0 ) + · · · + S1 n p(x1 , x0 )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ (S1 m−1 + S1 m−2 + · · · + S1 n )p(x1 , x0 )
Taking limit n −→ ∞
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) ≤ limm,n→∞ (S1 m−1 + S1 m−2 + · · · + S1 n )p(x1 , x0 )
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) ≤ (0 + 0 + · · · + 0)p(x1 , x0 )
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) = 0 =⇒ limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) is finite.
Which proves that, xn is a Cauchy’s Sequence in Partial Metric Space (X, p).
As (X, p) is Complete Partial Metric Space, Sequence {xn } must converge to some
point in X.
Let it be x∗ X, ∴ xn −→ x∗ as n −→ ∞
Consider,
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ p(T x∗ , T xn ) + p(T xn , x∗ )
p(xn , T xn )
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ ( )p(x∗ , xn ) + p(T xn , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , T xn ) + p(x∗ , x∗ )
p(xn , xn+1 )
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ ( )p(x∗ , xn ) + p(xn+1 , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(x∗ , x∗ )
as n −→ ∞ p(x∗ , xn ) −→ 0 and p(xn+1 , x∗ ) −→ 0
∴ p(T x∗ , x∗ ) = 0
This Shows that x∗ is Fixed Point of T .
To Prove Uniqueness :
Suppose that x∗ and x∗∗ are two fixed points of T.
∗∗ ∗∗
p(x ,T x )
Consider, p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) = p(T x∗ , T x∗∗ ) ≤ ( p(x∗ ,T x∗ )+p(x ∗
∗∗ ,T x∗∗ )+p(x∗ ,x∗ ) ) p(x , x
∗∗
)
Thus,
p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) ≤ 0 =⇒ p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) = 0 =⇒ x∗ = x∗∗
FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN PARTIAL METRIC SPACE USING SOME NEW CONTRACTIVE CONDITIONS— JDSGT VO

Hence, T has unique fixed point x∗ in X.

Now, For x∗ X,
Consider,
p(T n x∗ , x∗ ) = p(T n−1 (T x∗ ), x∗ ) = d(T n−1 x∗ , x∗ ) = d(T n−2 (T x∗ ), x∗ ) = · · · =
d(T x∗ , x∗ ) = 0.
Thus,
d(T n x∗ , x∗ ) = 0 =⇒ T n x∗ = x∗

Proving that, {T n x∗ }, nN converges to a fixed point, for all x∗ X.

Theorem 3.4. Let (X, p) be a complete partial metric space. Suppose that the
mapping T : X → X satisfies the condition

p(y, T y)
p(T x, T y) ≤ ( )p(x, y)
(p(x, T x) + p(y, T y) + p(y, y))

for all x, y  X, then T has a unique fixed point in X and {T n x∗ }, n  N converges

to a fixed point, for all x∗  X.
Proof : To Prove that, T has unique fixed point.
we define a sequence {xn } in ( X, p) for an arbitrary point x0 , by denoting x1 = T x0 ,
x2 = T x1 = T 2 x0 , ... , xn+1 = T xn = T n x0 .
Consider, p(xn+1 , xn ) = p(T xn , T xn−1 )
p(xn−1 , T xn−1 )
≤( )p(xn , xn−1 )
p(xn , T xn ) + p(xn−1 , T xn−1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn−1 )
p(xn−1 , xn )
≤( )p(xn , xn−1 )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(xn−1 , xn−1 )
We denote
p(xn−1 , xn )
Sn = ( )
p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn−1 , xn ) + p(xn−1 , xn−1 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn p(xn , xn−1 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 p(xn−1 , xn−2 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 p(xn−2 , xn−3 )

p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 ...S1 p(x1 , x0 )

Thus, We obtain a sequence {Sn } of positive terms which is non-increasing.

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Sn Sn−1 Sn−2 ...S1 ≤ S1 n

also S1 n −→ 0 as n −→ ∞ or limn→∞ S1 n = 0
and we get,
p(xn+1 , xn ) ≤ 0 =⇒ p(xn+1 , xn ) = 0

Now, for all m,n N and m > n

Since,
p(xm−1 , xm−1 ) ≥ 0 =⇒ p(xm , xn ) ≤ p(xm , xm−1 ) + p(xm−1 , xn )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ p(xm , xm−1 ) + p(xm−1 , xm−2 ) + · · · + p(xn+1 , xn )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ S1 m−1 p(x1 , x0 ) + S1 m−2 p(x1 , x0 ) + · · · + S1 n p(x1 , x0 )
p(xm , xn ) ≤ (S1 m−1 + S1 m−2 + · · · + S1 n )p(x1 , x0 )
Taking limit n −→ ∞
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) ≤ limm,n→∞ (S1 m−1 + S1 m−2 + · · · + S1 n )p(x1 , x0 )
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) ≤ (0 + 0 + · · · + 0)p(x1 , x0 )
limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) = 0 =⇒ limm,n→∞ p(xm , xn ) is finite.
Which proves that, xn is a Cauchy’s Sequence in Partial Metric Space (X, p).
As (X, p) is Complete Partial Metric Space, Sequence {xn } must converge to some
point in X.
Let it be x∗ X, ∴ xn −→ x∗ as n −→ ∞
Consider,
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ p(T x∗ , T xn ) + p(T xn , x∗ )

p(xn , T xn )
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ ( )p(x∗ , xn ) + p(T xn , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , T xn ) + p(xn , xn )

p(xn , xn+1 )
p(T x∗ , x∗ ) ≤ ( )p(x∗ , xn ) + p(xn+1 , x∗ )
p(x∗ , T x∗ ) + p(xn , xn+1 ) + p(xn , xn )
as n −→ ∞ p(x∗ , xn ) −→ 0 and p(xn+1 , x∗ ) −→ 0
∴ p(T x∗ , x∗ ) = 0
This Shows that x∗ is Fixed Point of T .
To Prove Uniqueness :
Suppose that x∗ and x∗∗ are two fixed points of T.
 FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN PARTIAL METRIC SPACE USING SOME NEW CONTRACTIVE CONDITIONS— JDSGT VO

∗∗ ∗∗
p(x ,T x )
Consider, p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) = p(T x∗ , T x∗∗ ) ≤ ( p(x∗ ,T x∗ )+p(x ∗
∗∗ ,T x∗∗ )+p(x∗∗ ,x∗∗ ) ) p(x , x
∗∗
)
Thus,

p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) ≤ 0 =⇒ p(x∗ , x∗∗ ) = 0 =⇒ x∗ = x∗∗

Hence, T has unique fixed point x∗ in X.

Now, For x∗ X,
Consider,
p(T n x∗ , x∗ ) = p(T n−1 (T x∗ ), x∗ ) = d(T n−1 x∗ , x∗ ) = d(T n−2 (T x∗ ), x∗ ) = · · · =
d(T x∗ , x∗ ) = 0.
Thus,

d(T n x∗ , x∗ ) = 0 =⇒ T n x∗ = x∗

Proving that, {T n x∗ }, nN converges to a fixed point, for all x∗ X.

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