❖ Ch.

6 Tour of the Cell

➢ 6.1 Biologists use microscopes to study cells
■ Microscopy
◆ Magnification: ratio of an object’s size to it’s real size
◆ Resolution: measure of clarity- it is the minimum two points
can be separated and still distinguished as two points
◆ Contrast: accentuates differences in parts of the sample
● Light Microscopy (LM): visible light is passed through a lens,
which magnifies the image (this is what we use in class)
● Electron microscope (EM): beam of electrons
● Scanning electron microscope: topography of sample (excites
electrons on surface)
● Transmission electron microscope (TEM): internal structure of
cells
■ Cell Fractionation: take cells apart and separates major organelles-use
centrifuge
➢ 6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their
functions
■ Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
● All cells have cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes
● Eukaryotic- membrane inclosed nucleus
● Prokaryotic- DNA=in nucleoid membrane inclosed
■ A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell
■ Animal Cell
● Flagellum: motility structure in some animal cells
● Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membranous sacs and
tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and
metabolic processes
● Nuclear envelope: double membrane
● nucleous : not a membrane, center of nucleus, has one or more
nucleoli
● Chromatin contains DNA
● Golgi apparatus: synthesis, modification, and secretion of cell
products
● Lysosome: digestive
● Mitochondrion: cellular respiration and ATP generation
● Peroxime: metabolic functions-makes H2O2 as a by product, then
makes it into H2O
● Microvili: increase surface area of cell
● Cytoskeleton: enforces cell’s shape
● Ribosome: make proteins-found in rough ER, on nucleous
envelope, or free
● Centrosome: microtubules are initiated and contains a pair of
centrioles
 ■ Plant Cell
● Central vacuole: storage, breaks down waste, hydrolosis,
chloroplast: photosynthesis
● Plasmodesmata: channels through cell walls-connects cytoplasm
of adjacent cells
➢ 6.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and
carried out by the ribosomes
■ Nucleus: Information Central
● Nuclear envelope has a double membrane, and pore structures
for regulation
● Nuclear lamina: net like array of protein filaments that maintain the
shape of the nucleus by supporting nuclear envelope
● Chromosomes: structures that carry info: organized DNA with
associated proteins
● Chromatin: DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes
● When cells divide, the chromosomes cannot be distinguished, but
then it begins to divide, the chromosomes condense and become
more visible
● Nucleolus: prominent in non-dividing nucleus-appears as dense
chromatin. This is where rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is made
◆ Proteins imported from cytoplasm are assembled with
rRNA into units of ribosomes, which then assemble into
ribosomes as they enter the cytoplasm
● Nucleus → mRNA (from DNA) → protein synthesis instructions
■ Ribosomes: Protein Factories
● Ribs. build proteins in 2 cytoplasmic locales
● Bound and free ribosomes are structurally identical, and can
become each other
● Bound ribosomes make proteins for membranes or protein
packaging for organelles
● Free ribosomes make proteins that function in cytosol
➢ 6.4 Endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic
functions in the cell
● Endomembrane system: nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, some vesicles(sacs of membrane) and vacuoles, and
the plasma membrane
● Tasks: protein transport, lipid movement, protein synthesis,
metabolism, detoxification
● Membranes can be modified
■ Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic factory
◆ → consists of membranous tubules and cisternae
◆ Has internal compartment calles ER lumen (cavity)
◆ Continuous with nuclear envelope(nuclear envelope-Rough
ER→Soft ER)
 ● Functions of Smooth ER
◆ Has enzymes → Synthesis of lipids, and steroids (ex. sex
hormones)
◆ metabolism of carbs,
◆ Detoxification (liver)-adds hydroxyl groups to drugs → more
soluble (ex. more stimulants→ more Smooth ER→ increase
tolerance)
➢ Tolerance isn’t specific, since smooth ER isn’t
specific
◆ storage of calcium ions→ calcium is released when movement
occurs
● Functions of Rough ER
◆ Polypeptide folding occurs
◆ Membranes are produced
◆ Glycoproteins: proteins that have carbohydrates bonded
to them
◆ These proteins are then quarantined and transported by
transport vesicles
■ The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center
● Produces some macromolecules (polysaccharides)
● proteins=modified, refined, and shipped (directed to other parts of
cell, with labels. some have docking sites)
● cisternae=flaps of GA
● Cis face: receives vesicles, which merge with GA membrane and
deposits proteins, usually near ER
● Trans face: ships, everywhere in cell
■ Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
● Has hydrolytic (acid) enzymes
◆ These are made by rough ER→ GA
● Fuses with food vacuole and inserts enzymes→ nutrients/monomers for
cell
● Phagocytosis: engulf to nom
● Autophagy: recycle cell’s own damaged organelles→ monomers
■ Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments (Large vesicles from ER
and GA)
● Types: Food Vacuoles, Contractile Vacuoles (spits water out,
found in protists), Central vacuole (plants)
■ The Endomembrane System: A Review
➢ 6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
■ The Evolutionary Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
● Endosymbiont Theory: cell noms another cell containing oxygen,
but the nomed cell still lives INSIDE
 ◆ Evidence: separate membranes, ribosomes inside
membrane, and mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce
WITHIN the cell
■ Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
● Double membrane: outer=smooth, but inner=terry folds (cristae)
● Cell respiration=on inner membrane (curvy for purpose)
◆ Inner: intermembrane space(between inner and outer
mem.), and mitochondrial matrix(has enzymes, DNA, and
ribosomes
■ Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy