CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY I
WEEK 1 | SEMESTER 1/20192020 | VOLUME 1.1
THE REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING
Three requirements of a building
are materials & technical ability,
functional requirements, and
performance requirements
(Osbourn, D. & Greeno, R., 2007).
Two main physical resources
involved in construction a building
are materials necessary to form
building parts and technical ability
to assemble the parts into a
building.
*
The functional requirements are
implicit a well-constructed building
that provided security for occupants,
their posessions, and activities such
as dwellings, hospitals, schools etc.
The performance requirements
include appearance, durability,
dimensional suitability, strength &
stability, weather exclusion, sound
control, thermal comfort, fire
protection, lighting & ventilation,
sanitation & drainage, security and
cost.
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APPEARANCE is the reflection of a
balance between aesthetic aims or
fashions. The range of resources,
complicated performance requirements
and cultural influences have created
multifarious styles.
The basic areas of consideration
affecting the appearance of a building
are: (1) the aesthetic objectives of the
architect in term of form, shape,
pattern, texture and colour; (2) the
effects of location and position of
building, construction methods adopted
adhere to local planning guidelines,
building bylaws, regulations.
(3) the harmony of the building with adjacent buildings andor specific
features, including landscaping; (4) the use of materials that are
suitable for particular applications which enhance, modify or even
change the appearance of the design as it ages; (5) the effects of
maintenance on the initial design and subsequent use of a building;
(6) architectural detailing eg. the relationship of window and door
openings & the use of window/door lintel to create shade and
shadows.
The DURABILITY aspects of a building are known as WEATHERING. A
building will suffer from corrosion, erosion and disintegration of
materials depends upon the action of frost, snow, solar radiation,
wind, rain, the atmospheric pollutants, moisture content (fungal
attack), soil and groundwater action, insect attact or domestic
wastes. Thus it is critical to select materials appropriate for their design
function to provide the control to which deterioration may be allowed

DIMENSIONAL SUITABILITY involves the over a given period of time.

appropriate sizes for parts of a building to fulfill Discuss the term “intended
specific design functions (due to movement, life span” between a
wooden, brick, and concrete
shrinkage, loading, etc.), cost ratios, house with “initial costs of
manufacturing processes (common materials and maintenance
dimensional standards & assembly techniques. costs.

STRENGTH & STABILITY
THE STRENGTH OF A BUILDING REFERS TO ITS
CAPACITY TO CARRY LOADS WITHOUT
FAILURE; STABILITY REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF
A BUILDING TO RESIST COLLAPSE,
DISTORTION, LOCALISED DAMAGE &
MOVEMENT
01
The weight of all the materials (dead loads) that
can be calculated from tables for weights of
materials
02
The weight of people using a building, and their
furniture, goods, storage, etc. (live loads or imposed
loads). Average max load can be assumed from tables.
03
Various forces may be applied to a building during its
life such as those resulting from wind, physical impact
by people, machines, or explosion, and ground
movements caused by changes in soil characteristics,
earthquakes, etc.
Thus, a building is required to resist loads imposed by
gravity, externally and internally applied forces in
which loads and forces from roofs, floors and walls must
be transferred to the supporting ground.
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The four methods involved to resist the Two aspects of SOUND CONTROL are the elimination or reduction of
combined building loads are continuous unwanted sound generated by sources within or outside a building
structures, framed structures, panel (external, impact, and flanking (indirect) sound transmision), and the
structures, and membrane structures. creation of good listening conditions within a building where speech
and music need to be clear and without sound echoes.
Load bearing wall? Frame structure?
Defensive measures include placing distance between the source
Frame structure + IBS?
and the recipient (bedroom is placed remote from motorways),
Membrane structures, suggest walls and installing sound absorption building materials (eg curtain or suspended
roof are supported by tension and/or plasterboard ceiling), installing sound reduction building materials
compression members. Eg. a tent where such as glass, and constructing void or solid structures.
the walls and roof are fromed of canvas
THERMAL COMFORT in a building are maintain by controlling the
and the main structural support of
temperature through passive means which regulate natural flows of
timber or steel.
heat, air and moisture vapour. Passive means involves (A) the
reduction of the rate of heat losses from the inside to the outside in

colder climates, & (B) the

“Some criteria for appraising the thermal
reduction of heat gains from
efficiency are incidental solar gains & glazing outside to the inside in
orientation, ventilation characteristics, warmer climates. For
openings in the envelope, quality of example, natural ventilation
causes convection losses
construction, and lighting.” (warm air rises in a building
eventually escaping to be
replaced by colder air).

Solid building materials used for wall lose heat from warm
HEAT GAINS to cold face by conduction. The ability to conduct heat is
known as conductivity value (the amount of heat flow per
Unwanted solar heat gain can be modified by
m2 for a temperature difference of 1K per metre
careful adjustment of the amount of glazed
thickness). For insulation of materials, the higher the R
areas (either fixed or openable); the type of
(thermal resistance) value, the better the thermal
glass used for windows; building & configuration; resistance and the insulating performance of the material.
thermal character of the building fabric; surface
colours & texture; and the degree of absorption Any heated material will radiate heat from its surface.
Bright metallic surfaces generally radiate least and dark
permitted by exposed materials. The usual
surfaces the most. Air cavities reduce the amount of heat
methods adapted are shading or screening
transfer by conduction from inner warm materials to outer
devices, increasing the thermal capacity of the
cold materials.
building fabric, and adopting a reflective outer
surface.
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FIRE PROTECTION is described as
restriction of fire spread by stipulating
periods of fire resistance and
construction design appropriate (eg.
walls and floors is to contain the fire, and
sufficient concrete cover to the steel
bars of RC columns and beams) so that
the building structure should not
collapse or deform before the
occupants can escape safely. These is
known as passive measures. Active
measures of fire protection incorporate
fire-fighting techniques (sprinklers, alarm
systems, shutters, etc).
“Natural VENTILATION uses external air as its
source, the wind as its motive force, and
openings in the external enclosure for fresh
air intake on the windward side and stale air
extraction on the leeward side”
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
01 02
The system conveys The system collect
both solids & liquids to rainwater to a local
a treatment plant or authority surface
cesspool or septic water drain, water
tank. course or pond.
03
Rodding eyes, access fittings, inspection
chambers, & manholes is necessary for
inspection, testing & maintenance.
Natural LIGHTING is provided by the sun which create psychological
connection between the inside and the outside of a building. The
amount of light received inside a building is usually only a small
fraction of that received outside due to the size and position of
openings, and constantly vary depending on the clouds, buildings or
other reflecting planes.
Artificial LIGHTING is used mainly for night-time illumination and as a
daytime supplement when daylighting alone is insufficient. The
objective of lightning design is to achieve an appropriate brightness
or luminance levels; position, colour, shape and texture of all wall,
ceiling and floor surfaces; and the selection of suitable light fitttings to
provide appropriate amounts of reflected light.
Artificial VENTILATION, where
a reliable and positive air
flow of air is required to
extract stale air in which
immediately replaced by
fresh air from the outside. The
systems are usually required
for rooms where natural
ventilation is insufficient, special rooms needing closely
controlled humidity and/or freedom from any dust (eg.
computer rooms & operating theatres), and where
polluted air is required to be either removed or prevented
from entering internal spaces.
SANITATION involves the provisions of suitable water supply
and storage systems, and the effective methods of waste
and refuse removal. The water supply system allows the
water to be stored in a replenishable tank, incorporating
tis own feed system to sanitary appliances such as WCs,
bidets, basins and baths. The system requires pipework
tightly jointed, resist to deformation and mechanical
damage, and reduce the posibility of noise generation
and transmission. A building should also equip with
facilitation for disposal of human excrement, and other
organic & non organic waste.
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Unauthorised entry (SECURITY) can be UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW (UBBL) 1984

achieved either visually or physically
that involve invasion of the private
zones of a building. Visual privasy is
achieve with acceptable degree of
remoteness between the observer and
observed. Or alternatively, high
perimeter walls, trees, and plants,
landscaping can be employed as visual
barriers. As for unauthorised physical
entry, the approach roates to a building
should at least limit the posibility of
uncontrolled usage. The final defence is
some form of locking mechanism.
Others include CCTV, gated & guarded.
http://www.mbpj.gov.my/en/businesses/legislation/laws
Selangor UBBL 1986
Selangor UBBL (Amendment)
Selangor UBBL 1993
Selangor UBBL 2000
Selangor UBBL 2000 (Amendment)
Selangor UBBL 2007
Selangor UBBL 2012
Selangor UBBL 2012 (Amendment)
Example of UBBL is attached in the e-learning.

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References:
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF 1. Osbourn, D. and Greeno, R.(2007). Mitchell’s
Introduction to Building. Pearson Education Ltd:

01 02
England.

Booking for any type Quick, thorough,

of travel knowledgeable
responses to calls
and questions

03 04
International services Resourceful and
well-traveled agents
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