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PVP-2012
July 15-19, 2012, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA
PVP2012-78613
ABSTRACT NOMENCLATURE
The paper advocates the use of bladder surge tanks to ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
control pressure surges in pipelines created by transient BST - Bladder Surge Tank
operations. Transient pressures are created as a result of HST - Hydropneumatic Surge Tank (non-separator)
pumps starting and stopping as well as the opening and HTA - Hydraulic Transient Analysis (computer
closing of valves. This paper describes why the utilization of simulations)
bladder surge tanks is the best solution to transient operations. MOP- Maximum Operating Pressure
A bladder surge tank allows piping systems to meet pressure PRV- Pressure Relief Valve or Safety Relief Valve
piping codes such as ASME B31.3 and B31.4. Controlling Precharge- The initial gas charge (nitrogen or air) within
pressure transients reduces pressure stresses, thereby the bladder
extending the pipeline’s operating life. This paper compares Transient- Unsteady flow conditions
the use of a bladder surge tank to other methods to attenuate
pressure transient in pipelines.
INTRODUCTION
Generally, water and hydrocarbon pipelines operate safely When designing a pipeline, early consideration of
throughout the world, but failure can occur as a result of pressure surge must be investigated to assure reliable
pressure transients created by certain operating conditions. In operation without failure. This is especially critical for
addition, pipe materials are weakened as a result of years of pipelines transporting hazardous materials, such as
operation and exposure to corrosion, pressure cycling fatigue hydrocarbons and waste materials. Advances in computer
and over-pressurization. programs which can simulate transient events enable designers
to anticipate potential problems in the operations of the
The usable life of piping materials can be significantly pipelines [1]. Utilizing surge control equipment reduces
reduced by cyclic loading and surge pressure overstressing the pressure transient and thereby pipe material stresses are
material. Therefore, controlling pressure surges will increase reduced to meet proven piping standards such as ASME
pipeline life and reliability. This can be achieved by installing B31.3, 2010 Edition [2] and B31.4, 2009 Edition [3]. In
surge control equipment at the location of the transient event. addition, by reducing pressure transients, pipeline life can be
extended.
There are several different types of equipment being used Upon the pipeline reversal, the surge tank discharges fluid
today to control pressure surges in pipelines. Each has its and the gas expands. This prevents extremely low pressure
advantages and disadvantages in mitigating pressure surges which can result in column separation and can create pressure
created by unsteady flow conditions. There are two major transients.
categories of products: Pressure Vessel type and Valve type
surge control products. On the discharge side of the pump, the shutdown
condition requires a surge tank to be installed as shown in
In the Pressure Vessel category, it can be divided into Figure 4A. When the pump shuts down, the pressure at the
Hydropneumatic Surge Tanks (HST) with non-separation discharge suddenly decreases. The fluid in the BST or HST
between the gas to the operating fluid and Bladder Surge begins discharging into the pipeline through the connecting
Tanks (BST) with positive separation of the gas and operating pipeline (Figure 4A1G). The fluid slowly closes the check
fluid. Both operate utilizing a gas charge to provide the valve (Figure 4A1B) and prevents the fluid pressure from
pressure energy to supply and accept fluid from the operating dropping below the fluid vapor pressure, thereby eliminating
pipeline. The main difference is an elastomeric bladder which column separation.
physically separates the liquid from the gas within the
pressure vessel in Bladder Surge Tanks (BST). When the pipeline reverses in flow direction, the BST or
HST accepts the fluid and “cushions” the impact of the
Hydropneumatic Surge Tanks (HST) are pressure vessels returning fluid column.
which are partially filled with the operating fluid and have a
gas blanket to discharge the fluid when the pressure in the This is all done within the containment of the surge tank
pipeline decreases. When the pipeline pressure increases, the and piping system. No fluid is discharged from the pipeline or
tank accepts fluid by compressing the gas trapped within the outside of the pressure vessel’s pressure boundaries.
tank. These tanks have a constant supply of gas or air to keep
the proper levels and some have a level control system to This product can be sized utilizing a digital hydraulic
automatically maintain the correct gas to liquid ratio. Because transient analysis program (HTA) which simulates the flow
of gas absorption into the liquid, gas must constantly be condition as a function of time. Typically the longer piping
replenished on this type of system and commonly an air system will require a surge tank of larger volume.
compressor is required to keep the tank operational.
The second category is the Valve type surge control
The Bladder Surge Tank incorporates an elastomeric devices. These are known by such names as pressure relief
bladder which keeps a positive separation between the gas and valves (PRV), safety relief valves, surge anticipation valves
operating liquid. The loss of the gas in the bladder is minimal and air release and vacuum valves. All of these devices
and is limited to the gas that permeates through the bladder incorporate a mechanical valve mechanism that allows the
material. Normally this type of product does not require a operating fluid to discharge outside of the pressure
continuous source of gas or a level control system to maintain containment of the pipeline thus relieving pressure.
the proper gas-to-liquid volume ratios to operate effectively.
CONCLUSION
Hydraulic pipelines are essential in the transportation of
fluid across large distances. The consideration of transient
flow conditions is critical for the optimum design of pipelines
to prevent pipe leaks and potential failures and ensure safe
operation. When surge control devices are used properly,