DAI HQC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CHi MINH TRUONG DAI HQC BACH KHOA KHOA KY THUAT HOA HOC Bo mén Cong nghé thuc phim g Bao cho mon Céng nghé ché bién thit, thiy san PHU GIA CHONG OXY HOA GVGD: Thac si Nguyén Thi Hién SVTH:Tran Thanh Liém MSSV: 60501441 Hira Thuan Anh Thr MSSV: 60502871 Lé Thi Minh The MSSV: 60502873 Nguyén Anh Thu MSSV: 60502875 -TPHCM, thang 5 ndim 2009-PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT we wD a MUC LUC Phin 1: Gi thigu chung. Phy gia trong céng nghé thye phim Phy gia trong céng nghé ché bién thit.... Phu gia chéng oxy héa trong céng nghé ché bién thit 3 Phan 2: M@t sé phy gia chéng oxy héa thudng ding trong céng nghé ché bién thit Acid ascorbic — Natri ascorbate .. 16 Acid erythorbic — Natri erythorbate «conciseness D Acid Citic... cossonsnnnnninnmnannnnnnnnnnnnennannnnnnananrens UI Tocopherol .......:stsnnnisttentsiinninnsninnisienentinennsareesee 13 BHA - BHT .o.cccssssstssinnnstnntnsnstniensestannsiesinnsieiensessee 16 M6t sé phu gia khéc... 18 Phan 3: Thong tin méi vé phy gia chéng oxy héa trong céng nghé ché bién thit Chat chiét tir hat nho déng vai tro chat chéng oxy héa cé nguén géc ty nhién trong sin phim ché Ue AHL cececcecseccsseeenseeseeeee 21 Man khé duge ding trong qué trinh chéng oxy héa 6 thit BO quay...soccnnsninnsmnantnnannnntnnantintnnsnnennnitnenannentes 2 Casein déng vai tr nhu mt chat chéng oxy héa ty nhién kkéo dai thai gian bao quan thit 2B Trang 1PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT PHAN 1: GIOI THIEU CHUNG 1. Phy gia trong cng nghé thyc phim: 1.1 Dinh nghia: Phy gia thye pham la: Y Cac ché pham ty nhién hodc téng hgp héa hoc, khéng phai la thye pham. Y Dua vao thyc phim mét cach cé y dé thye hién nhimg mue dich ki thuat nhat dinh. Y Cén luu lai trong thye phim & dang nguyén thé hodc din xudt, nhung dim bio an todn cho nguéi sir dung. 1.2 Vai tré va loi ich: Y Cai thign viée bao quan thye phim: chéng vi sinh vat, chéng oxi héa. Y Cai thign chat lugng cam quan ctia thy pham: cau tric, mau sac, mii vi. Y Cai thign gid tri dinh dudng eiia thye phim: vitamin, acid amin, enzym... Y Dap img cde khuynh huéng méi trong tiéu ding thye phim: site khée, cm quan, kigng eit... 1.3 Nguy co ngo doc: Kha nang gay ng6 doe cho nguii tigu ding thye phim: Y Sit dung qué ligu cho phép (dc tinh ciia chinh phy gia) Y Phy gia khong dat d6 tinh khiét (héa hoc, vi sinh vat) theo quy dinh 1.4 Nguyén tic chon va sir dung: © Chon: ¥ C6 mat trong danh myc cho phép. Y Dat tigu chuan tinh khiét nhat dinh, c6 dia chi cia nha san xuat durge phép, Sirdung: Y Theo ding huéng dan vé déi tugng thyc pham va muc tiéu ki thuat phit hop véi thi truéng (d4i voi loai thye pham xuat khau); nén phéi trn nhieu oai phy gia cing nhém. Y Ghi rd loai phy gia duge sir dung ngoai bao bi. Trang 2‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Ths Nguy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT 2. Phu gia trong cong nghé ché bién thit: 2.1 Muc dich sir dung: Y Lam cham cac bién déi vé oxy héa va vi sinh vat xdy ra trong qué trinh bao quan. Y Sir dung phéi hop cae chat phy gia khéc nhau véi cde phuong phdp bao quan khée nhau cé thé Lim tang thai gian sir dung. Y Cai thign chat lugng cam quan ciia thye pham: cau tric, mau sic, mui vi... 2.2 Yéu edu khi sir dung: Y Phy gia c6 trong danh myc cho phép sir dung. Y Sir dung ding liéu lwgng quy dinh. 2.3 Cach sir dung: Y Usp true tigp. Y Cho vio dung dich uép. VY Nhing, Y Cho vao nude lam dé. 2.4 Che phu gia thuring sir dung: Y Phu gia chéng vi sinh vat Phy gia chéng oxy héa Phy gia tao cau trite Phu gia tao vi Phy gia tao mau SNK RK Phy gia tgo mii 3. Phy gia chéng oxy héa trong cong nghé ché bién thit: 3.1 Chite ning: Phu gia chéng oxy héa dung trong céc san pham tir thit c6 chire ning quan trong 1a V6 hoat cdc géc ty do, tir dé giam téc d6 xay ra qua trinh di héa chat béo, Cy thé la phy gia ny sé kéo dai théi gian hinh thanh nhang hop chat gay ra qué trinh oxi héa, Ngoai ra, phy gia chéng oxy héa cén cé chit nang vé hoat peroxide. Co ché su ty oxy héa chat béo: Sy ty oxy héa chat béo 1 phan img day chuyén duge chim ngai cde géc ty do tir cde phan tir acid béo. Trang 3PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT © Giai doan khoi dau: RH > R°+H" Buéc khoi da é khi gia nhigt ho: ing cudng béi tc dung cua ngudn nang lugng nhu ld nguén nh sing UV). Ngoai ra, hitu co, vé co (thudng tim thay duéi dang mudi Fe va Cu) cing li nhitng chat xtc tac ¢6 anh huéng rdt manh, kich thich qué trinh oxy héa xay ra. © Giai doan lan truyén: R'+O, 2 ROO* (géc peroxide) ROO'+RH > R" + ROOH (hydroperoxide) © Giai doan két thc: ROO'+ROO" > ROOR + 0; ROO+R' > ROOR R'+R* > RR Cae géc alkyl R* phan img vi O, dé hinh thanh géc peroxide ROO’. Phan img gitta alkyl va OQ) xay ra rat nhanh trong digu kién khi quyén. Do dé, néng d6 ciia alkyl rat thap so véi géc peroxide. Géc peroxide hap thu dién tir tir cdc phan tir lipid khdc va phan img vi dign (i nay dé tgo thanh hydroperoxide ROOH va m6t gée peroxide khic. Nhimg phan img nay xiie tac cho cde phan (mg khéc. Sy ty oxy héa lipid duge goi 1a phan tmg géc ty do. Khi cée gée ty do phan tmg véi nhau, céec sin phim khéng géc ty do sé tao thanh va phan img két thie, Ngoai hign tugng ty oxy héa, lipid con cé thé bi oxy héa bang enzyme lipoxygenase. Co ché ciia chat ching oxy héa: g oxy héa ngan chan su hinh thanh nhimg géc ty do (nhimg chat 6 electron rigng 18) bing céch cho di nguyén tit hydro. Khi cho di nguyén tir hydro, bin than nhimg chat chéng oxy héa cing tré thanh nhimg géc ty do nhung nhimg géc nay hoat tinh kém hon. Sau dé géc ty do cia lipid (R*) két hop véi géc ty do cia chat chéng oxy héa (A’) tao thanh nhimg hgp chat bén. Phan img cita chat chéng oxy héa véi g6c ty do: R' +AH— RH +A‘ RO" +AH > ROH +A‘ ROO'+AH > ROOH+A* Ro +A > RA RO" +A‘ + ROA Trang 4‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT ROO'+A" + ROOA Vi dy: BHA, BHT, tocopherol * Chat chéng oxy héa tac dung véi cdc chat xtc ic ciia phan img oxy héa nén phan tg khéng thé xay ra, chat béo khdng bi oxy héa, Vid © Chat chéng oxy héa tae dung véi céc chat cn bao vé, tao phite chat bén ving khé : acid citric, polyphenol. bj oxy héa ‘Vi dy: nitrit, nitrat tac dung véi Fe, git cho Fe (II) khéng bj oxy héa thinh Fe (0D, trénh Lam mAt mau thit, * Tac dung véi O khéng khi: oxy phan (mg véi cac chat chéng oxy héa chtr khong phan img véi chét béo nén chat béo khéng bi hu héng do oxy héa. Vi du: acid ascorbic, acid erythorbic... © Ngan chan sy tiép xue cita O, véi thye pham. 3.3 Yéu cau khi sir dung: Y Chi duge phép ding ¢ ham Iugng thdp tity loai phy gia va san phdm thit. Y Phai tan t6t trong chat béo va nguyén ligu giau béo. Y Khong doe. v Khéng lim bién déi huong Trang $PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT PHAN 2: MOT SO PHU GIA CHONG OXY HOA THUONG DUNG TRONG CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT > Ma sé phu gia: E300 Dinh danh; Y Tén hoa hge: L-acid ascorbic hoJe 2,3-didehyro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone hodc 3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone Y $6 CAS: 50-81-7 ¥ Céng thite phan tir: CcHyOg Y Céng thite cdu tao Y Khéi lugng phan tir: 176.13 g/mol Ma ta: Y Dang tinh thé hoe dang b6t mau tring dén vang nhat, khéng mii v Kém bén véi nhiét, Y Déhéa tan trong nuée + Yeu cdu: ¥ Dinh tinh: Tinh tan: tan trong nude, it tan trong ethanol, khéng tan trong ether. Y Dinh lugng: khéng nhé hon 99% Y BO tinh khiét; Khi sdy kho bi pH=24-2.8. Tro sulfate: khéng qué 0.1% iit khéng qua 0.4% Trang 6‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Chi: khong qué 2 mg/kg + Ham long sir dung: & thit, thit gia cdm thit tha tuoi ML = 2000 mg/kg ADE + Chie nang: Acid ascorbic duge sit dung rng rai trong nganh thit véi vai tro 1 chdt chéng oxy chua xée dinh héa. Déi véi thit da qua xir ly, acid ascorbic e6 4 chite nang chinh: Y Tao miu cho thit Y Ue ché qua trinh hinh thanh nitrosamine VY Ngin xay ra qué trinh oxy hoa Y Ngan sy bién mau cia thit vGi thit tuoi, né c6 tac dung chéng oxy héa va su bién mau trong qué trinh bao quan th * Coc Khi acid ascorbic duge bé sung vao thit di qua xir ly, né sé bi oxy héa thinh dehydroacid ascorbic, Xay ra déng thai véi qué trinh oxy héa nay Li sy khir nitrosomet- myoglobin thinh nitrosomyoglobin, tit dé gitt duge mau cia thit oxidation sscatic acd + nizosomeimagobn —» deydrozscabic acd + rirosompoglctin oe ee reduction idan ascorbic and + NO; ND + dehrytmasconbie ace =O reduction Acid ascorbic bj oxy héa truée tao thinh acid dehydroascorbie theo phuong trinh: AA+% 0; DAA+H,0 Trang 7‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Acid ascorbic ngan chan sy hinh thanh nitrosamine bing cach khit nitrate thinh nitrogen oxide, hgp chat nay khéng thé tac dung véi amine dé tgo thanh nitrosamine, Acid ascorbic cé thé ngin chan sy oxy héa chat béo 6 ca thit tuoi va thit di qua xir 1y. Qua trinh oxy héa chat béo gay ra sy 6i héa, tao mii Gi. Acid ascorbic ngin khong cho oxy trong méi truéng tiép xtic véi chdt béo dé tao thanh peroxide. Miu cia thit tuoi m6. 6 day, acid ascorbic ngin sy oxy héa myoglobin thinh metmyoglobin, do dé thit khéng bj va thit da xir ly rit dé bi bién déi trong qu trinh oxy héa myoglobin & chuyén sang mau nau. Céch sit dung Phuong phap bao quan thit t6i uu nhw sau: str dung hén hgp héa chat gdm: kali sorbate 2.5%, natri lactate 2.5%, STPP (sodium triphosphate) 3% va hda tan vao nuée acid ascorbic 0.5% u dé ding dung dich héa chét nay dé nhing miéng thit cn bao quan. Ngoai ra cn sir dung khay xép PS va ming bao PVC dé bao géi ming thit da xtr ly bing dung dich héa chat néu trén, G nhiét d6 2 + 2°C, thi gian bao quan kéo dai dén 15 ngay. 1.2 Natri ascorbate: + Ma sé phu gia: E301 * Dinh danh: Y Tén héa hoc: sodium L-ascorbate hoge 2,3-didchyro-L-threo-hexono-1,4- lactone sodium enolate hoge 3-keto-L-gulofurano-lactone sodium enolate Y $6 CAS: 134-03-2 Y Céng thite phan ti: CgH;O.Na Y Céng thite cau tao Trang 8PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Y Khéi lugng phan tir: 198.11 g/mol * M6 ta: 06 dang bot mau tring , khong mui, bj sim mau khi gp anh sing Yéucdu: Y Dinh tinh: ‘Tinh tan: tan trong nude, it tan trong ethanol, Y Dinh lugng: khong nhé hon 99% Y D6 tinh khiét: Khi sdy khé bi mat khéng qua 0.25%, pH= 65-80 Chi: khéng qué 2 mg/kg + Him luong sit dung: Thit, thit gia cm, thjt tha tuoi dang xay nha: theo GMP. “ ADE: chua xée dinh * Natri ascorbate 1a mudi cua acid ascorbic, Né cing o6 kha nang chéng oxy héa twong ty nhu acid acorbic nhung néu xét vé hoat tinh chéng oxy héa thi kém hon acid ascorbic. Tuy nhién trong thye t& ngudi ta lai sir dung natri ascorbat nhiéu hon vi né © kha nang héa tan trong nuéc t6t hon rat nhiéu so véi acid ascorbic, nhé vay ma ching dé hu dang tham thu vao sin phim hon va higu qua sir dung eiing cao hon nhigu. Mét di y ld loai mudi nay khéng cé kha nang héa tan trong chét béo nén it tac dung trong vié chéng oxy héa chat béo. Ngudi ta thuémg sit dung natri ascorbat trong san xuat cdc loai thit jambon hoc thit di mudi. 2. is yi ic — Natri vate: Acid erythorbic va mudi natri erythorbate 1a nhimg déng phan quang hoc cla acid ascorbic va natri ascorbate. Ching thé hién nhimg tinh chat twong ty véi tinh chat cia acid ascorbic va natri ascorbate, ngoai trix tinh chat cia vitamin. Khi bé sung vao thit, & Trang 9‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT méi truéng pH thap ty nhién, acid erythorbic va mudi natri erythorbate sé cho nguyén tir hydro, ngin can su hinh thanh cc géc tu do. 2.1 Acid erythorbie: + Ton khic: Isoascorbie acid, D-araboascorbic acid % Ma sé phu gia: E315 inh danh: Y Tén héa hoe: D-Erythro-hex-2-enoic acid delta- lactone, isoascorbic ac isoascorbic acid. Y S86 CAS: 89-65-6 Y Cong thite phan tit: CcHyOs Y Cong thie u tgo Y Khdi lrgng phan tir; 176.13 g/mol ih thé ran trang dén vang nhat, t6i dan khi tiép xiic anh sdng, Y Dinh tinh: Tinh tan: tan nhiéu trong nudc, tan trong ethanol. Nhiét d6 néng chay: 164 — 172°C Y Dinh lugng: khéng nhé hon 99% Y Dé tinh khié Khi say khé bi mat khong qua 0.4% Tro sulfate: khéng qué 0.3% Chi: khong qué 2 mg/kg + Ham lvong sir dung: Thit, thit gia cdm, thit thi tuoi nguyén miéng hode cat nhé: ML = 500 mg/kg. “ADI: chua xée dinh 2.2 Natri erythorbate: + Ton khée; Sodium isoascorbate Trang 10PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT > Ma s6 phu gia: E316 * Dinh danh: Y Tén héa hoc: Sodium isoascorbate, sodium D-isoascorbic acid, mudi sodium cla 2,3 didehydro-D-erythro- hexono-1,4- lactone, 3 lactone sodium enolate monohydrate Y $6 CAS: 6381-77-7 Y Cong thite phan tit: CHjO,Na.H;0 Y Céng thite céu tao eto-D-gulofurano- Y Khéi lugng phan tir: 216.13 g/mol * Mo dang b6t mau tring, khéng cé mii. Y Dinh tinh: Tinh tan: tan nhiéu trong nudéc, tan rat it trong ethanol. Nhigt d6 néng chay: 164 — 172°C Y Dinh lugng: khong nh hon 98% Y Dé tinh khidt Khi sdy khé bi mit khéng qua 0.5% pH=55-80 Chi: khong qué 2 mg/kg * ADI: chua xée dinh + Ham long sir dung: tuong ty acid erythorbic 3. Acid citri + Ma sé phu gia; E330 “ Dinh danh: Y Tén héa hoc: 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid ¥ $6 CAS: 77-92-9 (dang khan), 5949-29-1 (dang ngém 1 phan tir nude) Trang 11PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Y Cong thite phn tir: CcHsOy (dang khan), CoHyO7.H3O (dang ngém 1 phan tir nuéc) Y Cong thie Dang khan Dang ngém 1 phan tir nude VY Khéi lugng phan tir: 192.13 g/mol (dang khan), 210.14 g/mol (dang ngim 1 phan tir nude) > M6 ta: c6 dang tinh thé rn khéng mii, khéng mau ho&e mau tring * Y Dinh tinh: ‘Tinh tan: tan nhiéu trong nuée, trong ethanol, it tan trong ether. Y Dinh lugng: khéng nhé hon 99.5%, véi dang khan, ham hrgng khéng lén hon. 100.5% Y Dé tinh K Ham lugng nude: dang khan: khéng qué 0.5% (theo phuong phap Karl Fischer); dang ngim nuée: trong khong 7.5 — 8.8% (theo phuong phdp Karl Fischer) Tro sulfate: khéng qué 0.05% Oxalate: khéng qué 100 mg/kg Sulfate: khong qué 150 mg/kg Chi: khong qua 0.5 mg/kg * ADI: chua xée dinh o jung sir dung: ct nhé: 2000 mg/kg n tai & dang khan hoge ngdm 1 phan tir nuéc. Mac di dang khan ciia nhung né vin 6 xu hudng ty Iai thinh khéi, Con dang ngim nude cia Trang 12‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT acid citric dé bi hat 4m tré lai khi gap ham lugng 4m cao. Khi bio qua khoang 20°C, acid citric kha én 4 mhigt d6 phong nh va hoan toan khéng dc Acid citric duge ding trong qua trinh sn xuat salami nhim hé tro cho qué trinh acid héa, Théng thudng khi bd sung | g acid citric vio I kg salami thi cé thé giam gid tri pH khoang 0.2 — 0.3 don vi. Acid citric thé hign kha nang acid héa salami tét gdp 2 dén 3 lan so véi GDL (glucono-delta-lactone), mt hyp chat duge ding nham gidm pH cia san pham. Negoai ra, acid nay cling déng vai trd téc nhan tgo phite khi né két hgp véi nhimg ion kim loai ning nhu Cu, Fe. Nig ion kim logi ning nay ¢6 kha nang tang te d> phan img oxy héa. Khi acid citrie tao phite v6i nhting ion trén, ching st khong thé oxy héa chat béo duge nita. Trong ban than chat béo cia dong vat, ham Iugng ion kim loai nang khéng cao, nhung trong nhitng sin pham nhu xtc xich, ham Iugng nay khd cao do nhig ion nay xm nhép tir thit trong qué trinh ché bién. Tuy nhién, chi bé sung acid citric vai hrgng vita dit dé trénh lam gidm pH cia san pham. 4, Tocopherol: Gém cdc loai: a, B, y va 6-tocopherol. > Ma sé phu gia: E307, déi véi tocopherol hén hop ma sé cé thé 1a E307b hay B307¢, Dinh danh; Y Cong thite phan tit: CasHsoO2 Y Céng thite cdu tao: Ha chs “Cf How Vee CHy CHa @— tocopherol Trang 13‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Hy Hy fe CHa Ho” VY CH3 CH tocopherol Hs Wee ir "CHa nl CHs 8 — tocopherol Y Khdi lugng phan tir: 430.71 g/mol + M6 ta: dau mau vang nhat hodc ndu d6, khong mii, nhét Yeu clu; Y Binh tinh; ‘Tinh tan: khong tan trong nude, tan trong ethanol, trén Lin véi ether Y Dinh lugng: tiyy timg loai tocopherol Y D6 tinh khiét: Chi: khong qué 2 mg/kg + Co ché, chite nang: Chéng oxy héa, chéng la tac dung ctia cde géc ty do. Nhing géc ty do nay duge tgo thanh tir nhimg qua trinh chuyén héa binh thuéng hay du6i téc dng cia nhéng nhén 16 xung quanh. Trang 14PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Vitamin E 6 khi mét nguyén ti hydro ciia géc phenol cho géc lipoperoxide (LOO) dé bién géc ty do nay thanh hydroperoxide (LOOH). Phan img nhu sau: ing ngin chin phan img cia LOO + Tocopherol-OH LOOH + Tocopherol-O oH a Q Hae Hy Hye Lot Re 4 tee OH RH + a bt ti ls r) é b ac ae note Hoi trong qua trinh phan img, tocopherol (tocopherol-OH) bj chuyén héa thanh géc tocopheryl (tocopherol-O) bén (mac dit la géc) nén chim ditt nhimg phan img géc. Géc tocopheryl bi khir oxy dé tré lai tocopherol béi chit khir 14 oxy héa tan trong nuée. Khi téc d6 oxy héa du thdp, tocopheryl phan img véi nhau dé hinh thinh tocopheryl quinone. Khi téc d6 oxy héa dau cao, tocopheryl phan tg véi géc peroxy dé hinh thinh phite tocopherol-peroxy (T-OOR). Phite ndy c6 thé bi thy phn thinh tocopheryl quinone va hydroperoxide. T'+T! + T+ Tocopheryl quinone T'+ROO" > — [T-OOR] — Tocopheryl quinone + ROOH Higu qua chéng oxy héa cia tocopherol phy thuée vao dang déng phan va néng ép theo Ii y-, fr, va a a6 sit dung. Kha nang dap tat géc ty do cao nhat & 5-tocopherol, tocopherol. Ham lugng tocopherol can thiét dé chéng 6i héa chit béo tiy thude vao dé bén oxy héa cia ching. D6 bén oxy héa ctia tocopherol cing thdp thi ham long tocopherol cdn ding cang thip. a-tocopherol cé dé bén thép nhat trong sé cde ding phan tocopherol, can ding véi néng 46 100 ppm thi thé hién hoat tinh chéng oxy héa cao nhat cia nd. Trong khi 6, y- va B-tocopherol ¢6 d6 bén oxy héa cao hon nén dé thé hign hoat tinh chéng oxy héa cao nhat, can ding néng d6 tuong img cita 2 déng phan nay 1a 250 va 500 ppm. * Ham lwong sir dung: ham lugng gigi han ty timg loai cy thé ADI: 0.15 —2.0 déi véi a-tocopherol Trang 15PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT 5. BHA, BHT: BHA va BHT 1a nhimg chat chéng oxy héa téng hgp, co dang la nhiing hgp chat phenolic. BHA la hén hgp ctia hai déng phan 2- ertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (chiém 82-85%) va 3-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (chiém 15-18%). Hai chat nay c6 tinh chét tuong déi giéng nhau. BHA va BHT it duge sir dung trong cae sin pham tir thit, Néu sir dung thi chi bé sung vao cde dang xtc xich & mite 0.01% ham lugng chat béo (néu ding rigng lé) va 0.02% (néu ding ca hai chat). Co ché chéng oxy héa cita nhimg chit nay bit git cdc géc tyr do trong chat béo, dm sit dung BHA va BHT. nay, mOt sé nude Y Tén héa hoe: 3-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, hén hyp cia hai déng phan 3- va 2-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Y S6 CAS: 25013-16-5 Y Céng thite phan tit: Cy HO: Y Cong thire 1u tgo v Khéi hagng. phan tir: 180.25 5 g/mol Tinh tan: khong tan trong nude, tan t6t trong ethanol va propane-1,2-diol Y Dinh lugng: Khéng nhé hon 98.5% déi v6i C,,H,sO2 va khGng nha hon 85% & 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol Trang 16PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Nguyén Thi Hién CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Y D6 tinh khiét: Tro sulfate: khong qué 0.05% Tap phenol: khong qua 0.5% Chi: khéng qué 2 mg/kg ADL 0-05 + Him luong sit dung: 5.2 BHT: % Ma so phu gia: E321 * Dinh danh: Y Tén héa hoe: 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-p-cresol hay 4-methyl-2,6-ditertiary-butyl- thit, thit gia cm va thit thi twoi ML = 100 mg/kg phenol Y 6 CAS: 128-37-0 Y Cong thite phan tit: C1sHy,O Y Céng thite céu tao Y Khéi lugng phan tir: 220.36 g/mol M6 ta: chat rin dang tinh thé hoac dang tam, khéng mii + Yéucdu: Y inh tinh: Tinh tan: khong tan trong nude va propane-I,2-diol, tan trong ethanol. Nhiét d6 néng chay: 69 — 72°C Y Dinh lugng: khong nhé hon 99% VY Dé tinh kt Nhigt d6 déng dic: khéng nhé hon 69.2°C Tro sulfate: khéng qué 0.005% Tap phenol: khéng qué 0.5% Chi: khong qué 2 mg/kg ADI0-03 Trang 17‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Ham lvong str dung: thit, thit gia cam va it tha xay nho ML = 100 mgykg (tinh trén long dau mé chiét tir san pham) 6. Métsé phu gia khdc: Khéi Thanh phan cia khdi: chita khoang 300 hgp chat khdc nhau, bao gém: * Cac hop chat phenol: trong khéi cé khoang 20 hgp chat phenol khac nhau, trong 46 guaiacol, 4-metylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-propylguaiacol, 4-vynulguaiacol, phenol, o- crezol, m-crezol, p-crezol, vanilin chiém ty 1é nhiéu nhat. Tac dung cia cdc hgp chat nay 1a chéng lai céc qué trinh oxy héa, tao ra mii va mau dic biét cho sin phim, tiéu diét cdc vi sinh vat nhiém vao thyc pham. * Ce hgp chit alcohol: metanol chiém ty 1¢ cao nhdt so véi cdc hop chét alcohol cé trong khdi, Cac hgp chat nay tac déng khéng nhiéu dén sin pham. Ching chi cé tac dung nho trong viée tiéu diét vi sinh vat. * Cie acid hitu co: céc acid hitu eo trong khdi cé mach cacbon bién dong tir 1 dén 10 nhung nhiéu nhat 1 céc acid hitu co c6 mach cacbon tir 1 dén 4. Tac dung cia ching 1a lam cho pH bé mat x6ng khéi gidm xuéng va lam déng ty protein bé * Cac hgp chat cacbonyl: cé khodng 20 hop chat cacbonyl duge tim thdy trong khéi. Cae hyp chét cacbonyl mach ngin cé vai tr quan trong trong viée tao mau va mii cho san phim xéng kh6i (Theo Lé Ven Lién va céng su, 1997). * ‘Tae dung eita khi Chu yéu théng qua tac dung ciia cdc hgp chat phenol. Chang duge hap thu cé chon loc va thim sau vao mé thit, we ché va tiéu diét vi khuan lam hong thit, chéng oxy héa thinh phan chat béo khéng no trong thit, cai thién mii, vi, mau sac cla Cée hyp chit phenol vi popylphenol ¢6 xu huéng phan img voi nhém hydrosulphur tgo hgp chat c6 kha nang twong téc voi nhém amyl ciia protein, Cée tuong tac nay lam gidm cdc acid amin trong sin phim nhit la lysine. Xéng khéi cé thé gay nén mét sé hu héng ciia thiamine nhung it anh huéng dén niacin va riboflavin. Dac tinh chéng oxy héa cla kh6i gitip cho viée gitt duge cdc vitamin tan trong mé va chéng oxy héa cia bé mat san pham xéng khdi. + Cach tao khéi: ‘Nguyén vat ligu tao khéi ¢6 nhi cach khéc nhau, chi yéu 1a min cua, g6, vo bao cia cde loai cé huong thom nhu dé, sdi, trim, phong... & cdc nuée nhiét déi thudng sit Trang 18‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT g6 cé mau sang. G6 c6 mau t6i thudng tao ra bd hong lam ban an pham, cé thé tao miti in phim khéng hap dan, ddi khi khéng an duge... D6 4m nhién ligu khodng 30%, nhiét d6 dét 1d 300-350°C thi cho khdi tt nhat. Khéi duge tao ra bang nhigu céch khdc nhau dung céc loai g6 tring hod ja lam © Déttryc tiép man cua nhung khéng cé ngon lita & nhiét 6 300-350°C. «© Kéthgp khéi va hoi nuée néng: khéi tir méng min cura c6 nhiét d9 350°C di vio hé théng éng dan va héa tron vao hoi nuée néng, Sau khi duge lam mat hén hgp khéi va hoi nuée duge théi vao budng xéng khdi. Két qua la san pham duge xéng khéi va lam chin cling lic. Phuong phap nay dugc diéu khién ty dng, rat phirc tap va dit tién. * Tao khéi bang ma sit: Mét miéng gé duge ép vao trong mét vong kim loai xoay ‘a Khdi sinh ra sé tron véi bé mat khéng bang phing. Nhiét tao ra tir ma sat sé dét néng duge théi vio bén trong budng. Uu diém cia kiéu ndy 1a duge digu khién mét céch tye dong va nhigt 46 tuong d6i thap. Né duge sit dung trong xéng khéi lanh. + C6 2 phuong php x6ng khdi: xéng khéi néng va xéng khéi lanh, Su khée nhau gitta 2 phuong phap nay 1A nhigt 6 khi xng khdi. Nhigt d6 x6ng khéi néng vao khoing 70-80°C, va duge sit dung trong nhémg nha may ché bién xdc xich, jambon va mét sé khée nhu thit heo mudi, thit chan gid, 8, vit,... xong khéi. Si hao hyt trong lugng trong thai gian x6ng khdi néng tuy thude vio dé am khéng khi buéng va thdi gian xng khéi. D6 Am tuong d6i t6i wu La 80-90% va thai gian x6ng khéi tir 1-1 gids nui thi hao hut trong Iuong 1a 5-10%. Da sé nhing san phim xéng khéi nong ma dem nau nuéng sau khi xéng khéi thi hao hut sé bit lai béi sy hut nuée trong qué trinh dun ndu. Nhi quan thai gian dai hon trong diéu kign c6 hogc khéng lanh nhu jambon, xiic xfch kh6, rn 46 xéng khéi lanh chi khoang 20°C, 4p dung cho nhing sin phim cin bao chic. . Sy hao hyt trong lugng trong théi gian xéng khéi lanh tuy thuge vio him lugng nuée ty do ciia sin pham va thai gian xéng khé Tham chi sau 12 gid, sy giam trong lugng téi hon 10%, néu dé théi gian xéng khéi lau hon cé thé hao hut tei 30-35%. Dé x6ng kh6i thit, nguéi ta day xe treo thit, xc xich, jambon vio budng say, va say 30 phut & nhiét d6 phong 1a 65°C, sau dé xéng khéi 55 phit 6 nhigt d6 phong 1a 70°C va tiép tuc séy cho dén khi nhiét 46 tam san phim dat 70°C (véi nhiét 46 phong dat khoang 70-80°C). Thai gian nay chiém khodng 8 gid. ‘Vj tri budng xéng khoi duge dat trong nha may, déng kin cita sao cho khdi va nhigt sinh ra trong buéng khéng anh huéng ti khu vue ché bién.Nhiing vat ligu dé xay dung budng x6ng khéi hign nay duge ding la loai chiu nhiét, 6 téc dung céch ly cao (amiang, Trang 19‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT g6 thay tinh...). Tuéng phia trong budng 1a thép tring sach hodc thiéc trang kém, dé phan xa nhiét va dam bao vé sinh cho sin phim. Céng suat cdc budng xéng khéi khéng vugt qué 100 dén 150kg. Nhimg san phim dé x6ng kh6i duge treo trén nhiing cdi que méc bang inox va dat trén xe day, dua vao budng xéng khéi. Polyphenol Polyphenols trong tra xanh nhu catechine (cpigallocatechin gallate) 14 nhing chat chéng oxy héa manh hon vitamin A, C va E, nhung rat dat tién va dé lai mét mau trong sin phim thit Cay huong thio va rau oregano (thude ho kinh gidi) chita hgp chat phenolic 1a acid carosic. Acid carnosic thé hign tinh chéng oxy héa bing cach cho di hydro dé chuyén thanh carnosol, tir dé v6 hoat cdc géc ty do. Rosmanol, mét chat chéng oxy héa khéc, duge hinh thanh ti camosol trong giai doan tiép theo va sau dé mét chat chéng oxy héa nia 1a galdosol cing thu duge tir rosmanol. Chudi phan img nay gidi thich ly do acid camosic thé hign kha nang chéng oxy héa bang nhiéu cach khdc nhau va cée hop chat nhu rosmanol va carnosol chi thé hién khoang 40% tinh chéng oxy héa so véi acid camosic. Cay huong thio va chdt chiét tir rau oregano rAt c6 higu qua khi ding & mie 0.05-0.08 g/kg sin pham va chat chiét ti rau oregano cé tac dung cao hon cay huong thio. Nhing hop chit phenolic nay cing cé tac déng dén cae vi khudn Gram duong va vi khuan Listeria monocytogenes. Cfy x6 thom cing cé kha nang chéng oxy héa rat tt; cing véi cay huong thio, loai cay nay cé thé tri hon khoang théi gian nhig san pham tir thit chira chat béo bi héa khong 14 in, Cay huong théo va cay x6 thom chia khoing 0.3% acid camosic, luong chat nay thé hién chite nang chéng oxy héa tét hon hin so véi tocopherol (vitamin E) va BHT. 6 phan lén pham, nhung né luén cé mat va thé hién tinh chéng oxy héa higu qua trong cdy huong nude, acid carosic khéng duge xem 14 mét phy gia thye thao, cdy x6 thom va rau oregano. Tom lai, nhémg hgp chat phenolic vita néu c6 kha nang thu cdc géc ty do vao cau tric mach ving cia né hoge nhuing di hydro dé bn dinh cdc géc ty do, tir dé thé hign tinh chéng oxy hoa. Trang 20‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT PHAN 3: THONG TIN MOI VE PHU GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT 1, Chit chiét tir hat nho déng vai trd chat chéng oxy héa c6 ngudn géc tu nhién trong san pham ché bién tir thit: Cée nghién ciru méi dang trén tap chi Food Science cho thay chat chiét gidu polyphenol tir hat nho cé tiém nang 1a chat chéng oxy héa higu qua & thit nuéng, tranh duge su 6i héa ma khéng lam anh huéng dén mau sic miéng thit. Viée thém 0.02% chat chiét nay vao thit heo gop phan gidm nhiing mii sinh ra trong qué trinh oxy héa chat béo 6 thit va khéng anh huéng mau sic thit. Theo céc nha nghién ctru & trudng Dai hoc Illinois, chat chiét nay c6 dung tét nhu nhimg chat chéng oxy héa téng hop BHA (butylhydroxyanisole) va BHT (butylhydroxytoluene). Theo bao cdo ciia Frost va Sullivan yao nam 2003, vige sit dung nhimg cht chéng oxy héa tng hop ngay cang gidm trong khi nhimg chat cé nguén géc tir thién nhién nhu dich chiét tir thio méc (dae biét Li cdy huong thao), vitamin E va vitamin C duge wu tién Iya chon. Do dé, cht chiét tir hat nho nay cang duge ua chugng. Cy thé la cdc nha khoa hoc, dimg du la Susan Brewer, da nghién ctu anh huéng cla cdc chat chéng oxy héa khdc nhau déi voi nhimg miéng thit nuéng truée khi nau théng qua viée sit dung chat chiét tir hat nho, nhya cay huong thao, chat chiét tan trong nude ciia cay oregano (mét cay thuge ho kinh gidi), propyl gallate, BHA va BHT 6 cae miu thit khée nhau, Tat ca nhitng hop chat trén déu duge ding & néng 46 0.02%. Sau khi bao quan cdc miéng thit trong 6 thang & nhiét d6 -18°C, cdc nha khoa hoe da thdy ring nhing miéng thit khong sir dung chat chéng oxy héa sé cé nhiing mui di héa ngay tir thang thé nhat va thang thit hai cia qué trinh bdo quan, Ngoai ra, mui tir dung ey chita ¢ thé tng lén sau 4 thang bao quan. Khi so sdnh higu qua sit dung cia cdc chat chéng oxy héa da ding, cdc nha nghién etru thay ring miu thit sir dung chdt chiét tir hat nho it mi 6i hon nhing miu ding BHT, nhya cdy huong thio, BHA. Mite d@ cia qué trinh oxy héa duge xée dinh théng qua gid tri hoat lye cia acid thiobarbituric. Két qua cho thay chat chiét tir hat nho cé kha nang chéng oxy héa cao nhat. Trang 21‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT Cac nha khoa ho t ludn rang chat chiét tir hat nho cé tiém nang trong ngan chan su 6i héa va dong vai trd chat chéng oxy héa hiéu qua c6é ngudn géc tir thién nhién ding trong cdc sin phim ché bién hode lanh d6ng tir thit, ma khong anh huéng dén mau sdc thit, 2, Main khé duge ding trong qué trinh chéng oxy héa 6 thit bd quay: Ce nghién ciru 6 M§ cho thay man khé chita nhiéu chat chéng oxy héa, c6 thé duge ding nhu chét chéng oxy héa cé nguén géc ty mhién 6 thit bo quay da rit xuong thay thé cho chat bao quan téng hop. Nghién cttu nay cing véi nghién ctru cia cing nhém cic nha khoa hge & trudng Dai hoc Oriente & Venezuela va trudng Dai hoc Texas A&M déu khang dinh tiém nang cia mén trong cdc san pham thit di qua ché bién. Cu thé 1 qué trinh oxy héa & thit va cdc sin phdm ti thit xdy ra do nhimg phan img bién déi chat béo va cae vi, mau sie va anh huong edu tric sin phim, Con ngudi ngay cing c6 khuynh hudng sit dung cae chat phy gia cé nguén géc tir thién nhién dé thay thé nhimg chat tong hop nhu BHA (butylhydroxyanisole) va BHT (butylhydroxytoluene) trong vige gidm qué trinh oxy héa & thyc phim. Theo Frost va Sullivan, thi trréng chat chéng oxy héa tong hop cé doanh sé ngay cang gidm, trong khi viée sir dung nhimg chat tir ty nhién nhu dich chidt tir thio mde (dae bigt 18 cay huong thio), vitamin E va vitamin C ngay ang tang. Cae nha khoa hoc trong nhém nghién ctru vé man khé ¢ California va nghién ciru vé néng sin. 6 Texas da chimg minh duge ring puree ctia min khé ho&e man khé tn véi téo c6 thé sin pham an lién tir thit nhu thit duge ding nhu mét nguyén ligu trong viée ché bién cdc bo quay. Cac nha khoa hoe, dig dau 1a Gido su Jimmy Keeton da chudn bi cdc miu thit bd quay bé sung dung dich nuée mudi tuong img nhu sau: miu ¢6 nude mudi khéng chita nuée cét man, mau cé chita dich tir man khé (2.5 — 5%), mau cé nude cét tit man tuoi (2.5 — 5%) va mau duge phun bét say khé tir man (2.5 — 5%). T bé quay sau dé duge dem nau, bao géi chin khéng va bao quan lanh trong 10 tuan, Két qua cho thay viée bé sung dich tir man khé hay nuée cét tir man tuoi véi ham lugng 2.5% vao thit bo quay truée khi ndu di gidm qua trinh oxy héa, tang cuéng mai vj cia thit, Gido su Keeton va cde déng nghiép khang dinh ring man déng vai tro nhu chat chéng oxy héa, c6 tac dung lam gidm hoat Iye cia acid thiobarbituric, acid gay ra qué trinh peroxy héa va oxy héa chat béo, tir dé cai thign céc tinh chat vé mau sdc, mui vi va db cua thit. Trang 22‘Thi Hién PHY GIA CHONG OXY HOA TRONG GVHD: Tas Neuy CONG NGHE CHE BIEN THIT 3. Casein déng vai trd nhw mét ch4t chéng oxy héa tu nhién kéo dai thai gian bao quén thit: Cc nghién ctu gin day nhat cia cdc nha khoa hoe tai Braxin cho thdy vai trd quan trong eta 1c chéng oxy héa & cde sin phim thit bo va thit gia in trong vi im. Karina Rossini va céc eng sy ciia dng tir trudng dai hoc Federal do Rio Grande do Sul & Brazil da chimg té rang trong qué trinh thay phan, casein da sin sinh ra cdc peptide cé hoat tinh cé kha nang ngan ngira sy hw hong cua cdc san pham thit nhé tinh chat chéng oxy héa ty nhién ciia ching; nhé vay ngin ngita sy hinh thnh céc mii khéng mong muén trong thye phim va kéo dai théi gian bdo quan ciia thit va cdc sin phdm tir thit. Cae nha nghién ciru da sit dung cde enzyme thuong mai nhu Flavourzyme va Alcalase (Novozymes) dé thiy phan cascin. Két qua thu nhan duge 1a cde peptide thu nhan duge do sy thiy phan cua Flavourzyme chita nhiéu protein héa tan va amino acid ty do hon 1a céc peptide thu duge tir sy thiy phin casein ciia Alcalase. Khi do luémg hoat tinh chéng oxy héa ciia hai loai peptide trén, nguéi ta cing thu nhan duge két qua tuong ty, Khi tin hinh cy thé trén thit bo va thit gia cdm da rit xuong, cde nh nghién ecru a nhan thy cée peptide di tit casein da that sy higu qua trong vige ngdn ngta qué trinh oxy héa chat béo, han ché sy tao thanh cdc peroxide. Déi véi thit bo, higu qua ctia né dat dén gin nhu 100% con 6 thit gia cam thi chi khoang 21%, qua nay that sy déng vai tro v6 cling quan trong véi cong nghé san xuat thit va cdc nha sin xuat thyc pham, dac biét trong giai doan ngay nay, khi ma con nguéi dang hung t6i nhiing thye phim khéng chita nhig phy gia bdo quan mang tinh dc hai Trang 23