3.5 Quantization of the Dirac Field 59 Thus both aft and bs! create particles with energy +Ep and momentum p. We will refer to the particles created by aj! as fermions and to those created by bgt as antifermions. The one-particle states Ip, s) = /2E pas! |0) (3.106) are defined so that their inner product {p,rlq,8) = 2Ep(2n)*6(p — q)6"* (3.107) is Lorentz invariant. This implies that the operator U(A) that implements Lorentz transformations on the states of the Hilbert space is unitary, even though for boosts, A1 is not unitary. It will be reassuring to do a consistency check, to see that U(A) imple- ments the right transformation on 4(z). So calculate Ud(e)U7 =U (e ar aR Looe 20 (pew ®* + bso (p)e”* (8.108) We can concentrate on the first term; the second is completely analogous. Equation (3.106) implies that af, transforms according to U(A)agU(A) = f=” a}, (3.109) assuming that the axis of spin quantization is parallel to the boost or rotation axis, To use this relation to evaluate (3.108), rewrite the integral as a@p 1 a’ @p 1 » /2Epai,. / Qr8 2B? J (an) 2B, pep The second factor is transformed in a simple way by U, and the first is a Lorentz-invariant integral. Thus, if we apply (3.109) and make the substitution B= Ap, Eq. (3.108) becomes 5 Ueacaw(a) = [aaa Sow (arp) V2Bpage PE But u*(A~1p) = Aj'u*(p), so indeed we have Bp 1 ee Daye (Page PAT (an) BE; 3.110) = Aju(Aa). U(A)d(@)U'(A) = ‘This result says that the transformed field creates and destroys particles at the point Az, as it must. Note, however, that this transformation appears to be in the wrong direction compared to Eq. (3.2), where the transformed