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Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554

27th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, FAIM2017,

27-30 June 2017, Modena, Italy

The role of additive manufacturing in the era of Industry 4.0

Ugur M Dilberoglua,*, Bahar Gharehpapagha , Ulas Yamana, Melik Dolena
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey

Abstract

The latest industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, is encouraging the integration of intelligent production systems and advanced
information technologies. Additive manufacturing (AM) is considered to be an essential ingredient in this new movement. In this
paper, a comprehensive review on AM technologies is presented together with both its contributions to Industry 4.0. The review
focusses on three important aspects of AM: recent advances on material science, process development, and enhancements on
design consideration. The main objective of the paper is to classify the current knowledge (and technological trends) on AM and
to highlight its potential uses.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-reviewunder
Peer-review underresponsibility
responsibility of the
of the scientific
scientific committee
committee of theof27th
the International
27th International Conference
Conference on Flexible
on Flexible Automation
Automation and and
IntelligentManufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing.

Keywords: Additive manufacturing; 3D printing; Smart materials; Computational geometry; Industry 4.0

1. Introduction

The fourth industrial revolution, namely Industry 4.0, is the recent movement on intelligent automation
technology. In this new era, the utilization of modern manufacturing skills within the context of integrating novel
information technologies plays an important role on economic competitiveness [1]. As illustrated in Fig. 1, Industry
4.0 offers cyber and physical systems to cooperate profitably, aiming to build smart factories by redefining the role
of humans.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-210-2557; fax: +90-312-210-2536.

E-mail address: dugur@metu.edu.tr

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 27th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing
doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.148
546 Ugur M. Dilberoglu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554

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Fig. 1. Schematic of smart factories with general properties required in Industry 4.0.

Its fundamental concepts associated with virtual environment comprises Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data,
Cloud Computing etc., whereas its physical realm includes Autonomous Robots and Additive Manufacturing [2].
With respect to the cyber-physical systems, IoT is described as the concept of gathering information from physical
objects using computer networks or accelerated wireless connections. The extracted information from the products,
machines, or production lines constitutes substantial amount of statistical data to be exchanged and analyzed. Other
sources of data are design records, customers’ order, suppliers’ delivery, stock and logistic related information. As a
whole, this large quantity of data is defined as Big Data, which is another major notion in Industry 4.0. Moreover,
cloud computing, which is related to the processing of all the available information, can also be considered as one of
the most significant terms in virtual industrial world. All of these cyber technologies help to ensure the effective
utilization of existing information for smart manufacturing of future [3].
On the other hand, the physical part of the smart factories is limited by the capability of the existing
manufacturing systems. This makes the AM as one of the vital components of Industry 4.0. Due to the necessity for
mass customization in Industry 4.0, non-traditional manufacturing methods are needed to be developed. Thus, AM
may become a key technology for fabricating customized products due to its ability to create sophisticated objects
with advanced attributes (new materials, shapes). Thanks to increased product quality, AM is currently being used in
various industries such as aerospace, biomedical, and manufacturing [4]. Although there are still some doubts about
its applicability in mass production, the utilization of AM in the industry is on the rise due to the new technological
advancements. Being a developing technology to create accurate and strengthened intricate objects with increased
production speed, it may offer a way of replacing the conventional manufacturing techniques in the near future.
This paper reviews the recent literature on the physical side of Industry 4.0 so as to help AM researchers to
classify/sort the fundamental knowledge in the field. Due to its significant role in Industry 4.0, AM is the main scope
of this paper. The paper is arranged as follows: The improvement in material science is to be discussed in the
following section. In the third section, novel processes in AM are explained in detail, specifically metal additive
 Ugur M. Dilberoglu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554 547

processes and the hybrid ones while design related issues of AM are stated in the fourth section. Finally, the last
sections cover the future expectations associated with AM and conclusions.

2. Materials

Material science key for understanding of developments in AM technologies. Researchers in this field have keen
interest in new materials suitable for 3D printing applications. Although a large number of plastic/polymer
constituents are available for AM [5], some specific materials attracts further attention of industry as illustrated in
Fig. 2. In this section, the properties of prospective materials that are likely to be developed in the age of Industry
4.0 are to be discussed in detail and their potential uses are to be identified.

• Stainless steel
• Shape-memory
• Aluminum alloys alloy (SMA)
• Cobalt-base alloys • Shape-memory
• Titanium Smart polymer (SMP)
• Nickel-base alloys Metals Materials • Piezoelectric

Hydraulics Special
• Conductives & Materials • Concrete
• Solid-liquid printing Electronics • Textile
• Multi-material printing • Food
• Lunar dust

Fig. 2. General overview of current research materials for AM in the forthcoming era.

2.1. Metal additive manufacturing

Due to their favorable mechanical characteristics, metals are perhaps the most common materials in engineering.
As a consequence, 3D printing industry seeks for novel solutions to create metallic parts that can substitute their
conventionally-produced counterparts. The new developments in 3D printing technology give rise to the attempts
towards the active research field: Metal additive manufacturing (MAM). Recently, many metallic components can
be manufactured by AM techniques using aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, etc. as the main constituent in the
process [6]. Most of the commercial metal 3D printers employ metal powders, whereas other suitable material
mixtures have also been scrutinized for MAM [7]. Furthermore, the microstructure resulting from AM have a great
influence on the parts’ mechanical properties like tensile/fatigue behavior. Thus, issues related to microstructure,
phase composition, heat treatment have attracted attentions of AM research community recently [8]. Tang et al. [9],
for instance, have investigated some mechanical properties of components fabricated through a laser based MAM
process, demonstrating the cracking mechanism. On the other hand, there is still much to develop, since the
fabricated parts have not yet met the industry’s expectations. Some issues that have to be resolved includes
favorable cost, production speed, improved tensile/fatigue/hardness behavior, enhanced surface quality, and
homogenous microstructure [10]. In the new era, MAM will probably become a key player for the realization of
Industry 4.0 as long as it overcomes these current barriers via the improvements in both material science and MAM
processes.
548 Ugur M. Dilberoglu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554

2.2. Smart materials

Smart structures have been identified as those altering its shape or material properties as an outcome of externally
exposed conditions. Due to their changing properties with time, they have also been classified as 4D printing
materials.
Introduction of smart materials to AM industry provides advantageous features like reconfiguration of the printed
structure and attaining the desired material property in time. In general, shape memory alloys (SMA) and shape
memory polymers (SMP) are implemented as 4D printing material to produce functional parts of soft robotic
systems, self-evolving structures, and controlled sequential folding applications [11].
Shape memory alloys are taken into consideration for their basic properties of super-elasticity and thermal shape
recovery. Some SMAs like nickel-titanium have been extensively employed in application areas ranging from
biomedical implants to micro-electromechanical devices. As another branch of smart materials, SMPs are also
sensitive to external stimulus such as light, humidity, and temperature gradient. Due to the biocompatibility of SMP,
there is a growing interest towards its applications to medical engineering [11]. Digital light processing of SMP
materials have also been utilized in clothing industry and jewelry applications [12]. Additionally, piezoelectric
materials are regarded as another remarkable alternative for 3D printing. Along with the energy harvesting and
actuation purposes, 3D nanofabrication of such materials have been investigated [13]. In the age of Industry 4.0, all
these sectors will probably use AM with the further improvements on quality of produced parts.
One of the recent application fields of smart materials is soft robotics where researchers have found out that the
functional components with electro-active polymers can externally be stimulated to alter their stiffness in a
controlled manner [14]. For instance, Ge et al. [15] defined the self-folding/unfolding feature of 3D printed SMPs as
active origami and they have demonstrated the controllability of active hinges produced via multi-material printing.
One potential application of active hinges is the self-opening satellite components activated by an external stimulus
[11]. Likewise, Raviv et al. [16] have studied multi-material printing consisting of hydrophilic polymer, where self-
evolution of 3D shape is generated by imposed deformations when exposed to water. The results of such studies will
pave the way for the research on self-assembled structures. As a future implication, smart materials may be feasible
for extreme environments like deep ocean or space travel by activating them by water or UV light, respectively.
To sum up, 3D printing technology may accelerate the introduction of smart materials. Potential future
applications would be self-assembling structures, compact configurations, stimuli-activated mechanisms in extreme
environments, and programmable materials, which will readily be used in the forthcoming era. Nevertheless, further
research on smart materials needs to be conducted on new material combinations, innovative manufacturing
processes, and design improvements.

2.3. Printable hydraulics & electronics

MacCurdy et al. [17] have investigated an innovation in multi-material AM, where the study introduces printable
hydraulics in which solid and liquid materials were printed simultaneously in the process. Fused deposition
modelling (FDM) with multiple nozzles were utilized to fabricate solid structures consisting rigid, flexible, support
materials and to fill the fluid at the same time. As an outcome, hydraulically actuated working mechanisms like soft
robotic grippers were manufactured in only one stage without any additional steps for assembly. Thus, 3D printing
may offer a simple way of instant robotic fabrication and ready-to-use functional systems.
In this new era, introduction of conductive substances for AM enables electronic circuitry to be built into the
printed object. Consequently, full integration of the circuit into the accompanying object (so-called embedded
electronics) become an important topic. The study of MacDonald et al. [18] have concentrated on one example of
intelligent embedded electronic applications where LEDs and electronic PCB are integrally incorporated into an (3D
printed) electronic gaming dice. In another work, Ota et al. [19] have studied the 3D printing of customized objects
(for rehabilitation purposes) housing electronic devices. Further applications of printed electronics like quad-copters,
stretchable tactile sensors, micro batteries are mentioned in a state-of-the-art study on 3D printed functional
components [20]. The results of such works reveal AM’s potential to fabricate smart objects for versatile fields.
 Ugur M. Dilberoglu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554 549

In conclusion, AM provides opportunities for fabrication of products along with its electronics. The packing
efficiency of electronic systems may possibly be enhanced in the era of Industry 4.0, enabling more innovative
designs created in just one step with multi-material printing technology.

2.4. Special materials & applications

A general outlook on innovative materials for AM has been summarized in the previous sub-sections. In this
section, additional AM materials, which are likely to be used in the forthcoming era, are to be discussed briefly.
First, recent discussion about additive construction focuses on the creation of future buildings and infrastructures.
As a consequence, investigations on concrete and other specific material form the basis for the printing technology
in civil engineering applications [21]. As a different branch, the AM practices in clothing and jewelry industry have
been increasing with the developments on textile printing. Some advantages of AM in fashion industry includes a
rapid design process (i.e. short fabrication time) and reduced costs associated with the packaging, and transportation
[22]. Another extraordinary material for 3D printing is the edible constituents in the food industry. Recently, various
applications with desired surface texture and multiple nutrition content have been examined using the extrusion
based AM techniques. Although challenges in process productivity, durability, and serviceability of the edible
material have not been overcome yet; AM may have a future in food fabrication [23]. As an unusual topic,
nowadays, is the utilization of this technology in space exploration. That is, there are some studies investigating 3D
printing of Moondust to build space colonies [24] where the feasibility of constructing habitats and infrastructures
on the Moon with the capabilities of AM technology is discussed [25]. Furthermore, making good use of Mars’ in-
situ resources as 3D printing material for future (manned) exploration missions have proposed so as to reduce the
transported resources from the Earth [26].
To summarize, some special materials and associated processes are briefly stated with their implications on
construction, food, garment, and even aerospace industry. AM offer great potential to be explored in the
forthcoming era, increasing competitiveness in a wide variety of industries.

3. Processes

In this section, novel AM processes are to be presented with a major focus on the ones related to MAM and hybrid
manufacturing. Although the number of innovative AM processes are increasing substantially, they take their root
from well-established fundamental technologies shown in Fig. 3 [27], [28]. Probably, more enhanced processes will
be developed with the technical advancements in AM. However, most of these processes are developed for printing
customary materials like polymers, which are generally used for non-industrial applications.
Due to the needs for heavy engineering applications in the context of Industry 4.0, specific AM processes have
confronted recently. Since metals are the most commonly preferred material in the industry, the issue of MAM has
received considerable attention in this new era [10].
In addition to this, it is expected that the future of manufacturing will steer the industry towards the utilization of
these processes in combination. Being known as hybrid manufacturing, this new popular field offers a way to
practice subtractive methods accompanying with additive ones so as to fabricate better products with increased
surface quality, fatigue strength etc. [20]. Nowadays, the growing interest in hybrid manufacturing leads to various
manufacturing process combinations beyond the conventional AM processes.
550 Ugur M. Dilberoglu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554

MAM and hybrid production methods are to be discussed in the following subsections as the key technologies for
future intelligent manufacturing.

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Fig. 3. Categorization of AM processes in the current state-of-the-art

3.1. Processes for metal manufacturing

MAM has a vital role for Industry 4.0 due to the extensive usage of metallic constituents in almost all areas of the
engineering. Therefore, MAM processes have dominance over other types of printing methods. AM of metals can be
achieved by four fundamental approaches: i) powder bed fusion, ii) direct energy deposition, iii) material jetting, iv)
binder jetting. The first two types are the most common ones in industry. Powder based technologies such as
selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) employ an energy source to heat
up the material in a powder pool and named in accordance with the used source [29]. On the other hand, direct
energy deposition techniques like laser engineering net shape (LENS) utilize thermal energy for melting during the
deposition of fused metal. In addition, indirect MAM methods have also been available, in which molding for metal
parts and casting are attained subsequently [5]. A novel metal AM process is wire and arc additive manufacturing
(WAAM) which is described as an additive arc welding process in combination with feeding of wire [30]. Recent
applications of WAAM have been implemented in aerospace industry due to its superiority to fabricate very large
components and its capability of shaping of all weld-able metals.
A recently patented MAM process is Nanoparticle Jetting (NPJ), in which heated metal nanoparticles inside a
special liquid medium are jetted to form very thin layers of the manufactured part [31]. Inventors of this new process
claim that NPJ enables the best surface finish among the existent MAM technologies that it yields high accuracy
without any deterioration on manufacturing speed. Moreover, NPJ is to offer nearly the same metallurgical
properties of the solid counterparts as well as providing safer manufacturing conditions via the elimination of
hazardous powder.
Atomic diffusion additive manufacturing (ADAM) is another novel process introduced by Markforged [32]
where dense metal parts are printed layer by layer utilizing the metal powder confined in a plastic binder.
Progressive removal of the plastic binder and sintering generates the finalized product, in which excellent
mechanical characteristics are achieved due to the sintering of entire part at once. Similarly, Desktop Metal
Company have recently announced a novel MAM technology called as Single Pass Jetting (SPJ) [33]. In SPJ
process, a sequential binder jetting action follows the deposition and compaction of metal powder. Bi-directional
movement of the printing head makes the process a hundred times faster than regular laser-based metal additive
technologies. The company asserts that SPJ facilitates the first 3D printer that is capable of mass production with its
competitive manufacturing cost per part property.
 Ugur M. Dilberoglu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554 551

In spite of the developments in MAM, an extensive research is still underway to overcome the challenging issues
such as lack of process stability/repeatability along with limited part size, high unit cost, and poor mechanical
properties of the finished products. To figure out remedies for these problems, researchers have recently scrutinized
parameter optimization, search for precise sintering operations, and suitable powder compounds, etc. [34].
Additionally, the research areas such as in-process monitoring and inspection have gained great importance for
breaking the barrier for the future metal manufacturing [35]. Since MAM is inevitable for the smart factories of
Industry 4.0, the developments of novel processes and accompanying technologies will probably be accelerated in
the foreseeable future.

3.2. Hybrid manufacturing processes

Hybrid processes refer to the combination of additive- and subtractive manufacturing (SM) processes applied
sequentially or integrated fashion, including proper fixturing and orientation control to form the parts [36]. This
approach is used both to enhance the dimensional accuracy and to accelerate the overall production process. Also,
the problem of fabricating complicated areas, where a single manufacturing process (either subtractive or an
additive) is not sufficient, can be overcome using hybrid techniques [37].
For the purpose of creating products with selected engineering attributes, researchers put forth hybrid solutions in
the last decade [38]. Recently, Lee et al. [39] have developed a hybrid rapid prototyping system where FDM were
used as additive process in which the extruder was designed to switch from AM to SM without sacrificing working
space. In a similar study, FDM process is followed by CNC machining in relation with the FDM’s deposition angle
so as to achieve lower surface roughness of the product as well as not to impair its surface morphology [40]. For
metals, on the other hand, a hybrid process consisting of EBM and rapid CNC machining have proposed to improve
the efficiency of the process [36]. In their study, milling is used as SM method together with the proper process
planning. Similarly, Du et al. [41] have introduced combination of the selective laser melting with precision milling
to obtain desired surface finish. Also, hybrid deposition and subsequent micro-rolling (known as HDMR) have
utilized for production of metal aircraft parts with outstanding mechanical properties [42].
The issue of improving further the performance of hybrid manufacturing is closely related to the advanced
process planning, integrating design and production. A framework proposed by Zhu et al. [43] applies AM/SM and
inspection processes in combination. An algorithm in this framework is devised to organize manufacturing
operations/sequences with proper parameters while optimizing production time and material consumption during
manufacturing [44]. Similar idea is implemented in a noteworthy application, in which hybrid process was used to
reuse existing products by adding material and successive machining [45]. After the fourth industrial revolution,
further progress on hybrid technologies may originate from the developments in information technology and
efficient use of available data. As an outcome of both novel hybrid processes and effective process planning,
industrial needs will likely to be satisfied with the increased product quality.

4. Design related issues

As a relatively new manufacturing technology, engineers and designers have little experience and insufficient
knowledge on the capabilities and limitations of AM. Evolving digitalization in the context of Industry 4.0 have
created opportunities to overcome design related barriers on the novel production technologies. The developments
on the new computational tools for simulation, visualization and instant analysis are directly related to the modern
fabrication. In this section, the design related issues are to be addressed briefly.
Due to the improvements in cyber technologies of Industry 4.0, designers are supplied with enhanced
computational resources, which in turn lead to boosted productivity and efficiency in AM. Design for Additive
Manufacturing (DfAM) have been recently introduced as one of the supplementary design tools for selecting the
process parameters (such as cost, time, quality, reliability and CAD constraints) in an optimal manner.
DfAM is in fact divided into two branches concentrating on the approaches for a general design framework and
the methods yielding improved functionality for specific products [46]. The former one provides inexperienced
designers a broad perspective for deciding on the best options at design and manufacturing stages of AM. For
552 Ugur M. Dilberoglu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554

instance, Salonitis have proposed a general DfAM methodology to design new products (or reform an existing one)
in which customer needs, functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables are evaluated all at the
same time [47]. In a similar study, another DfAM framework, where manufacturing and assembly issues in the early
product development stage are considered, provides designers with suitable material and process selections [48]. On
the other hand, the latter technique (i.e. second group of DfAM) offers superior products for a particular objective at
the expense of paying less attention to other factors in effect [49]. As a part of the second branch, the objective-
specific methodology is mainly based on topology optimization (TO). It is defined as a method for obtaining the
best possible geometry/shape while satisfying certain requirements. For example, optimization of product’s volume
while maintaining minimum compliance of parts have frequently investigated [50]. For lower weight-to-stiffness
ratio, there exists several novel TO applications [4]. One interesting objective-specific design application is the
utilization of TO in optimal heat transfer of structures fabricated through AM [51]. Similarly, TO methods like Solid
Isotropic Material with Penalization have recently investigated in relation to hybrid AM [52].
Other design optimization studies have concentrated on the parameters such as slice thickness, geometric
information of CAD model, part build orientation, and support structures [53]. Among the listed parameters, CAD
software issues have attracted a great interest of the researchers in the recent years. For instance, drawbacks
originated from STL file format have explored in favor of novel digital file types known as AM File format (AMF)
and 3D manufacturing format (3MF) [28]. Similarly, the use of open-source CAD software projects were
reviewed in the study of Junk and Kuen [54]. Several slicing algorithms and efficient process planning techniques
have also been proposed like the one capitalizing on the coherence of inhomogeneous interior to minimize printer
head moves [55].
The importance of design-related issues will be greatly augmented as the industrial and academic research
community gain experience through successful implementations of novel computational technologies and newer
design methodologies. Consequently, the restrictions and capabilities of AM can be managed more effectively in the
near future.

5. Drawbacks and future directions

In the last decade, Industry 4.0 have attracted the attention of both academia and industry since it is considered as
the major paradigm shift in the factories of the future. AM, as a key technology in the context of the forthcoming
revolution, offers great potential for the prospective developments in this new era provided that some current
barriers are overcome in the near future. In this section, some foreseeable predictions about AM and its possible
drawbacks are to be stated along with complementary recommendations.
Due to the major drawbacks on its manufacturing speed, accuracy, repeatability, and cost, AM may not be
preferred in conventional industrial factories, especially for the mass production of regular parts. Nevertheless, it
still has superiorities over conventional manufacturing methods in the fabrication of intricate and customized
objects. In fact, AM provides manufacturing opportunity in a broad range in terms of its material (polymers to
metals), size (nanoscale to large parts), and functionality (self-assembling to optimum heat transfer) [56]. Produced
parts’ strength is another weakness of AM that may be promoted by novel materials/processes provoking enhanced
microstructures, and proper design/topology optimization. Furthermore, hybrid manufacturing makes it possible to
compensate some drawbacks such as product’s surface quality as well as it provides opportunities to repair/reshape
existing parts.
As a future expectation, decentralization may become possible by distributing the workload over the
factories/machines via the effective utilization of cloud services [3]. Another future direction about AM is the
sustainability issue, in which AM may play a significant role in diminishing waste resources and reducing energy
consumption by employing just-in-time production. Moreover, 3D printing and digital manufacturing may
expectedly have an impact on the society. First, the role of employee in the industry is to be redefined such that they
perform jobs about management/design/analysis rather than being labor force. Second, the platforms like do-it-
yourself and maker movement facilitate users to involve in the design and manufacturing stage [28]. For instance,
students can design their own products by turning the classroom into a small hands-on laboratory with an
inexpensive 3D printer.
 Ugur M. Dilberoglu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 545 – 554 553

There are several popular study fields about additive manufacturing in the era of Industry 4.0: new material
compounds for enriched microstructures, innovative design frameworks for suitable parameter estimation, improved
CAD utilities for optimization/simulation/modeling purposes, novel AM/hybrid processes together with real-time
process control and inspection, etc. The main recommendation is the cooperation of research community, industry
and the governments to overcome all these current barriers on AM. Furthermore, AM’s being relatively new
technology entails problems about standardization in the field, requiring some work on appropriate certification
[56].

6. Conclusions

Cyber-physical integration facilitates smart factories with high efficiency that are capable of fabricating high-
quality customized products. On one side, the advancement of information technology has accelerated the transition
to forthcoming industrial era. In fact, the existence of the fourth industrial revolution substantially depends on the
capabilities of AM. These issues were summarized in three specific topics in this paper, namely material, processes
and design issues.
In the future, it is likely that more interdisciplinary research efforts should be expended. On the other hand, the
role of designers, factories, and customers will be redefined remarkably since the manufacturing business will be
distributed to many separate locations like small workplaces or homes. In other words, the current barrier of mass
production on location will be overcome with personal- and customized fabrication.
As a general outlook, there is a trend toward new materials available for AM such as smart materials and metallic
constituents to achieve required characteristics on purpose. Another popular trend aims at creating functional
parts/machines in just a single step of fabrication. Due to the opportunities provided by the novel AM technologies,
the design- and production challenges are only restricted by the imaginations of the individuals.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey under the
project contract 116E882.

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