EUROCODES

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 1

Workshop “Eurocodes: background and applications”

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008

General presentation of EUROCODE 7

‘Geotechnical design’

Roger FRANK, Professor

Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussées, Paris
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2

1. Introduction

2. Contents of Eurocode 7 - Parts 1 & 2

3. Some aspects of Eurocode 7-1

Characteristic values
ULS Design Approaches
SLS –Serviceability limit states
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
STRUCTURAL EUROCODES
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 3

Basis of Structural
EN 1990 design

Actions on
EN 1991 structures

EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994 «Material »

resistance
EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999

EN 1997 EN 1998 Geotechnical

and seismic
design
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 4

Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design

EN 1997-1 (2004) : Part 1 - General rules

EN 1997-2 (2007) : Part 2 - Ground investigation

and testing
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 5

2. Contents of Eurocode 7 –
Parts 1 & 2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Contents of Part 1 (EN 1997-1)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 6

Section 1 General
Section 2 Basis of geotechnical
design
Section 3 Geotechnical data
Section 4 Supervision of
construction, monitoring
and maintenance
Section 5 Fill, dewatering, ground
improvement and
reinforcement
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Contents of Part 1 (cntd)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 7

Section 6 Spread foundations

Section 7 Pile foundations
Section 8 Anchorages
Section 9 Retaining structures
Section 10 Hydraulic failure
Section 11 Site stability
Section 12 Embankments
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Informative annexes
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 8

Annex C – Passive earth

pressure

Annex C
Active
earth
pressure

Annexes D & E : Bearing capacity of

foundations
R/A' = c' × Nc × bc × sc × ic +
q' × Nq × bq × sq × iq +
Annex F : Settlement of foundations
0,5 × γ' × B '× Nγ × bγ × sγ × iγ
s = p × b × f / Em
R /A' = σv0 + k × p*le
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 9

Part 2 (EN 1997-2 ): Geotechnical design -

Ground investigation and testing

Laboratory and field tests :

* essential requirements for the equipment and
tests procedures
* essential requirements for the reporting and
the presentation of results
* interpretation of test results and derived values
They are NOT test standards Æ see TC 341
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Contents of Part 2 (EN 1997-2)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 10

Section 1 General
Section 2 Planning and reporting
of ground investigations
Section 3 Drilling, sampling and
gw measurements
Section 4 Field tests in soils and
rocks
Section 5 Laboratory tests on soils
and rocks
Section 6 Ground investigation
report
> Also a number of Informative annexes
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 11

3. Some aspects of Eurocode 7-1

Characteristic values and design values

ULS Design Approaches
SLS and deformations of structures
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Geotechnical properties
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 12

Type of test
F= field L= laboratory F1 F2 L1 L2

Correlations C1 C2
Information
from other
Test results and sources on
1 2 3 4
derived values the site, the
soils and
EN 1997 -2 rocks and
the project
EN 1997 -1

Cautious selection

Geotechnical model and characteristic

value of geotechnical properties

Application of
partial factors

Design values of geotechnical

properties
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 13

Characteristic value
of geotechnical parameters
P The characteristic value of a geotechnical
parameter shall be selected as a cautious
estimate of the value affecting the occurrence of
the limit state.

If statistical methods are used, the characteristic

value should be derived such that the calculated
probability of a worse value governing the
occurrence of the limit state under consideration is
not greater than 5%.
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 14

Design values of geotechnical

parameters
Design value of a parameter : Xd = Xk / γM

Design values of actions and resistances

fulfilling for STR/GEO ULS : Ed ≤ R d
Ed = E {γF.Fk } and Rd = R { Xk / γM }
(= “at the source”, MFA)
or Ed = γE.E { Fk } and Rd = R { Xk } / γR
(RFA)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 15

Ultimate limit states – Eurocode 7-1

zEQU : loss of equilibrium of the structure
zSTR : internal failure or excessive deformation
of the structure or structural elements
zGEO : failure or excessive deformation of the
ground
zUPL : loss of equilibrium due to uplift by water
pressure (buoyancy) or other vertical actions
zHYD : hydraulic heave, internal erosion and
piping caused by hydraulic gradients
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 16

EN1990 - Ultimate limit states EQU and STR/GEO

Ed< Rd J.A Calgaro

 EUROCODES
Background and Applications
STR/GEO : persistent and transient situations
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 17

Approach Combinations Action (γ F) Symbol Set A1 Set A2

A1 “+” M1 “+” R1 Permanent
1 & γG 1,35 1,00
Unfavourable
A2 “+” M2 “+” R1 Favourable γG 1,00 1,00
Or A2 “+” M1 or M2“+” R4 Variable
2 A1 “+” M1 “+” R2 Unfavourable γQ 1,50 1,30
3 A1 or A2 “+” M2 “+” R3 Favourable γQ 0 0

Soil parameter (γ M ) Symbol Set M1 Set M2

Angle of shearing
γϕ’ 1,00 1,25
resistance
Effective cohesion γc’ 1,00 1,25
Undrained shear
γcu 1,00 1,40
strength
Unconfined strength γqu 1,00 1,40
Weight density γγ 1,00 1,00
Resistance (γ R ) Symbol Set R1 Set R2 Set R3
Bearing Portance γRv 1,00 1,4 1,00 Å γR for Spread
Sliding γRh 1,00 1,1 1,00 foundations
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 18

STR/GEO : accidental situations

Actions : all values of γF (and γM) = 1.0

Resistances :
all values of γR (and γM) depend
on the particular accident

Seismic situations: see Eurocode 8-5

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Background and Applications
Ultimate limit states (UPL)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 19

Anchored
b slab below
buried structure
hollow water level
T W
structure T Sand Sand
Sand

T W T Water
Water
P
tight Injected sand
tight Anchorage surface
surface

u u

Gdst;d + Qdst;d ≤ Gstb;d + Rd

Examples of situations where uplift
might be critical Former ground surface

σv Sand Sand
b

W atertight surface lightweight

Clay W Clay
embankment bottom of Clay

u during flood an
Gravel
excavation Gravel
u
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Ultimate limit states (HYD)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 20

Heave due Water piezometric level in

to low the permeable
seepage permeability subsoil
soil
of water

Permeable
subsoil
Piping
Sand

udst;d ≤ σstb;d

Δudst;d ≤ σ´stb;d

Example of situation where heave or piping might be critical

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Verifications of ULS
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 21

Ultimate limit states of static equilibrium (EQU) :

Ed,dst ≤ Ed,stb

Ultimate limit states of resistance (STR/GEO) :

Ed ≤ Rd

Ultimate limit state of uplift (UPL) :

Gdst;d + Qdst;d ≤ Gstb;d + Rd

Ultimate limit state of hydraulic failure (HYD) :

udst;d ≤ σstb;d or Sdst;d ≤ G´stb;d
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 22

EN1990 - Serviceability limit states SLS

Verifications :
Ed ≤ C d
Cd = limiting design value of the relevant
serviceability criterion
Ed = design value of the effects of actions
specified in the serviceability criterion, determined
on the basis of the relevant combination
all γF and γM = 1.0
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 23

Movements and deformations of structures

settlement s, differential
settlement δs, rotation
smax

δ s max
θ and angular strain α
relative deflection Δ and
deflection ratio Δ/L
ω and relative rotation
(angular distortion) β
(after Burland and Wroth,
1975)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Conclusions
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 24

Eurocode 7 :
- a tool to help European geotechnical
engineers speak the same language
- a necessary tool for the dialogue between
geotechnical engineers and structural
engineers

Eurocode 7 helps promoting research

- it stimulates questions on present geotechnical
practice from ground investigation to design
models
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 25

and to really conclude :

It should be considered that knowledge of the

ground conditions depends on the extent and
quality of the geotechnical investigations. Such
knowledge and the control of workmanship are
usually more significant to fulfilling the
fundamental requirements than is precision in
the calculation models and partial factors.
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Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 26

Thank you for your attention !