Libro ISAC PANAMÁ 2 - Inglés Técnico

Sesión N° 1 - INGLÉS TÉCNICO
HUMAN NUTRITION
Before reading activities:
English vocabulary is composed of:
Similar words to Spanish: True and false cognates
Known words
Unknown words
Figura 1.16 Food plate.
Read the following paragraphs in English and try to identify

Reading activities
similar words to Spanish:
Human nutrition, process by which substances in food are transformed into body tissues and
provide energy for the full range of physical and mental activities that make up human life.
The study of human nutrition is interdisciplinary in character, involving not only physiology,
biochemistry, and molecular biology but also fields such as psychology and anthropology,
which explore the influence of attitudes, beliefs, preferences, and cultural traditions on food
choices.
Human nutrition further touches on economics and political science as the world community
recognizes and responds to the suffering and death caused by malnutrition. The ultimate goal
of nutritional science is to promote optimal health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases
such as cardiovascular disease and cancer as well as to prevent classic nutritional deficiency
diseases such as kwashiorkor and pellagra.
WRITTEN BY:
A. Stewart Truswell, Kenneth Carpenter, Jean Weininger, Douglas W. Kent-Jones
LAST UPDATED:
4-21-2016
Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-nutrition
Exercise 1: Write a list with the most similar words to Spanish
Examples:
a. human ……………humano
b. nutrition………… nutrición
Similar words to spanish

1. 10. 19.
2. 11. 20.
3. 12 21.
4. 13. 22.
5. 14. 23.
6. 15. 24.
7. 16. 25.
8. 17. 26.
9. 18. 27.
Something to remember
Glossary
By Por, a través de, por medio de
El cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales,
Which
las cuales
into Dentro de, en
for Por, para, durante
of De
that Que, ese, eso, esa, aquel, aquello, aquella
in En
but Pero, except
also También
but also Sino también
Figura 1.17 Estudiantes de ISAC PANAMÁ.
Such as Tal como, tales como Fuente: Pérez, 2016.
Write a list of unknown words and look for their meaning. Use the
Exercise 2: online dictionary: www.wordreference.com
Unknown words Meaning
Exercise 3: Match the correct word from column “A” to column “B”:
a. Creencias 1. Fields
b. Objetivo 2. Death
c. Preferencias 3. Beliefs
d. Comida 4. Science
e. Campos 5. Health
f. Salud 6. Goal
g. Tejidos 7. Choices
h. Ciencia 8. Food
i. Muerte 9. Tissues
j. Enfermedades 10. Diseases
According to the text, give in Spanish the following

After reading activities:
definition:
Human nutrition:
Class notes
VITAMINS

A What do you know about vitamins?
B How vitamins are classified?
Figura 2.10 Vitamins
C Read the following paragraphs in English and try to identify

Reading activities
similar words to Spanish:
Vitamins may be defined as organic substances that play a required catalytic role within
the cell (usually as components of coenzymes or other groups associated with enzymes) and
must be obtained in small amounts through the diet. Vitamin requirements are specific for
each organism, and their deficiency may cause disease. Vitamin deficiencies in young animals
usually result in growth failure, various symptoms whose nature depends on the vitamin, and
eventual death.
Although a vitamin is usually defined as an organic chemical which an animal or human must
obtain from the diet in very small amounts, this is not entirely true. Vitamin A does not occur
in the plant kingdom, but the pigment carotene is universally present in green plants, and most
animals can split a molecule of carotene into two molecules of vitamin A. The exceptions
are cats and probably other carnivores, which under natural conditions have to obtain the
preformed vitamin by consuming the tissues of other animals. Niacin, too, is not an absolute
requirement, since most animals (cats again being an exception) can synthesize it from the
amino acid tryptophan if the latter is present in excess of its use for protein synthesis.
Vitamin D is not a true vitamin: most species do not need it in their diet, because they obtain
an adequate supply through the exposure of skin to sunlight, which converts a sterol present
in dermal tissue to vitamin D. The vitamin is subsequently metabolized to form a hormone
that acts to control the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphate. Animals such as
rodents, which normally have little exposure to sunlight and search for food mostly at night,
appear to have evolved so as to be independent of vitamin D so long as their intakes of calcium
and phosphate are well-balanced.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

is an essential chemical in
the tissues of all species,
but most can make it for
themselves, so that for
them it is not a vitamin.
Presumably, species that
cannot synthesize vitamin
C—they include humans,
guinea pigs, and fruit-eating
bats—had ancestors that lost
the ability at a time when
their diet was rich in ascorbic
acid.
Figura 2.11 Oranges provide vitamin C
Bacteria vary greatly in their need for vitamins. Many are entirely independent of outside
sources, but at the other extreme some of the strains of bacteria found in milk (i.e., Lactobacillus)
have lost the ability to synthesize the B vitamins that they need. This property has made them
useful for assaying extracts of foods for their vitamin B content. Indeed, many vitamins of this
group were first discovered as growth factors for bacteria before being tested with animals and
humans. The mixed bacterial flora in the guts of animals are, on balance, synthesizers of the B
vitamins. Consequently, ruminant animals do not have to obtain them from an external source.
On the other hand, the ability of hindgut fermenters to absorb vitamins from their large intestine
is uncertain. Rats and rabbits, whose nutritional needs have been studied intensively, have both
been found to engage in coprophagy, the eating of fecal pellets that are vitamin-rich as a result
of bacterial fermentation in the hindgut.
For one B vitamin—cobalamin, or vitamin B12—bacterial fermentation is the only source,

though it can be obtained indirectly from the tissues or milk of animals that have obtained
it themselves from bacteria. The generalization that “the animal kingdom lives on the plant
kingdom” is therefore not the whole truth, because animals rely partly on bacteria for this one
micronutrient.
WRITTEN BY:
Kenneth Carpenter, Esmond E. Snell,A. Stewart Truswell
Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/nutrition/Lipids-fats-and-oils#toc242109
The classification of vitamins
ALTERNATIVE SYMPTOMS OF
VITAMIN BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
NAMES/FORMS DEFICIENCY
Water-soluble
component of a coenzyme
impairment of the
in carbohydrate metabolism;
Thiamin vitamin B1 nerves and heart muscle
supports normal nerve
wasting
function
component of coenzymes
inflammation of the
required for energy
skin, tongue, and lips;
Riboflavin vitamin B2 production and lipid,
ocular disturbances;
vitamin, mineral, and drug
nervous symptoms
metabolism; antioxidant
skin lesions,
used broadly in cellular
nicotinic acid, gastrointestinal
Niacin metabolism, oxidation of fuel
nicotinamide disturbances, nervous
molecules, and fatty acid and
symptoms
steroid synthesis
in metabolism of amino
pyridoxine, acids and other nitrogen- dermatitis, mental
Vitamin
pyridoxal, containing compounds; depression, confusion,
B6
pyridoxamine synthesis of hemoglobin, convulsions, anemia
neurotransmitters; regulation
of blood glucose levels
impaired formation
component of coenzymes in of red blood cells,
folate, folacin, DNA synthesis, metabolism weakness, irritability,
Folic acid pteroylglutamic acid of amino acids; required for headache, palpitations,
cell division, maturation of inflammation of mouth,
red blood cells neural tube defects in
fetus
cofactor for enzymes in
metabolism of amino acids
smoothness of the
(including folic acid) and
Vitamin cobalamin, tongue, gastrointestinal
fatty acids; required for new
B12 cyanocobalamin disturbances, nervous
cell synthesis, normal blood
symptoms
formation, and neurological
function
Water-soluble
weakness,
as component of coenzyme
gastrointestinal
A, essential for metabolism
Pantothenic disturbances, nervous
of carbohydrate, protein, and
acid symptoms, fatigue,
fat; cofactor for elongation of
sleep disturbances,
fatty acids
restlessness, nausea
cofactor in carbohydrate, dermatitis, hair
Biotin fatty acid, and amino acid loss, conjunctivitis,
metabolism neurological symptoms
swollen and bleeding
antioxidant; synthesis of gums, soreness and
collagen, carnitine, amino stiffness of the joints
acids, and hormones; and lower extremities,
Vitamin C ascorbic acid
immune function; enhances bleeding under the skin
absorption of non-heme iron and in deep tissues,
(from plant foods) slow wound healing,
anemia
Fat-soluble
normal vision, integrity of ocular disturbances
retinol, retinal,
epithelial cells (mucous leading to blindness,
retinoic acid,
membranes and skin), growth retardation,
Vitamin A beta-carotene (plant
reproduction, embryonic dry skin, diarrhea,
version)
development, growth, vulnerability to
immune response infection
calciferol, calatriol
(1,25-dihydroxy
vitamin D1 or maintenance of blood
defective bone growth
vitamin D hormone), calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D in children, soft bones
cholecalciferol levels, proper mineralization
in adults
(D3; plant version), of bones
ergocalciferol (D2;
animal version)
antioxidant; interruption of
alpha-tocopherol, peripheral neuropathy,
free radical chain reactions;
Vitamin E tocopherol, breakdown of red blood
protection of polyunsaturated
tocotrienol cells
fatty acids, cell membranes
Fat-soluble
phylloquinone, synthesis of proteins

impaired clotting of
menaquinone, involved in blood
Vitamin K the blood and internal
menadione, coagulation and bone
bleeding
naphthoquinone metabolism
Figura 2.12 Vitamins wheel

Examples:
a. vitamins……………vitaminas
b. synthesis………......… sintesis

1. 10. 19.
2. 11. 20.
3. 12 21.
4. 13. 22.
5. 14. 23.
6. 15. 24.
7. 16. 25.
8. 17. 26.
9. 18. 27.
Glossary
So long as Con tal que, siempre que
each cada
both ambos
Rely on Confiar en
The whole truth Toda la verdad Figura 2.13 Estudiantes de ISAC PANAMÁ.
Fuente: Pérez, 2016
Exercise 3: Complete the crossword below


definition
Coprophagy:
Bacteria:
According to the text, write in Spanish a brief composition about vitamins:
Class notes
SWEETENERS

What do you know about glucose?
What do you know about sweeteners?
Figura 3.6 Sweetener

Reading activities
the adjectives ending in: ous, al, ic, ing, ive, able, est, ed
Sweetener, any of various natural and artificial substances that provide a sweet taste in food
and beverages. In addition to their sweetening power, they may be used for such processes as
food preservation, fermentation (in brewing and wine making), baking (where they contribute
to texture, tenderization, and leavening), and food browning and caramelization. Natural
sweeteners may be both nutritive and flavorable and thus popular both as food and flavouring.
However, because common sugar and other nutritive sweeteners such as honey and corn
syrup are associated with health problems (such as obesity and tooth decay) or are even a
threat to life (for diabetics), there have been efforts since the 19th century to produce non
nutritive sweeteners that are not subject to metabolism and contain little or no caloric value.
Nonnutritive sweeteners, which may be either artificial (synthetic) or derived from plants,
include such compounds as saccharin, aspartame, cyclamates, and thaumatin.
Sugar is a generic term for a category of carbohydrate

compounds known assucrose, or saccharose
(C12H22O11). A group of related compounds are
corn sugar (called glucose, or dextrose), fruit sugar
(fructose, or levulose), milk sugar (lactose), and
malt sugar (maltose). Sucrose is a disaccharide;
that is, it is made up of two simple sugars, or
monosaccharides—glucose and fructose. It is one
of the sweetest of sugars. If sucrose is taken as a
Figura 3.7 Learn why some foods taste sweet.
standard of 1, the sweetness of glucose is 0.5–0.6,
© American Chemical Society that of lactose is 0.27, and that of maltose is 0.6;
(A Britannica Publishing Partner)
fructose, found in fruits and honey, is the sweetest,
being 1.1 to 2.0 times as sweet as sucrose.
Some important
explanations:
Figura 3.8 Estudiantes de ISAC
PANAMÁ. Fuente: Pérez, 2016
Comparative forms in English:
a. Equality:
The sweetness of glucose is 0.5–0.6, that of lactose is 0.27, and

as….. as that of maltose is 0.6; fructose, found in fruits and honey, is the
sweetest, being 1.1 to 2.0 times as sweet as sucrose.
b. Superiority:
The sweetness of glucose is 0.5–0.6, that of lactose is 0.27, and

The ….est that of maltose is 0.6; fructose, found in fruits and honey, is the
sweetest, being 1.1 to 2.0 times as sweet as sucrose.
c. Meanings of AS:
• A medida que
• Ya que, puesto que, porque
• Como, Cuando
• Mientras
• As well as: asi como también
• As soon as: tan pronto como
• As long as: siempre que, con la condición de que
• As yet: todavía, hasta ahora
• As far as: hasta
• As for: con respecto a, en cuanto a, hablando de
• As a rule: generalmente, usualmente, por lo general
Sucrose is commercially derived chiefly from sugar cane and sugar beets but also comes from
such sources as maple trees, sugar palms (especially date palms), and sorghum. Sucrose is found
in all plants: an apple is about 4 percent sucrose, 6 percent fructose, and 1 percent glucose (by
weight); a grape is about 2 percent sucrose, 8 percent fructose, 7 percent glucose, and 2 percent
maltose (by weight). Honey is composed principally of fructose and glucose, the composition
depending on the original nectar collected by the honeybee and on the amount of processing and
storage time.
Exercise 1: Solve the following soup of words
ARTIFICIAL
BEVERAGES
FLAVOURING
SACCHARIN
SUBSTANCES
SYRUP
The artificial sweetener saccharin (ortho-sulfobenzoic acid imide) was discovered in 1879
by two German researchers, I. Remsen and C. Fahlberg, and has about 300 to 500 times the
sweetening power of cane sugar. It is manufactured on a large scale in several countries in the
form of saccharin, sodium saccharin, and calcium saccharin. Although its safety was the subject
of controversy during the 1970s and ’80s, it is still widely used.
Cyclamates, a group of synthetic sweeteners derived from cyclohexylamine or cyclamic acid,

were discovered in 1937 and are about 30 times as sweet as sucrose. Although used in several
countries, cyclamates were banned in some countries (notably the United States, in 1969) after
being suspected of carcinogenicity.
Exercise 2: Answer in Spanish the following questions
a. Who discovered the artificial sweetener saccharin?
b. What happened in 1879, according to this paragraph?
c. What is the sweetening power of saccharin?
d. What are cyclamates?

Aspartame, or aspartylphenylalanine (marketed as NutraSweet, Equal, Egal, or Canderal),

was discovered in 1965. It has some caloric value (though negligible) and is about 150–200
times as sweet as sucrose. Its safety remains controversial, but it is now the most popular
sweetening ingredient in diet soft drinks. It tends to lose its sweetness over long periods, but
manufacturers have taken measures to enhance the stability through additives.
Thaumatin, a protein extracted and purified from Thaumatococcusdanielli, a plant found in

western Africa, has found increasing use in Japan since its approval there in 1979. It combines
well with monosodium glutamate and is used in typical Japanese seasonings as well as in
chewing gum.
Acesulfame potassium (marketed as Sunette) was approved in the United States in 1988. It
is about 130–200 times as sweet as sucrose, has good shelf life and high stability, and was
initially used in dry food mixes.
Stevioside, derived from the plant Stevia rebaudiana, has been used in Japan, Paraguay, and
a few other countries as a low-calorie sweetener. It is about 300 times as sweet as sucrose.
WRITTEN BY:
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica
LAST UPDATED:
4-6-2016
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/sweetener
After reading activities: Make a classification of sweeteners explained in the text
Name of the sweetener Short description

Sesión N° 3 - INGLÉS
Class notes
PROTEIN

What is protein?
What are amino acids?
What are enzymes?
What are carbohydrates?
Figura 4.1 Food groups
Read the following text and try to find the definitions: protein,
Reading activities
amino acids, enzymes, carbohydrate
Protein, highly complex substance that is present in all living organisms. Proteins are of great
nutritional value and are directly involved in the chemical processes essential for life. The
importance of proteins was recognized by the chemists in the early 19th century who coined
the name for these substances from the Greek proteios, meaning “holding first place.” Proteins
are species-specific; that is, the proteins of one species differ from those of another species.
They are also organ-specific; for instance, within a single organism, muscle proteins differ
from those of the brain and liver.
A protein molecule is very large compared with molecules of sugar or salt and consists of
many amino acids joined together to form long chains, much as beads are arranged on a string.
There are about 20 different amino acids that occur naturally in proteins. Proteins of similar
function have similar amino composition and sequence. Although it is not yet possible to
explain all of the functions of a protein from its amino acid sequence, established correlations
between structure and function can be attributed to the properties of the amino acids that
compose proteins.
Plants can synthesize all of the amino acids; animals cannot, even though all of them are
essential for life. Plants can grow in a medium containing inorganic nutrients that provide
nitrogen, potassium, and other substances essential for growth. They utilize the carbon
dioxide in the air during the process of photosynthesis to form organic compounds such as
carbohydrates. Animals, however, must obtain organic nutrients from outside sources. Because
the protein content of most plants is low, very large amounts of plant material are required by
animals, such as ruminants (e.g., cows), that eat only plant material to meet their amino acid
requirements.
No ruminant animals, including

humans, obtain proteins
principally from animals and their
products—e.g., meat, milk, and
eggs. The seeds of legumes are
increasingly being used to prepare
inexpensive protein-rich food.
The protein content of animal

organs is usually much higher than
that of the blood plasma. Muscles,
for example, contain about 30 Figura 4.2 Meat
percent protein, the liver 20 to 30 percent, and red blood cells 30 percent. Higher percentages
of protein are found in hair, bones, and other organs and tissues with a low water content.
The quantity of free amino acids and peptides in animals is much smaller than the amount of
protein. Evidently, protein molecules are produced in cells by the stepwise alignment of amino
acids and are released into the body fluids only after synthesis is complete.
The high protein content of some organs does not mean that the importance of proteins is
related to their amount in an organism or tissue; on the contrary, some of the most important
proteins, such as enzymes and hormones, occur in extremely small amounts. The importance
of proteins is related principally to their function. All enzymes identified thus far are proteins.
Enzymes, which are the catalysts of all metabolic reactions, enable an organism to build up the
chemical substances necessary for life—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids—to
convert them into other substances, and to degrade them. Life without enzymes is not possible.
There are several protein hormones with important regulatory functions. In all vertebrates, the
respiratory protein hemoglobin acts as oxygen carrier in the blood, transporting oxygen from
the lung to body organs and tissues. A large group of structural proteins maintains and protects
the structure of the animal body.
WRITTEN BY:
Daniel E. Koshland and Felix Haurowitz
LAST UPDATED:
4-7-2016
Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/protein
Exercises: Vocabulary
1. Write a list with the most similar words to Spanish.
Examples:
a. species …….....…especies
b. plants..………..… plantas

1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20.
2. Write a list with your unknown words and give the meaning:

3. Fill the blanks spaces with the appropriated words:
Protein, highly complex substance that is present in all ________ organisms.

__________ are of great ___________ value and are directly involved in the
chemical _________ essential for life. The importance of _________was
recognized by the ______________ in the early 19th century who coined the
name for these _______________ from the Greek proteios, meaning “holding
first place.” Proteins are ______________; that is, the proteins of one species
differ from those of another ________. They are also ____________; for instance,
within a single organism, muscle proteins differ from those of the brain and liver.
Some important
explanations:
Figura 4.3 Estudiantes de ISAC

Recognizing passive voice:
yy To involved: involucrar. Participio Pasado: involved:
involucrado.
yy are involved: están involucrados, se involucran.
yy To recognized: reconocer
yy Was recognized: fue reconocida, se reconoció

a. Superiority:
The quantity of free amino acids and peptides in animals is much

smaller than the amount of protein
er….. than
The protein content of animal organs is usually much higher
than that of theblood plasma.
It is known that, more than 100 amino acids occur in nature,
More than
particularly in plants
b. Differences between these structures:
most Only 20 types of amino acids are found in most proteins

The most common property of all proteins is that they consist of
The most
long chains of α-amino acids
Pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns: Important pronouns:
THIS: WHO:
THAT: WHOSE:
THESE: WHICH:
THOSE: WHAT:
THAT:
4. Make a list with all the words ending with “S” and “ ED “.
S ED
5. Answer in Spanish the following questions:
a. What is protein?
b. What is a protein molecule?
c. How many amino acids are there?
6. Select the correct reference to each proposition:
a. In line (5) THOSE, refers to:
Species Proteins
b. In line (3) WHO, refers to:
Chemists Proteins
7. Select the appropriate term defined:
Protein Protein molecule Amino acids
a. ________________ is very large compared with molecules of sugar or salt and consists
of many amino acids joined together to form long chains, much as beads are arranged on
a string.
b. ________________: highly complex substance that is present in all living organisms.
8. Match the correct word from column “A” to column “B”:
A B
a. sugar
1. vivo
b. life
2. especies
c. substance
3. vida
d. large
4. grande
e. species
5. valor
f. value
6. azúcar
g. living
7. sustancia
8. largo
9. Choose the correct word to fulfill the blanks:
a. The importance ________ proteins was recognized_____the chemists____the

early 19th century
a) at b) for c) by d) in
b. Protein, highly complex substance that is present ____all living organisms
a) in b) at
11. Look for the following words in the dictionary:
1. great:
2. chemists:
3. Greek:
4. brain:
5. liver:
12. According to the text, give the following definitions in Spanish:
a. Protein:
b. Protein molecule:
13. Write in Spanish a brief composition of the main ideas expressed in the text.
14. Order correctly the following sentences according to the text:
Life without enzymes is not possible. There are several protein hormones with
important regulatory functions
Enzymes, which are the catalysts of all metabolic reactions, enable an organism
to build up the chemical substances necessary for life—proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, and lipids—to convert them into other substances, and to degrade
them
A large group of structural proteins maintains and protects the structure of the animal
body.
The importance of proteins is related principally to their function. All enzymes

identified thus far are proteins... In all vertebrates, the respiratory protein hemoglobin
acts as oxygen carrier in the blood, transporting oxygen from the lung to body organs
and tissues.
The high protein content of some organs does not mean that the importance of
proteins is related to their amount in an organism or tissue; on the contrary, some
of the most important proteins, such as enzymes and hormones, occur in extremely
small amounts.
15. Rewrite correctly the following sentences, according to the text:
a. to function proteins importance of is principally their The related
b. reactions the Enzymes, are of all catalysts metabolic which

16. Write TRUE or FALSE to the following propositions:
a. such as enzymes and hormones, occur in extremely small amounts __________
b. Enzymes, which are not the catalysts of all metabolic reactions, enable an organism
to build down the chemical substances necessary for life—proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, and lipids—to convert them into other substances, and to degrade
them. __________
Class notes
UTILIZATION OF FOOD BY THE BODY

Calories and kilocalories: energy supply

Passive voice in English: Be + past participle:
To be
Regular and irregular verbs Figura 5.4 El plato de la alimentación

Reading activities
passive voice structures:
The human body can be thought of as an engine that releases the energy present in the foods
that it digests. This energy is utilized partly for the mechanical work performed by the muscles
and in the secretory processes and partly for the work necessary to maintain the body’s
structure and functions.
The performance of work is associated with the production of heat; heat loss is controlled so
as to keep body temperature within a narrow range. Unlike other engines, however, the human
body is continually breaking down (catabolizing) and building up (anabolizing) its component
parts. Foods supply nutrients are essential to the manufacture of the new material and provide
energy needed for the chemical reactions involved.
Typically, the energy provided by food is measured
in kilocalories, or Calories. One kilocalorie is
equal to 1,000 gram-calories (or small calories),
a measure of heat energy. However, in common
parlance, kilocalories are referred to as “calories.” In
other words, a 2,000-calorie dietactually has 2,000
kilocalories of potential energy.
The energy provided by a well-digested food can be

estimated if the gram amounts of energy-yielding
Figura 5.5 Discover what constitutes a complete
breakfast. substances (non-fiber carbohydrate, fat, protein, and
© American Chemical Society
(A Britannica Publishing Partner) alcohol) in that food are known.
For example, a slice of white bread containing 12 grams of carbohydrate, 2 grams of protein,
and 1gram of fat supplies 67 kilocalories of energy.
WRITTEN BY:
A. Stewart Truswell, Kenneth Carpenter, Jean Weininger, Douglas W. Kent-Jones
LAST UPDATED:
4-21-2016
Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-nutrition
Something to remember:
Foods are listed in alphabetic order within the following food groups:
1. Whole Cereal Grains and Grain Products 9. Fruit

2. Beans and Bean Products 10. Nuts
3. Vegetables 11. Seeds
4. Sea Vegetables 12. Fish
5. Starches 13. Seafood
6. Sweeteners 14. Beverages
7. Fat and Oils 15. Meat
8. Seasonings and Condiments 16. Poultry
https://bionutrient.org/sites/all/files/docs/2011_Nutrient_Guide.pdf
Class notes
Exercise 1: Look for the following words in the dictionary: www.wordreference.com
1. Engine: 5. Muscles:
2. Release: 6. Heat:
3. Work: 7. Loss:
4. Perform: 8. Supply:
Glossary
this Este, esto, esta
Typically Usualmente, comúnmente
with con
so Así, de ese modo
So as A fin de
within Dentro de
unlike A diferencia de
needed necesaria
as como Figura 5.6 Estudiantes de ISAC PANAMÁ.
Fuente: Pérez, 2016.
The ten most important prepositions

1. In: 6. For:
2. On: 7. With:
3. At: 8. Without:
4. By: 9. Before:
5. Of: 10. After:
Exercise 2: Fill the blanks spaces with the appropriated words:
The performance of work is __________ with the production of heat; heat loss
is __________ so as to keep body _____________ within a _________ range.
Unlike other engines, however, the ________ body is ___________ breaking
down (catabolizing) and __________ up (anabolizing) its component parts. Foods
supply nutrients are _____________ to the manufacture of the new material and
provide energy _____________ for the chemical ____________ involved.
Exercise 3: Match the correct word from column “A” to column “B”:
A B
a. narrow 1. Fields
b. new 2. Death
c. body 3. Beliefs
d. equal 4. Science
e. keep 5. Health
Exercise 4: Choose the correct words to fulfill the blanks:
a. Typically, the energy provided ____ food is measured in kilocalories, or Calories
a) at b) for c) by
b. For example, a slice ____ white bread containing 12 grams ___ carbohydrate, 2
grams _____ protein, and 1 gram ______ fat supplies 67 kilocalories ____ energy.
a) in b) of c) for
Using www.wordreference.com
Exercise 4: Look for the meanings of the following prepositions in English.
Aside Into
Along Near
Away from Next to
Above Outside
Across Off
About Out of
Against Onto
Among Over
Beside Opposite
Beyond Past
Below Round
Back Since
Behind To
Between Till
During Through
Down Up
Front Under
From Underneath
Inside Until
In front of Within

definition:
The human body:
One kilocalorie:
Energy:
Class notes
WATER
English syntax: adjectives + nouns
Adjectives: comparative and superlative
Adjectives: ful, less, al, ic, ive,ed
Nouns: singular and plural
Adverbs: “ly” Figura 6.1 Glass of water

Reading activities
the adjectives and adverbs used in the text:
Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent
of Earth’s streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Its chemical
formula is H2O, meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, that
are connected by covalent bonds.
Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance, that prevails at standard ambient
temperature and pressure; but it often refers also to its solid state (ice) or its gaseous state
(steam or water vapor). It also occurs in nature as snow,glaciers, icepacks and icebergs, clouds,
fog, dew, aquifers, and atmospheric humidity.
Water covers 71% of the Earth’s surface. It is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth,
96.5% of the planet’s crust water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in
glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water
bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in
air), and precipitation.Only 2.5% of this water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in
ice (excepting ice in clouds) and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers,
lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth’s freshwater (0.003%) is
contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. A greater quantity of water is
found in the earth’s interior.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater
used by humans goes to agriculture. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for
cooling and heating, in industry and homes.
Water is a good solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in
industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other
forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing,
and diving.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water
Family of Words: Suffixes and Prefixes
One of the strategies to develop the interpretative competence

of reading in English is to familiarize yourself with the
formation of words. The suffixes are placed at the end of
a word’s content to change its category and sometimes its
meaning. Figura 6.2 Estudiantes de ISAC
Example 1 Example 2
Suffix New word formation Suffix New word formation
-itis neuritis
-al chronological
-ian pediatrician
-ic chronologic
-ness madness
-ance maintenance -ant resistant
-ence independence -ent resilient
-tion communication -ical grammatical
-ism abstractism -ive intensive
-ity ability -able comparable
-cy pregnancy
-ous numerous
-ist linguist
-ar circular
-ing teaching
-ate accurate
-ment management
-ship relationship -ed developed
-er lawyer -ing interesting
More examples
Suffix New word formation
careful
useful
FUL
powerful
fearful
careless
useless
LESS
powerless
fearless
The prefixes are located at the beginning of the word. Examples:
PREFIX WORD NEW WORD
IN ANIMATE Inanimate
UN ABLE Unable
UNDER DEVELOPMENT Underdevelopment
MAL ABSORPTION Mal absorption
PRE NATAL Prenatal
ANTI COAGULANT Anticoagulant
OVER DOSE Overdose
AB NORMAL Abnormal
CO RELATION Correlation
Exercise 1: Write a list of adjectives and adverbs found in the text: WATER
Adjectives
Adverbs
Glossary
nearly casi
most La mayoría de
bonds enlaces
greater mayor
even aún Figura 6.3 Water covers 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of
Antarctica and Greenland.
Exercise 2: Understanding words chains:
a. Water plays an important role in the world economy
b. Water is a good solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances
c. Water is vital for all known forms of life
d. Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance
Write in Spanish a brief composition of the main ideas

expressed in the text
According to the text, write in English the definition of WATER

Class notes

Libro ISAC PANAMÁ 2 - Inglés Técnico

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Sesión N° 1 - INGLÉS TÉCNICO

Read the following paragraphs in English and try to identify

Exercise 1: Write a list with the most similar words to Spanish

Similar words to spanish

Unknown words Meaning

According to the text, give in Spanish the following

Before reading activities:

Figura 2.10 Vitamins

C Read the following paragraphs in English and try to identify

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

For one B vitamin—cobalamin, or vitamin B12—bacterial fermentation is the only source,

The classification of vitamins

phylloquinone, synthesis of proteins

Figura 2.12 Vitamins wheel

Exercise 1: Write a list with the most similar words to Spanish

Similar words to spanish

So long as Con tal que, siempre que

Exercise 2: Write a list with the most similar words to Spanish

Unknown words Meaning

Exercise 3: Complete the crossword below

According to the text, give in Spanish the following

According to the text, write in Spanish a brief composition about vitamins:

Before reading activities:

Figura 3.6 Sweetener

Read the following paragraphs in English and try to identify

Sugar is a generic term for a category of carbohydrate

Comparative forms in English:

The sweetness of glucose is 0.5–0.6, that of lactose is 0.27, and

The sweetness of glucose is 0.5–0.6, that of lactose is 0.27, and

Exercise 1: Solve the following soup of words

Cyclamates, a group of synthetic sweeteners derived from cyclohexylamine or cyclamic acid,

Exercise 2: Answer in Spanish the following questions

a. Who discovered the artificial sweetener saccharin?

b. What happened in 1879, according to this paragraph?

c. What is the sweetening power of saccharin?

d. What are cyclamates?

Aspartame, or aspartylphenylalanine (marketed as NutraSweet, Equal, Egal, or Canderal),

Thaumatin, a protein extracted and purified from Thaumatococcusdanielli, a plant found in

After reading activities: Make a classification of sweeteners explained in the text

Name of the sweetener Short description

Before reading activities:

No ruminant animals, including

The protein content of animal

1. Write a list with the most similar words to Spanish.

Similar words to spanish

Unknown words Meaning

3. Fill the blanks spaces with the appropriated words:

Protein, highly complex substance that is present in all ________ organisms.

Figura 4.3 Estudiantes de ISAC

Comparative forms in English:

The quantity of free amino acids and peptides in animals is much

Comparative forms in English:

b. Differences between these structures:

most Only 20 types of amino acids are found in most proteins

Demonstrative pronouns: Important pronouns:

5. Answer in Spanish the following questions:

b. What is a protein molecule?

c. How many amino acids are there?

6. Select the correct reference to each proposition:

a. In line (5) THOSE, refers to:

b. In line (3) WHO, refers to:

7. Select the appropriate term defined:

Protein Protein molecule Amino acids

b. ________________: highly complex substance that is present in all living organisms.

a. The importance ______ proteins was recognized_the chemists__the