ABSTRACT

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference

proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to
help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.[1] When used, an abstract
always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-
of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and
indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body
of literature for that particular subject. The terms précis or synopsis are used in
some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an
"abstract". In management reports, an executive summary usually contains more
information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.

According to the results of a study published in PLOS Medicine, the

"exaggerated and inappropriate coverage of research findings in the news media"
is ultimately related to inaccurately reporting or over-interpreting research results
in many abstract conclusions.[3] A study published in JAMA concluded that
"inconsistencies in data between abstract and body and reporting of data and
other information solely in the abstract are relatively common and that a simple
educational intervention directed to the author is ineffective in reducing that
frequency."[4] Other "studies comparing the accuracy of information reported in
a journal abstract with that reported in the text of the full publication have found
claims that are inconsistent with, or missing from, the body of the full article
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the creative arts and scientific literature, an acknowledgement (also spelled
acknowledgment in American and Canadian English[1]) is an expression of a
gratitude for assistance in creating an original work. Receiving credit by way of
acknowledgement rather than authorship indicates that the person or
organization did not have a direct hand in producing the work in question, but
may have contributed funding, criticism, or encouragement to the author(s).
Various schemes exist for classifying acknowledgements; Cronin et al.[2] give the
following six categories: Apart from citation, which is not usually considered to be
an acknowledgement, acknowledgement of conceptual support is widely
considered to be the most important for identifying intellectual debt. Some
acknowledgements of financial support, on the other hand, may simply be legal
formalities imposed by the granting institution. Occasionally, bits of science
humor can also be found in acknowledgements.[3] There have been some
attempts to extract bibliometric indices from the acknowledgments section (also
called "acknowledgments paratext")[4] of research papers in order to evaluate
the impact of the acknowledged individuals, sponsors and funding agencies.
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Intro to Computer
A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or
logical operations automatically via computer programming. Modern computers have
the ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs. These programs
enable computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A "complete" computer
including the hardware, the operating system (main software), and peripheral
equipment required and used for "full" operation can be referred to as a computer
system. This term may as well be used for a group of computers that are connected and
work together, in particular a computer network or computer cluster.

1.2 History
Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient times, simple
manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in the Industrial
Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as
guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized
analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating
machines were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in
the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and
monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the
microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s. The speed, power and
versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with MOS
transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace (as predicted by Moore's law), leading to the
Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st centuries.
1.3 Modern Era
There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of
technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and
quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any
computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating
speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for
particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some
modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.
 Chapter 2

INPUT OUT PUT DEVICES

2.1 Input Devices

In computing, an input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data
and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information
appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras,
joysticks, and microphones. 'Keyboards' are a human interface device which is represented as a
layout of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character to a
computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. They act as the main text entry
interface for most users. Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer
variations employ virtual keys, or even projected keyboards. It is typewriter like device
composed of a matrix of switches. There also happens to be another keyboard that is like an
input device for musical instrument which helps to produce sound.

2.1.1 Types of Input Devices

Pointing devices are the most commonly used input devices today. A pointing device is any
human interface device that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. In the case of
mouse and touchpads, this is usually achieved by detecting movement across a physical
surface. Analog devices, such as 3D mice, joysticks, or pointing sticks, function by reporting
their angle of deflection. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by
movements of the pointer, creating a simple, intuitive way to navigate a computer's graphical
user interface (GUI)

2.2 Output Devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information
into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the
output devices are Visual Display Units i.e. a Monitor, Printer, Graphic Output devices, Plotters,
Speakers etc.

2.2.1 Types of Output Devices

There are 2 types of monitors, they are Monochrome & Colored Monitors. Monochrome
monitors actually display two colors, one for the foreground and one for the background. The
colors can be black and white, green and black, or amber and black. The Colored Monitor is a
display device capable of displaying many colors. The Color monitors can display anywhere
from 16 to over 1 million different colors.
2.2.2 Printers

Personal printers are primarily designed to support individual users, and may be connected to
only a single computer. These printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print
jobs, requiring minimal setup time to produce a hard copy of a given document. However, they
are generally slow devices ranging from 6 to around 25 pages per minute (ppm), and the cost
per page is relatively high. However, this is offset by the on-demand convenience. Some
printers can print documents stored on memory cards or from digital cameras and scanners.

2.3 Latest Output Devices

Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated paper, which is charged by the print head
according to the image of the document.[18] The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with
the opposite charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image.
This process was developed from the process of electrostatic copying.[19] Color reproduction is
very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser
printers have an accuracy of ±1%.) Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before
color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were mostly available in
36 to 54 inches (910 to 1,370 mm) width and also 6 color printing. These were also used to print
large billboards. It was first introduced by Versatec, which was later bought by Xerox. 3M also
used to make these printers

2.3.1 Plotter

Pen-based plotters were an alternate printing technology once common in engineering and
architectural firms. Pen-based plotters rely on contact with the paper (but not impact, per se)
and special purpose pens that are mechanically run over the paper to create text and images.
Since the pens output continuous lines, they were able to produce technical drawings of higher
resolution than was achievable with dot-matrix technology.[21] Some plotters used roll-fed
paper, and therefore had minimal restriction on the size of the output in one dimension. These
plotters were capable of producing quite sizable drawings.
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[2] Ersin Caglar and Ahmet Mentes, "The usability of university websites – a study on European
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[3] Sona Bairamzadeh and Alireza Bolhari Ali Rezaeean, "The importance of Website
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[4] Jakob Nielsen. (2012, January ) Nielsen Norman Group. [Online].

https://www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-101-introduction-to-usability/

[5] Higher Education Commision. (2019, August ) HEC. [Online].

http://www.hec.gov.pk/english/universities/pages/recognised.aspx

[6] Thomas A. Powell, Web Design: The Complete Reference, 2nd ed. New York, USA:
McGraw-Hill, 2002.

[7] Geert Hofstede, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values,

Abridged ed. Newbury Park, USA: SAGE, 1984.

[8] Esraa Shawgi and Noureldien A. Noureldien, "Usability Measurement Model (UMM): A
New Model for Measuring Websites Usability," International Journal of Information
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[9] Marzie Astani and Mohamed Elhindi, "An Empirical Study of University Websites," Issues
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