SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF ART IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

COURSE NAME: E400- DISSERTATION

STUDENT IDENTITY: BDS1712761

STUDENT NAME: CHANDA FRANCIS

PROPOSAL TOPIC: SHOPPING MALLS

PROPOSAL TITLE: An analysis on the effects of shopping malls on local businesses among
grocery traders in chawama, Lusaka.
 CHAPTER ONE.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study, is to highlight some of the effects that the influx of shopping malls has
posed on local grocery traders in chawama. The chapter will highlight, the statement of the
problem, the background of the study, objectives for the research both specific and general
objectives, Research questions, significance of the study, delimitation, operational definitions
and the limitations.

1.1 BACKGROUND
From the year 1964, the time the country attained its independence. Zambia had been
characterized with an economy that was only ran by the government, prior to this all
businesses were been managed by the state as the only entity that had the mandate, this stood
as a restriction for every private individual or fame to run any business, as everything at the
time was under state control. These businesses ranged from; transportation were the country
had been known for its common mode of transport, which was known as the UNITED BUS
OF ZAMBIA (UBZ), also all other businesses such as grocery trade and other essential
commodity firms were all under state control, which included mining firms and every other
form of enterprise as at that time. This continued for some years and in return the
management of business by the state proved to be a very inefficient move, as it yielded less
profitability and at the time the government under the leadership of Dr Kenneth Kaunda
(UNIP), was more focused on humanism and socialism, which was yet a very good move on
the part of the people but did not yield economic benefits for the country. It was therefore
after the movement for multi-party Democracy (MMD), came to challenge the UNIP
government in an election were they waged victorious and took over power. At the time the
country was faced with serious economic challenges which made the country less productive
and economically stable, it therefore at that time that the new government under the technical
advice of the international monetary fund (IMF), came on board to advice the government on
some of the measures that would help to ease the smooth running of the economy which at
the time was referred to as the structural adjustment program, which among the policies was
the need liberalize the economy, a move that meant government was to allow for the opening
 of the economy to the private sector to join in the running of business, as they had the
capacity to enhance productivity, it also led to the privatization of most state parastatals
which detached government as been the sole owners of companies and other firms.
Therefore, it is to this regard, that the country has experienced a growth in private sector
operations in almost every sector of the economy a move that has helped in job creation and
enhancement of government revenue, on the other hand it has also led to the coming in of
Multi-national co-operations who have now flooded the market in the country, which has
now led to an ease on people’s ability to access essential commodities, which in return has
stood as a stifle to local business firms owned by individuals who depend on them for
survival,  increase in competition between firms and firm’s development and
reorganization to meet current market trend (Moura, R., 2010) in spite the
advantages they have posed on the economy such as the creation of jobs and through their
returns as revenue to government, the local traders have continued to suffer the competition
that these firms have brought particularly the shopping malls trading in all essential
commodities such groceries especially those located in compounds, were majority of the
population survive on their small businesses.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem been addressed is, the effects of influx shopping malls in Chawama among
local grocery traders. In many recent years Zambian has seen an increase in the introduction
of Multinational Cooperation’s which have manifested in different forms among them is the
coming up of shopping malls, which have rapidly spread up in most parts of the country,
thereby impeding the growth of local traders in most communities, as a result of the
competition they have brought. Multinational Cooperation’s may stifle economic
development by locking host countries in low value added activities by crowding out local
investments and jobs (JBIC institute, 2002). Many studies have revealed that MNC’s have a
bearing effect on local economies, yet not much right ups have provided much information
on the dangers it pauses on local economies particularly the local traders who mainly survive
on trading as a source of livelihood. It is to this concern that, f the study remains unattended
we will continue to see a rise in poverty levels, crime and other elicit activities as people’s
livelihoods would have been distorted. It is therefore to this background that this study aims
 at highlighting some of the effects that MNC’s (Shopping Malls) especially on local traders
in a community set up.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 General Objectives

-To analysis on the effects of shopping malls on local businesses among Chawama Groceries
traders.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

- To establish how local business performance has been among traders in Chawama.

- To investigate how consumer’s behavior has been as on the traders.

- To establish how this has led to the collapse of local business in Chawama.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

-How has the business performance been since the introduction of shopping malls among
Chawama traders?

-To what extent has consumer’s behaviour changed towards local traders in Chawama?
-How has the introduction of shopping malls led to the collapse of local business in Chawama?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

-This study will seek to unveil how the influx of shopping malls in the area has affected
the residents, it will seek to enlighten the policy makers on the dangers of unregulated
influx of multinational co-operations on the local economy, it will help in devising ways
on how to protect local traders amidst the shopping malls.
1.6 DELIMITATION
- This study will be undertaken in chawama constituency and it will focus on traders, those
dealing in groceries particularly those on the main market area.
1.7 LIMITATIONS

Some of the challenges that are likely to be incurred during this study include: finances to aid
the researcher to reach the targeted audience, language barriers especially for those that are not
very conversant with the English language, this will also transcend especially to locals that are
foreign like those from Rwanda and Burundi who have set up local businesses and lastly the
ability to capture the audience of these busy traders.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

- Multinational co-operations
- Trading
- Traders
- Foreign direct investment
- Consumers
-

CHAPTER TWO.

1.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter will seek to compare what other schools of thought have put across regarding the
study at hand, it will highlight the following; the empirical review, theoretical framework,
conceptual framework and the gaps in literature.

The following literature has proven useful in the execution of this study

2.2 Empirical Review

2.3 Theoretical Framework

Conflict theory
According to conflict theory, society is a struggle for dominance among social groups like
women versus men who compete for scarce resource, when we examine gender from this
perspective, we view men as the dominance group and women as a subordinate group, the
assumption of conflict theory is that social problem like gender inequality starts when the
dominate group starts to exploit or oppress the subordinate groups in this case the women. Let’s
consider the suffrage movement or debate over women’s “the right to choose’ ’their reproductive
futures. It is difficult for women to rise above men, as dominate group members create rules for
success and opportunity in society (farrington and chertok 1993)

2.4 Conceptual Framework

Contributing factors to gender inequalities

2.5 GAPS IN LITERATUR

Arising from the above literature as revealed by many scholars, most schools of thought have yes
posed certain benefits that multinational co-operations, shopping Malls particularly have brought
had on the local economy, a move which has been highly recognized by most governments were
these MNCs have established. On the other hand, the local business establishments seem to have
been neglected in the picture, this is so due to the evidence that has been shown on the need to
prioritize the shopping malls in most areas particularly in the compounds were most of the
population is highly dependent on sole trading for survival. Overlooking some of the effects that
this has on the part of the local traders as, it creates a very huge competition, that the traders
cannot stand, as they are highly equipped with huge capitals and availability of technologies that
give them a very high market penetration advantage. It is therefore to this regard that the
research seeks to establish some of the challenges that these firms have posed on the local traders
especially those in the grocery trade sector.
 CHAPTER 3

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter seek to highlight the methodology that the above study will employ for purposes of
its effective actualization. It will provide a road a map that will highlight the tools and techniques
that will be used to the success of this study. The following is a detailed highlight of what this
chapter will be about.

3.2. APPROACH

In undertaking this study, it will employ the use of qualitative research method; this is because
the nature of the study attempts to answer the what” and “why” question, as it will seek to extract
details on the above subject matter as to what and why the situation is so.

3.3. STUDY DESIGN

For purposes of this study, the research work will employ the use of a case study. As is it will
seek to describe in detail or in depth the experiences of a group of persons which in this regard is
are the traders of chawama.

3.4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The sampling technique that will be used, in this study will be purposive sampling technique,
this is so because the subject matter is targeting a specific audience for a specific purpose, which
in this case are the Grocery traders in Chawama.

3.5. COLLECTION OF DATA

The study will use individual questionnaires in collecting the data and so as to avoid bias
responses from the respondents. method is also cost effective to use in obtaining information.
The data stands to be reliable because it will be evidence based as it will be recorded direct from
the affected the individuals. The interviews will be a one on one interview based to ensure
confidentiality of the information

3.6. ANALYSIS OF DATA

A Thematic Approach,

3.7. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

With regards to validity and reliability, triangulation of the data will be applied so as to compare
different sources of information picking from secondary data for validation, and pilot testing will
be done too.

3.8. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The following are some of the ethical considerations, that this study will employ as guiding
principles highlighting the dos and don’ts; firstly the principle of informed consent will be
applied as to ensure that no information will be collected from the traders without their consent
so as to ignite confidence in the researcher, secondly the principle of non-guarantee of incentives
will be applied, this will entail that the researcher will not promise anything in return to the
respondents for participating in their research, thirdly the principle of confidentiality and privacy,
so as to protect the researcher from been compelled to bringing out information that they deem to
be of a sensitive nature, and that which they deem irrelevant.