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Today’s outline:

• Sources of water in building

• Uses of water supply
SBEQ 1182 / SBEC 1152
Operational systems
Building Services I (PART 1) •

• Components and schematic details

• Others
Lecture 3: Domestic Water Supply & Plumbing Installation

1st March 2018

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Use of water

In building services application, water is used in many different ways:

• Cold water for drinking

• Cold water supplied to a domestic hot water cylinder for domestic

washing /industrial process.

SBEQ 1182 / SBEC 1152 • Cold water supplied to refrigeration plant.

SOURCE OF WATER • Cold water for sanitary appliances.

• Cold water for fire fighting services.

• Gardening.

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Source of water supply Where is earth’s water?

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The hydrological cycle and its components Critical water supply areas in Malaysia

Hydrological cycle is:

The sequence of conditions through

which water passes from vapor in the
atmosphere through precipitation upon
land or water surfaces and ultimately
back into the atmosphere as a result of
evaporation and transpiration

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Water contaminants and impurities Classification of water contaminants and impurities

• Pure water cannot be found

outside the laboratory because all
natural waters contains many
impurities to different levels.

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Surface & substrata water sources

Rainwater contaminants contaminants

• Contaminated by • Contaminated by dissolved inorganic

suspended impurities materials such as calcium, magnesium and

as it falls through the sodium.
air. • These are responsible for water hardness

• CO2, Sulphur, nitrous (i.e. the total soluble calcium & magnesium
oxides from domestic salts)
flue & industrial • Decaying vegetation, animals & untreated
manufacturing. waste.
• Mixture produced acid • Bacteria – can be responsible for outbreaks
rain – destructive to of cholera etc.
plant life. • Treatment by chlorination.

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Mechanisms of ground water contamination Sources of contamination

• To summarize, the sources of water contamination can

be classified as follows:

• Chemical reaction – CO2, Sulphur.

• Biological reaction – decaying vegetation etc.

• Ecological activities – logging; mining; excavating.

• Human activities – littering etc.

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Removing contaminants Removing contaminants

• Water from reservoir is treated to remove the suspended organic

and inorganic materials.

• Necessary to destroy pathogenic bacteria which can cause typhoid,

cholera etc.
• Process:

▪ Coarse straining of the water – to remove large floating objects;

*Flocculation – to form aggregates or
▪ Sedimentation – to remove small, high density impurities; flocs from the finely divided matter
usually by mechanical or air agitation.

▪ Filtration – to remove smaller suspended solids and bacteria;

▪ Sterilization – injection with chlorine before pumping to mains.

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COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Introduction
Building water supply system is:
▪ A system in plumbing which provides and distributes
water to the different parts of the building or structure,
SBEQ 1182 / SBEC 1152 for purposes such as drinking, cleaning, washing,
culinary use, etc.;
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY &
It includes the water distributing pipes, control
PLUMBING INSTALLATION IN ▪

devices, equipment, and other appurtenances.

LOW RISE BUILDING

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Cold water supply – Operational system

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Direct supply system

Operational system: Division of source and supply
• The direct system sends mains pressured drinking
standard water to every cold tap in the house,
including the bath, bathroom basin and kitchen sink.
Advantages

• The system is cheaper to

install, reduces the chance
for bacterial contamination &
suited to high demand.
• Provides safe drinking water
to all taps in the house.
• The system however is
noisier & can’t supply water
when mains pressure is low
or supply is off.

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Indirect supply system
• Water going to overhead tank and then redistributed to
fixtures by gravity.
• Despite, water for drinking purposes (normally
obtainable from kitchen tap) is directly supplied from
mains.
Advantages
• Provides a reserve for
cold water.
• Fixtures fed from tank
cause less pressure to
taps & valves hence less
wear.
• The system also prevents
pressure drop at peak
demand period.
Advantages of Direct and Indirect cold water systems
S/No Direct or non storage
1 Less pipework and smaller
or no cistern, making it
easier and cheaper to
install.
2 Drinking water is available
at all draw-off points.
3 Smaller cisterns which may
be sited below the ceiling.
4 In systems without cistern
there is no risk of polluting
the water from this source
S/No Indirect or storage
1 Large capacity cistern provides a
reserve of water during
interruption of supply.
2 Water pressure on the taps
supplied from the cistern is
reduced, which minimizes wear
on taps and noise.
3 Fittings supplied with water from
the cistern are prevented from
causing pollution of the drinking
water by back siphon age
4 Lower demand on the water main

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Provision of cold water storage to cover 24 Hours

interruption of supply Estimation of cold water storage per occupant

Storage per
Type of building
Type of building Storage (L) occupant (litres)
Dwelling houses and flats per resident 90 • Hospitals, per staff on duty 45
Hostels per resident 90
Hotels per resident 140 • Hostels 90
Offices without canteens per head 40 • Hotels 135
Offices with canteens per head 45
Restaurants per head/per 10 • Houses and flats 135
meal • Offices with canteens 45
Day schools per head 30
Boarding schools per head 90
• Offices without canteens 35
Nurses homes and medical quarters per resident 115 • Restaurant (* per meal) 7
• Schools, boarding 90
• Schools, day 30

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Provision of cold water storage to cover 24 Hours

Components for water distribution
interruption of supply. Based on sanitary appliances

System of piping:
Sanitary appliance Storage (L)
Water closet (WC) 180
Sink 135 - 225
Water basin 90 - 250
Shower 135 - 225
Urinal 135 - 250

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Connection to water main Definitions

• Main – a pipe for general conveyance of water as distinct from the conveyance to individual
Installed and maintained by Installed and maintained by premises.
water authority building owner
• Communication pipe – any service pipe from the water main to the stop valve fitted on the
pipe.
Communication pipe Stop valve 760mm • Supply pipe – so much of any service pipe which is not a communicating pipe.
chamber (minimum)
• Service pipe – any pipe for supplying water from a main to any premises as is subject to
water pressure from that main, or would be so subject but for the closing of some stop
valve.
service pipe
• Distributing pipe – any pipe for conveying water from a cistern, and under pressure from
Water authorities
water main
stop valve
that cistern.

• Warning pipe – an overflow pipe so fixed that its outlet end is in an exposed and
conspicuous position and where the discharge of any water from the pipe may be readily
seen and, where practicable, outside the building.

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Cistern/ water
tank
Other related terms

"Plumbing" is generally used to describe the conveyance of

Overflow Service pipes/ water, gas, or liquid waste in domestic or commercial
supply/riser
Distribution
pipes environments;
pipe
“Piping" is often used to describe the high-performance (high-
pressure, high-flow, high-temperature or hazardous-
material) conveyance of fluids in specialized applications.
"Tubing" is sometimes used for lighter-weight piping,
Communication pipe
Water meter
especially those flexible enough to be supplied in coiled

Connection from
form.
mains

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Pipe sizing-Introduction Water tank/ cistern

Correct pipe sizes will ensure adequate flow rates at appliances and • Made in ranges of capacities – 18 to
avoid problem caused by over sizing and under sizing;
500 litres.
Over sizing will mean:
• additional and unnecessary installation costs;
• Plastic cisterns are very flexible when
• delays in obtaining hot water at outlets; empty, but so long as they have full
• increased heat losses from hot water distributing pipes.
support on their base, the weight of
Under sizing may lead to: the water makes their sides quite rigid.
• inadequate delivery from outlets and possibly no delivery at some
outlets during simultaneous use; • The benefit of installing a plastic
• some variation in temperature and pressure at outlets, especially cistern is that if it fails it can be brought
showers and other mixers;
• some increase in noise levels.
out of the roof easily.

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Water tank/ cistern Water Storage

• The water level within

Purposes of water storage:
the tank is controlled ❑ Provide for an interruption of supply
by a float operated
valve which is set to ❑ Accommodate peak demand
allow water to enter
when the water level ❑ Provide a pressure (head) for gravity supplies
drops below the
required level.
• If the float operated Design factors:
valve should fail, water
❑ Type and number of fittings
will continue to enter
the tank, raising the ❑ Frequency and pattern of use
water level until it
reached the overflow ❑ Likelihood and frequency of breakdown of supply
pipe.
(often design for 12- or 24-hour reserve capacity)

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According to regulations, the installed cistern must be:

1. Watertight, adequate strength, and manufactured from plastic,

galvanized steel, asbestos cement or copper.

2. Sited at a height that will provide sufficient head and discharge of water
to the fittings supplied.

3. placed in a position where it can be readily inspected and cleansed

4. Provided with dust proof but not air tight cover and protected with a lid
to prevent the entry of dirt and vermin (pests).

5. Fitted with an efficient overflow pipe which should have a fall as great as
practicable not less than 1 in 10.

6. A tank capacity of 250 too 300 litres is adequate for average 3 bedroom
house.

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