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RE LATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE UNITED
STATES AND COCOLOMBIA
TODAY

CULTURE AN REGIONAL ECONOMY

OF AMERICA
AUTOR: Luis Armando Malo Peniche / Johana
Paola Hoyos Jiménez

INDEX
1. The migration of Colombians to the United States

2. Geo-US strategy in the Andean region
3. The importance of emerging economies
THEMATIC DEVELOPMENT
1. The migration of Colombians to the United States
While the United States has been characterized as a nation of immigrants, the importance of Latin
American migration to this nation is unquestionable, since Hispanics have become the largest
minority ethno cultural United States. Throughout the years, especially since the beginning of the
century, the migration of people from Latin America to the United States has been a sensitive
issue in the relations of the countries of this region with the United States.
South American immigrants in the United States, though small in absolute numbers compared to
those from Mexico and Central America, experienced the fastest growth since 1960 among all
Latin American immigrant groups. The number of South American immigrants grew from 90,000
in 1960 to around 2.9 million in 2014, representing a 32-‐fold increase. In 1960, South Americans
accounted for just 1 percent of the total foreign-‐born population in the United States; by 2014,
their share increased to 7 percent of the nation’s 42.4 million immigrants. In 2014, the five largest
countries of origin were Colombia (707,000, or 25 percent of all South American immigrants),
Peru (449,000, 16 percent), Ecuador (424,000, 15 percent), Brazil (336,000, 12 percent), and
Guyana (273,000, 10 percent). Together, they accounted for more than three-‐quarters (77
percent) of the total South American immigrant population.
Distribution of South American Immigrants by Country of Origin, 2014 (Migration policy institute,
2016)
2 POLITÉCNICO GRANCOLOMBIANO

Approximately 998.000 Colombian immigrants and their children reside in the United States.
Colombia is the largest source of South American immigration to the United States and the 14th
largest source of immigrants overall, accounting for 1.7 percent of the country’s foreign born-‐
population. Most Colombian-‐born people in the United States immigrated during the 1980s and
1990s. Although the majority of Colombians who obtained U.S lawful permanent resident (LPR)
status in recent years gained permanent residence through family reunification, a significant
share did so by claiming asylum or being resettled as refugees.
CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 3

Persons obtaining lawful permanent resident status by region and selected country of last residence: fiscal years
1820 to 2014 (HomelandSecurity, 2016)

US geostrategy in the Andean region
In the scenario of the global war for resources, Latin America is one of the main battlegrounds,
because supplies 25% of all natural resources and energy needed by the United States. In
addition, the peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean live in a territory which is 25% of forests
and 40% of the biodiversity of the globe. Nearly a third of the world's reserves of copper, bauxite
and silver are part of their wealth, and keeps in its bowels 27% coal, 24% oil, gas 8% and 5% of
uranium. And their watersheds contain 35% of the world's hydropower power.
At present it has regained importance the colonial international division of labor, which is based
on mining, intensive and predatory type, of the countries of Latin America. This has meant that
multinational companies from Canada, Europe, China, have seized, as in the old days of the
colony, large territorial portions of the continent, where mineral deposits are found. The
insatiable quest for metallic and nonmetallic minerals has led in these countries are implemented
multinational extractive, which has generated a cyclical boom that has raised the prices of these
minerals.
In this geopolitical context, Colombia plays a crucial role: its privileged spatial location, situated
between south and Central America; for being the only South American country with coasts on
two oceans; for its extraordinary biodiversity and freshwater sources; for its forest and mineral
wealth. (Cantor, 2016)
Among the priorities of the United States, it is well known that the countries of the Andean region
have not been among its global priorities. However it is undeniable that the United States and
Latin America depends on each other, on different aspects, ranging from the impact of migration
from Latin America to the United States, to the mutual economic dependence.
The US strategy in the region has been determined by two distinct aspects: promoting economic
welfare of the nation and the protection of US security.
It is for this reason that the United States has taken controversial decisions that have been seen
by some as a new strategy for a new imperialism different from past centuries. For example, the
militarization of the region, which is part of various agreements such as the Colombia Plan, to the
deployment of massive military force in different neighbors or set up military bases throughout
the continent.
This militarization is also possible to perceive when the US strategy tested against a worrying
problem facing the region: drug trafficking.
For example, in the early 80s, the drug problem was tackled from the national level, trying to find
solutions from internal policies, such as strengthening democracy and trade. However, as the
years passed and the problem was further exacerbated, the United States came closer to a policy
of militarization and securitization, but also accompanied with other parts of the regional agenda
as the launch of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
United States as a hegemonic power in the world, used its victory in the Cold War to strengthen
its military power, using scientific and technological developments, in order to terrorize and crush
the potential opponents if they would start a Formal war or potential competitors emerge. This
was reflected in 1992 document entitled "Guidelines for Defense Planning", which was indicated
as a priority that "the United States should prevent competition from those who aspire to play a
leading role in the regional or global level" and even contemplated the use of nuclear, biological

and chemical weapons preemptively, "even in conflicts where American interests are not directly
threatened"
The attacks of September 2001 deepened the tendency to prioritize issues of terrorism and drug
trafficking in the region, as the two backbones of the US agenda topics. Indeed, the fight against
terrorism is now the first US concern globally. In fact, in the National Security Strategy, it alluded
to links between extremist terrorist groups and drug trafficking activities that help finance these
groups; and this is the only hemispheric issue really significant in the view of US security. (Adrián
Bonilla, 2016)
On the other hand, in terms of economy, the supply of natural resources from the Andean region
to the United States is fundamental. While some would argue that the United States seeks to
maintain its global hegemony by military means controlling places and strategic resources such
as oil, water, biodiversity and minerals, which cannot be denied is that whether military or
militarily, this potential world does depend on these resources that America offers. Energy
independence and access to oil, it makes US relations with countries like Venezuela, Ecuador,
Bolivia and Peru join because of this, being interdependent in one way or another. An example of
this is that the total imports of energy products from Latin America to the US is 27% of total crude
oil imports US.
3. The importance of emerging economies
#9456342
The twenty-‐first century could be the time when the balance of power shifts to other countries,
such as Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS); or in the more distant future,
emerging countries such as Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, turkey and South Africa
(CIVETS) could play a prominent role in both the economy and world politics.
But before talking about these relevant cases the question must be: What are emerging
countries? In this sense, emerging countries are countries in transition, which are among the
developing and developed countries, which are characterized by rapid economic growth.
According to FTSE (The Financial Times Stock Exchange), emerging countries can be classified into
two different categories of markets. A first category is the Advanced Emerging Markets
corresponding to middle-‐income countries exceeding gross national income with advanced
market infrastructures. These countries are Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Mexico,
Poland, Russia, South Africa and Taiwan.
In the category of Secondary Emerging Markets are countries with upper-‐middle, lower middle
and low GDP incomes, with reasonable market infrastructures of significant size, and some
upper-‐middle income GDP with less developed market infrastructure. Among them are Argentina,
Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Romania,
Thailand and Turkey.
In 2010, four out of the top five economies in the world were part of the West. In 2050, according
to Goldman Sachs, the United States will be the only Western power to make it into the top
five. Although the United States will be number two in 2050, its economy will be much smaller
than China's. Goldman Sachs projects that China's GDP should match America's by 2027, and then
steadily pull ahead. The collective GDP of the four leading developing countries (the BRICs-‐-‐Brazil,
Russia, India, and China) is likely to match that of today's leading Western nations by 2032. The
World Bank predicts that the U.S. dollar will lose its global dominance by 2025 as the dollar, euro,
and China's renminbi become co-‐equals in a "multi-‐currency" monetary system. (Kupchan, 2012)

Undoubtedly, these emerging economies are possibly those that implement a certainly different
future, leading to a new global economy. Among this group of nations are the famous BRICS. The
results are startling. If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICs economies together could
be larger than the G6 in US dollar terms. By 2025 they could account for over half the size of the
G6. Of the current G6, only the US and Japan may be among the six largest economies in US dollar
terms in 2050. The list of the world’s ten largest economies may look quite different in 2050. The
largest economies in the world (by GDP) may no longer be the richest (by income per capita),
making strategic choices for firms more complex. (Goldmansachs, 2003)

The key assumption underlying our projections is that the BRICs maintain policies and develop
institutions that are supportive of growth. Each of the BRICs faces significant challenges in keeping
development on track. This means that there is a good chance that our projections are not met,
either through bad policy or bad luck. But if the BRICs come anywhere close to meeting the
projections set out here, the implications for the pattern of growth and economic activity could
be large. (Goldmansachs, 2003)

In less than 40 years, the BRICs’ economies together could be larger than the G6 in US dollar
terms. By 2025 they could account for over half the size of the G6. Currently they are worth less
than 15%.
The relative importance of the BRIC as an engine of growth in the new global economic power,
could drastically change the current dynamics in less time than expected. The greatest growth in
these economies could offset the impact of the aging and less productive populations and slower
growth in developed economies.

Further growth can also lead to higher performance and greater demand for capital. At the same
time, the weight of the BRICs in investment portfolios could increase considerably.
The changing league table of world GDP in PPP terms is shown in Table 1. China is already the
world’s biggest economy in PPP terms, and we project that India could have the potential to just
overtake the US as the world’s second largest economy by 2050 in PPP terms (although the
projected difference is small relative to the margin of uncertainty around any such projections).
We project that the gap between the three biggest economies (i.e. China, India and the US) and
the rest of the world will widen over the next few decades. In 2014, the third biggest economy in
PPP terms (India) is around 50% larger than the fourth biggest economy (Japan). In 2050, the third
biggest economy in PPP terms (the US) is projected to be approximately 240% larger than the
fourth biggest economy (Indonesia). The rise of Indonesia and Nigeria through the world rankings
throughout the period to 2050 is very striking: Indonesia rises from 9th in 2014 to 4th in 2050,
and Nigeria rises from 20th in 2014 to 9th in 2050. However, average income per capita (i.e. GDP
per capita) will still be significantly higher in the advanced economies than the emerging
economies in 2050. The current gap in income per capita between developing and developed
countries is just too large to bridge fully over this period. (PWC, 2015)


With the BRICs story largely having moved into the mainstream, we are often asked Who will be
the next BRICs? While the N-‐11 may not have the same transformative impact on the world
economy that the BRICs may realize, they nonetheless present interesting growth stories, and
several countries in this group could rival the G7 in time. As laid out in our Global Economics Paper
No. 153, the N-‐11 include Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan,
Philippines, Turkey and Vietnam. (Goldmansachs, 2007 )
Energy Consumption Increasing in N-‐11! The N-‐11 together

account for 7% of global GDP and 9% of the world’s energy
consumption, while China accounts for 6% of GDP and 13%
of energy consumption. This reflects more industry-‐
intensive economies and less energy-‐efficient technologies
than in the developed world.
Leading to Rising CO2 Emissions’ The N-‐11 and BRICs

together accounted for more CO2 emissions than the G6 in
2004, making these countries’ cooperation critical to future
global efforts to curb emissions. In 2004, the N-‐11 (with
almost 19% of the world’s population) accounted for 9% of
total emissions, compared with 29% for the BRICs and 35%
for the G6 (with population shares of 43% and 11%,
respectively)
Finally there are the CIVETS, The members are: Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and
South Africa. It is believed that could potentially contribute to the growth of the world economy,
as are doing the BRIC.
Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa were first grouped together by the
Economist Intelligence Unit as a ‘second tier of emerging markets’ in 2009. In 2010, former HSBC
Group Chief Executive Michael Geoghegan further popularized the term by hailing the CIVETS
countries as ‘a new group of emerging market dynamos’ on account of their large, young and
growing populations, diverse and dynamic economies, and (comparative) political stability.
While all countries in this group have very significant differences, they also have a common factor:
they are emerging economies that reflect a "Potential for rapid development and promise to
reward those willing to take the risk of investing in them" (Sesin, 2011)
As mentioned above, a main focus of the CIVET is attracting foreign investment. According to The
Economist, this group of countries may have in the next twenty years growth of 4.5% in GDP,
slightly below the expected for the BRIC nations is 4.9%, but well above the set of developed
nations of the G-‐7, which is just 1.8%.
But while the CIVETS’ populations are still large, young and growing, their economies and political
systems have undergone significant changes in the last years – which, in turn, affects how
attractive these countries are for British businesses looking to go global.

GLOSSARY
GEOSTRATEGY
A subfield of geopolitics, is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as

they inform, constrain, or affect political and military planning. As with all strategies, geostrategy
is concerned with matching means to ends, ,in this case, a country's resources (whether they are
limited or extensive) with its geopolitical objectives (which can be local, regional, or global)
IMMIGRANT
A person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there
PRIMARY ENERGY
Primary energy includes all energy products not transformed, directly exploited or imported. It
mainly includes crude oil, oil shale, natural gas, solid mineral fuels, biomass, solar radiation,
hydraulic energy, wind energy, geothermic energy and the energy taken from uranium fission.
SECURITISATION
A term used to define the kind of foreign policy that the United States had with Colombia, when
based its economic aid to security issues arising from matters of general interest such as the war
on terror or drug trafficking. It is also known as militarization of aid.
REFERENCES
OEC. (2016, July 17). OEC. Retrieved from Colombia:

http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/col/
Tradingeconomics. (2016, July 16). Tradingeconomics. Retrieved from Colombia Balance of
Trade: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/colombia/balance-‐of-‐trade
US.Department of state. (2016, July 17). US.Department of state. Retrieved from U.S. Relations
With Colombia: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35754.htm
Office of the united states representative. (18 de July de 2016). Office of the united states
representative. Obtenido de Colombia: https://ustr.gov/countries-‐regions/americas/colombia
Cancilleria. (2016, July 16). Cancilleria. Retrieved from Principles and outlines of Colombian
foreign policy: http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/en/ministry/policy
Embajada Estados Unidos. (2016, July 17). Embajada Estados Unidos. Retrieved from
Mecanismos Bilaterales Colombia -‐ Estados Unidos:
http://estadosunidos.embajada.gov.co/colombia/mecanismos_bilaterales
Dane. (2016, July 16). Dane. Retrieved from Dane:

http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/comercio-‐exterior/balanza-‐comercial
Investopedia. (18 de July de 2016). Investopedia. Obtenido de http://www.investopedia.com/
Migration policy institute. (17 de July de 2016). Migration policy institute. Obtenido de South
American Immigrants in the United States: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/south-‐
american-‐immigrants-‐united-‐states
HomelandSecurity. (2016, July 20). HomelandSecurity. Retrieved from 2014 Yearbook of
Immigration Statistics: https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2014.pdf
Cantor, R. V. (2016, July 18). Herramienta. Retrieved from Las bases militares en América Latina.
Colombia en la geopolítica imperialista: http://www.herramienta.com.ar/revista-‐herramienta-‐n-‐
52/las-‐bases-‐militares-‐en-‐america-‐latina-‐colombia-‐en-‐la-‐geopolitica-‐imperialis
Adrián Bonilla, A. P. (2016, November). Nueva sociedad. Retrieved from Distancia y diversidad:
http://nuso.org/articulo/distancia-‐y-‐diversidad/
Kupchan, C. A. (2012, February 17). theatlantic. Retrieved from The World in 2050: When the 5
Largest Economies Are the BRICs and Us:

http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/02/the-‐world-‐in-‐2050-‐when-‐the-‐5-‐largest-‐
economies-‐are-‐the-‐brics-‐and-‐us/253160/
Goldmansachs. (2003, October 1st). Goldmansachs. Retrieved from Dreaming With BRICs: The
Path to 2050: http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-‐thinking/archive/archive-‐pdfs/brics-‐
dream.pdf2
PWC. (2015, February). PWC. Retrieved from The World in 2050 Will the shift in global economic
power continue?: http://www.pwc.co.uk/economics
Goldmansachs. (2007 , April ). Goldmansachs. Retrieved from BEYOND THE BRICS: A LOOK AT
THE ëNEXT 11í : http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-‐thinking/archive/archive-‐pdfs/brics-‐
book/brics-‐chap-‐13.pdf
Sesin, A. J. (2011, February 17). Portafolio. Retrieved from Los Civets, una promesa económica:
http://www.portafolio.co/economia/finanzas/civets-‐promesa-‐economica-‐149310
Encyclo. (19 de July de 2016). Encyclo. Obtenido de http://www.encyclo.co.uk/

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CULTURE AN REGIONAL ECONOMY

1. The migration of Colombians to the United States

1. The migration of Colombians to the United States

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 3

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 5

3. The importance of emerging economies

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 7

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 9

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 11

Energy Consumption Increasing in N-‐11! The N-‐11 together

Leading to Rising CO2 Emissions’ The N-‐11 and BRICs

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 13

A subfield of geopolitics, is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as

OEC. (2016, July 17). OEC. Retrieved from Colombia:

Dane. (2016, July 16). Dane. Retrieved from Dane:

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 15

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Cartilla - S8

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CULTURE AN REGIONAL ECONOMY

1. The migration of Colombians to the United States

1. The migration of Colombians to the United States

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 3

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 5

3. The importance of emerging economies

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 7

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 9

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 11

Energy Consumption Increasing in N-­‐11! The N-­‐11 together

Leading to Rising CO2 Emissions’ The N-­‐11 and BRICs

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 13

A subfield of geopolitics, is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as

OEC. (2016, July 17). OEC. Retrieved from Colombia:

Dane. (2016, July 16). Dane. Retrieved from Dane:

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF AMERICA 15

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Energy Consumption Increasing in N-‐11! The N-‐11 together

Leading to Rising CO2 Emissions’ The N-‐11 and BRICs