IPS 612

IPS 612 / 1

ART
Intergrated practical / productive skills.
PAPPER LINE UP
Paper I 612/1
Studio technology _Practical
_Theory
Paper 2 612/2
Drawing / painting from Nature and skill life
Paper 3 612/3
Drawing from a living person.
Paper 4
Imaginative composition in colour
Paper 5
Graphics

Reasons Why We Study Art:

Definition of IPS is a practical expression of art on individuals through ideals, through drawing,painting or any other
media.

IPS : Is divided into two major branches.

1. Two dimensional art: These are art pieces which can be observed from the front direction only. These
include :Painting,drawing,mosaic,collage etc.
2. Three dimensional art : These are art pieces which can be observed from our directions. These art can be
referred to as all round art. These include sculpture, flower vases basket, door mates etc.

IMPORTANCES OF STUDYING ART .

1. Art is a strong source of income where art pieces are made and sold to get money.
2. Art can improve on the environment of a given place through compound designing , decorations on
parties etc.
3. It is one of the best ways of spending leisure ordinary or as a group.
4. Art promotes creativity among leaners through the use of Local materials such as papyrus, banana
fibers, shells , seals , stones , wood , clay , etc.
5. Art promotes skill development where some people turn art into a career.

What is art ? 1
Art is a mean of communication that deals with expression of human creative talents.
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CRAFT :
This is a work of art which is skillfully produced by hands especially in a traditional way such as a piece of pottery ,
curving or basketry etc.

TYPES OF CRAFTS.

There are many types of crafts produced in Africa and are meant to serve different purposes.

1. Decorative Crafts: These are crafts produced for decorative purposes such as collage , mosaic , carving &
metal work.
2. Fashion crafts: These are made to be worn by human beings such as Jeweries bead work , leather work etc.
3. Textile Crafts: These are crafts which involve the treatment of fabric such as wall hangings & fabric
decorations made through knitting , weaving & tie and dye.
4. Functional Crafts: This is a particular art work made for different functions like basketry , mats , pottery ,
etc.

What is a studio ?

It refers to the place where the artist keeps his / her materials.

It can be an art gallery or art room.

What is Technology.

This is the new science or ways being used to simplify the work.

Studio technology: Is the propagation , experimentation of different materials and tools.

Importances of elements of art and design:-

1. They help to describe the characteristics of a given work of art.

2. They help us to speak the same language as we communicate through art.
3. They depict color. They define form / shape of objects.
4. They create depth & shape in 3D work.
5. They create words , express feelings & ideas.
6. They suggest movement and rhyme.

EXAMPLES OF THE ELEMENTS OF ART.

Space: This is the empty place or surface within or around a given object on art work.

This is the distance between objects , points or images.

In two dimensional art ( 2-0 ) space is the creation of visual perspective & then gives the illustration of deapth.
Space can be positive (+) / negative (-). 2
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Negative space is the space around and between the object.

Line: In two dimensional art (2D) for example drawings , paints and graphic , line can be defined as a mark made
by a moving point.

Line can also be defined as a path made by a sharp instrument when it’s point of contact is made to move on a
given surface.

Under 3D art for example sculpture, ceramics and weaving a line can be defined as a center created when two
planes meet.

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF LINES.

VERTICAL LINES:

These move up & down creating a feeling of strength & stability.

HORIZONTAL LINES:

These move side to side creating a calm feeling.

DIAGONAL LINES:

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These move at a start & are full of Energy.

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Zig Zag lines:

Are lines made by joining diagonal directional lines.

CURVED LINES:

These are lines which bend & change gradually / far in words from spirals.

NB: All the above lines can be long or short, thick /thin /rough / smooth , zig zagged / dotted.

Lines and there functions.

They can be used for modeling and shading.

Hatching

Cross Hatching

Dot Dot art

…………………….. ….. …..

…………………….. … .. .. . . .

Where objects can be given tone & form.

Shape: This is a flat enclosed line or shape can be defined as an area with well defined boundaries

Refers to the out wards appearance of an object.

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Refers to the out line of an object such as circle, square , triangle etc.

i. When lines join together , they form shapes & shapes can be defined as a geometrical eg. Rectangles , oval ,
triangles, squares & other shapes.

They can also be organic like butter flies , trees , stones & shapes.

ii. Geometric shapes: Are shapes which are regular & organic are irregular.

Are those that can be described & measured in mathematical terms such as circular , triangular , rectangular , oval
etc.

rectangular circle oval

t
ri

iii. Organic shapes: Are shapes which can not be well defined by geometrical.

They are derived from natural objects such as plants , animals rock etc .

Uses of shapes.

 Helps to represent objects in two dimensions.

 Create the illustration of space and value.
 Suggest ideas , imaginations & feelings.
 Express ideas , imaginations & feelings.

Tone:

This is reffered to light & shades.

Tone can also be refered to as the lightness / darkness of an object due to light effect.

Tone refers to the degree of darkness or lightness of a surface.

Value:

Refers to the degree of lightness of a color.

Light Values are called , Tints well as dark Values are called shades. 5
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Tunal Variation

This is the application of colour from dark parts to light parts to create a high light.

Value can be created on a surface by the following techniques.

 Tinting
 Shading

Tinting: Is the process of lighting a medium by adding white.

Tinting increases the ability of a surface to reflect light, such as blue + white = light blue & the degree of lightness
depends on the amount of white added.

Shading: Refers to the process of darkening a surface by adding black.

Shading means reducing the ability of a surface to reflect light.

Shading techniques;

1. These are methods used in shading still life & nature objects such as Blending , Hatching , Cross hatching ,
scribbling / doodling , stippling.
2. Blending: This is achieved by rubbing of pencil strokes to one another while varying pressure to obtain
darkest & lightest tones.

3. Hatching: This is where closely related lines are drawn in one direction to create a feeling of tone

4. Cross hatching: This is where closely related lines / hatches are drawn crossing each other going into
different direction.

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5. Scribbling / doodling: This is where the drawing tool is moved in a circular motion to create a tangle of
lines to form an effect of tone.

6. Stippling: This is where dots are created / used to achieve tone.

Form: Refers to the three dimensional appearance of an object defined by volume of space such as cubes ,
pyramids & cylinders.

square circle

Form is the way an object appears in terms of its volume. As an element of art & design.Form applies move to (2D)
art eg. In drawing , one can use tones to show the roundness of agiven object.

This can be done by shading Light tones on the side of light and dark tones on the shadow object.

However in the 3D art the wood form is used to describe the out of building or making a given article for example
forming a pot using clay . The relationship between shapes and form .

Structure: This refers to the general appearance of an object according to its inner mass. It is the building up of a
given object structure is formed by a combination of different forms to form the entire object.

Texture: Refers to the surface quality of a given object.

Or Is the roughness or smoothness of a given surface of an object.

One can describe the surface of a given art piece as being rough , smooth , pricy or course .

CATEGORIES OF TEXTURE
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In the 3D texture can be categorized in the following ways .

1. Natural
2. Artificial
3. Glyptic Texture
4. Abstract
1. ARTIFICIAL TEXTURE

This is the type of texture created & designed by human beings using a given tool for a specific purpose to give a
sense of value. It is the type of texture used to enrich the pattern on a given article .

2.NATURAL TEXTURE

This is the type of texture that is related to the natural appearance of the object being represented in a given article
. This texture is also called simulated texture .

2. ABSTRACT TEXTURE

This is the type of texture created to make patterns or a given article . This type of texture is also referred to as
invested texture .

TYPES OF COLOURS

There are three types of colours;

1.
2.
3.
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
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Primary colours: These are fundamental colours which cannot be obtained by mixing other colours but are mixed to
get secondary colours . They include Blue , yellow & Red .

Secondary Colours:
These are colours that are obtained by mixing or adding two primary colours such as ;

 Blue + Red = Purple / Violet

 Yellow + Red = Orange
 Yellow + Blue = Green

Tertiary colours :

These are colours obtained by mixing a primary colour & a secondary colour .

They include , purple red , red orange , blue green , yellow orange , green yellow & purple blue .

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Colour Wheel:

Is a circle showing the position of primary colours , secondary colours and tertiary colours .

GLYPTIC TEXTURE:

This is the texture which appears on a given article in relation to the material in which it was made . This texture is
also reffered as actual texture for example the texture of a wood sculpture compared to a clay sculpture .

VISULA TEXTURE:

This is the illusion of the dimension space based on the memory of how things feel . It is seen and interpreted as
smooth or rough by the sense of sight .

ACTUAL / TACTILE TEXTURE:

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It is experienced when objects are touched directly by hands or any other part of the body that create a sensation
of feelings .

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COLOUR:

Is a hue perceived after a reflection of light.

Colour is a pigment applied on an object to make it look attractive / beautiful or different .

The colour of an object depends on how it absorbs and reflects light .

Colour can be categorized as being ;

1. Warm: These are bright colours ie. Red , yellow , & orange . They seem Warm because they are associated
with the source of heat e.g the fire and sun .

They are bright , cheerful and stimulating.

2. Cool colours / Dull :These include blue , green and purple .They appear restful and don’t seem up to disturb
the eyes in the painting.
3. Complementary colours: These are colours that lie opposite to each on a colour wheel e.g Red and Green ,
Purple and Yellow , Blue and Orange .
4. Monochromatic colours : These are colours that are got from a single hue ( one colour ).
5. Glyptic Colour : These are original colour materials that are not manipulated e.g using natural banana fibers
.

NB : Black and White are not colours .

Black is a shade while white is a tint .

Shading is adding black to a colour while Tinting is adding white to a colour .

Properties of colour
1. Hue : Is a property that makes a colour appears differently from each other , such as blue appears different
from red.
2. Value : Refers to the darkness or lightness of colours such as value of green range from very green , light
green to very green dark green .
3. Intesity : Refers to the purity or saturation of a colour .

Uses of colour
1. To describe form .
2. To create the illusion of depth .
3. To suggest movement in a composition .
4. Express ideas and feelings .
5. Arise emution.

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PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGN
These are the rules or guidelines that artist use to organize the elements of art in an art work .

Importance of the principles of Art

1. They help us organize the elements of art & design during the process of making an art work .
2. They help an artist in the planning of her / his art work in order to convey the message .

The following are the principles of art and design :

 Balance
 Pattern
 Rhythm
 Constract
 Unity
 Variety
 Harmony
 Proportion
 Emphasis / Dominance
 Perspective .

Balance: It refers to the state of equilibrium between art elements in a composition .

This is achieved when the artist arranges the elements of art to create a state of equilibrium or visual weight in his /
her art work .

A state of equilibrium is achieved when part of a given art work over powers or seems to be heavy than the other
parts .

Types of Balance

Symmetrical balance / formal / passive / Bahance :

This is a type of balance where elements weigh equally on both sides of an art work .

This is achieved when the opposite parts of a given art work in respect to a vertical or horizontal axis are exactly are
exactly or nearly the same .

This is the type of visual balance in which there is an imaginary central vertical line known as axis which passes
through the composition .

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In pottery , basketry and other work , symmetrical balance may be strictly following for example man – made
objects like building , vehicles , ceramics and Natural objects like fish , birds sleaves .

A Symmetrical Balance (Informal / Active balance )

This is the type of balance that does not weigh equally on both sides of the given art work such balance is used in
order to create variety in a given art pieces for example hills , trees , cartoons and pictures .

Or . This is a type of balance where elements do not weigh equally on both sides of an art work .

Radial Balance : This is the type of balance where the elements are equally distributed from the center point of a
given article . It is commonly followed when weaving a basket .

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Radius :: Is a straight line which rans from the center to the outer lines surrounds a circle or shape .

Contrast : This is the effect of a position of different elements such as a line , shape , texture , and colour . Contrast
is what creates excitement and interest and often draw the eyes to certain areas in an art work .

Rhythm and Movement :

Rhythm is the following Movement having regular repeated patterns .

Movement : Is the part taken by the viewers eye through an art work to the focal area .

Techniques of creating Rhythm and Movement

1. Repetition
2. Alternation
3. Proportion

Repetition : This is where elements are presented in a regular repeated manner such as line , line , line or shape ,
shape , shape .

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Alternation : Is achieved by arranging objects to follow each other such as circle , square , circle , square and so on .

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Progression : This is achieved by flow of elements which change gradually in a sequence .

How can Rhythm be achieved .

1. By repeating shapes , lines , colour and texture in a given art work .

2. By ranging the the size of the shapes and lines in a given art work .
3. By using shapes and lines to suggest movement .
4. By manipulating to past portrayed in a given art work .

Functions of Rhythm and Movement .

1. Enables the eye to perceire the main parts of composition .

2. Used to bring variety into a composition to make it interesting .
3. Used to attract , lead and hold the attention of the viewer .
4. To express the character of the composition by showing movement .

Proportion : This refers to how a part of something related to the whole . The relationship of parts or the
feeling created of unity when parts relate well to each other e.g human figure drawing the head in relation to
the body .

Refers to the relationship in size , amount and location of something compared to another .

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Dominance : Refers to being attractive and bold to dominate the scene . The dominant forms or elements should
attract the attention of the viewer .

TECHNIQUES OF CREATING DOMINANCE

1. Use of contrast such as large forms with small ones , bright colours with dull colours .
2. Group the forms of important parts of the composition together so as to stand a unit .
3. Use the unexpected element in a composition .
4. Limit the dominant areas in a composition possibly to one only .

Harmony : Refers to the use of similar elements throughout a given art work .

Refers to the visual satisfying effect of similar related elements . Harmony can be achieved through repetition and
rhythm .

Unity : This is the wholeness achieved through effective use of art elements and principles .

It is created by using all the principles of art and design like rhythm , balance and proportion .

How unity can be achieved .

1. Repetition of lines , shapes and colour to make a composition .

2. Continuation of lines or patterns to achieve a whole .
3. Proximity when forms are place together in composition , they tend to appear united .

Variety : This is the use of several elements of art to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye .

Variety creates interest in an art work and so such reduces boredom

One should be careful during the process of creating a variety in order to avoid crowding an art work . A state of
harmony has to be considered .

Pattern : This involves the repetition of art elements all over the art work like lines , shape , colour , among others .

This refers to the continuous repetition of elements of art in a composition .

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Emphasis

This is a principle of art used to crate dominance and focus in a given art work .

Emphasis is achieved by .

Using shapes , bigger shapes always dominate smaller ones .

Value , a stronger contrast between light and dark tones dominate areas of weaker contrast .

Using colour brighter colours tend to dominate the cool colours .

Lines thick and dark lines dominated the lighter lines .

Perspective : Refers to the change of objects according to distance from the viewer . This makes distant objects to
appear smaller and near objects appear bigger . The principle of perspective can be clearly seen in land scape
drawing and still life composition drawing .

Types of perspective

1. One point perspective: This is where the composition has only one varnishing point on the horizon line such
as roads , railways , viewed while the font falling the viewer directly .
2. Two point perspective : This is where the composition has two varnishing points on the horizon / eye level .
3. Three point perspective : This is where the composition has three varnishing points such as object viewed
from above .

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Sketching : :

A Sketch is a rough drawing or painting made to assist one in the making of a more finished work .

Or : Is a thinking instrument which under goes several changes in order to suit the art / imagination .

Therefore sketching this is a process of producing a rough drawing or painting to one in the making of a more
finished art work .

Importances of sketching

1. It builds confidence .
2. It helps in planning for basic layout .
3. To produce accurate work .
4. To attain the required shape .
5. It enhances creativity .
6. Helps to create texture reference.
7. It is a thinking tool .
8. It is a mean of communication.

MATERIALS IN ART & DESIGN

A Material is something used to make a given article . It is through material that artist express themselves .

There are several materials available for example on the market of clay ;

 Natural materials
 Clay sisal
 Wood
 Papyrus
 Artificial materials
 Nylon
 Paste



Dye
Tie
Clothes .
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Importances of Materials of Art and Design .

1. Materials provide hands with skills practice which helps to develop the learners practical skills .
2. Learners develop the sense of touch as they practice with different materials .
3. Materials act as medium of expression in art and design .
4. Learners develop a sense of belong to society as they share materials with each nature .
5. Learners creativity in highlighted as they experiment with different materials .

Clay : Is a fine grained earthly material that is plastic when wet and hardens when heated , consisting primarily
of hydrated silicates of Aluminium .Clay is a product of geological weathering of the earth which is formed by
decomposition of igneous rocks like Ganotest . Clay is widely used in making bricks , tiles & pottery .

Chemicals that form the decomposition of clay ;

 Silicon
 Aluminium
 Magnesium
 Iron
 Potassium

Clay generally appears – grey in colour and when its fired its colour ranges between grey – white chemical
composition. Fired clay is referred to as Terracota .

Terracota : Refers to an glazed reddish – brown hard baked clay often used to make pottery objects .

Clay is a recyclable material but when fired , it becomes permanent and inversable .

Possibilities of Clay ( Advantages / Merits )

1. Clay is a cheap material

2. It is a common material in most swamps in Uganda .
3. It can be recycled if not fired .
4. It can be permanent when fired .
5. It is a flexible material which can be easily manipulated with hands & therefore can be easily used by
leaners .

Limitations of Clay ( Disadvantages / Demerits )

1. It takes a long process to prepare clay for use especially for pottery , therefore , it is time consuming .
2. Clay particles can easily break or get a crack .
3. It is not reversible if fired .
4. Clay is also a bulky material .
5. Clay is a heavy material .
6. It can also make one dirty .
7. Clay can not withstand some temperature conditions .

Properties of Clay

1. Porosity :This is the ability of clay to absorb air and water & later dries freely without cracking .
2. Plasticity : This is the ability of clay to hold shapes and allow manipulation without breaking .
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3. Vitrification :This is the ability of clay objects to with stand very high temperatures during the firing to
make them permanent .

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Types of clay

 Primary Clay / Residual Clay

 Secondary Clay / Sedimentary Clay

Primary Clay : is a type of clay found at the original rock source.

Characteristics of Primary clay

1. It has less plasticity

2. Contains a lot of sand
3. Fires at a high temperature
4. White in colour
5. It’s not carried away from the original rock source .
6. Largely free from impurities.

Secondary clay : This refers to clay that has been carried a way from their original source by agents of soil
erosion to that place of decomposion .

Characteristics of Secondary clay

1. It’s grey in colour / dark brown depending on the environment .

2. When fired it turns brown .
3. It gains more strength when fired .
4. Have relatively small particles .
5. They are carried away by forces of erosion .

How is clay tested for effective use ?

This is done by making a coil and you wrap it a round the finger . It does not develop cracks then it is good to be
used .

Clay Preparation

Clay preparation consists of mixing materials , removal of large stones , roots and crushing of large particles .

Methods For Clay Preparation.

There are basically four (4) methods of clay preparation which include ;

 The plastic method

 The wet method
 The dry method
 Semi – dry method
 The plastic method :

This is where potters use the available moisture in the clay as it is delivered . It is common in brick making . If the
clay is dry water is added .

The mixed clay can be used directly for forming pots by hands throwing , coiling & pressing .

The disadvantage of this method is that mixing of different types of clay or that material is time consuming .
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 The wet method :

In this method , clay is dissolved in water to form Slurry or Slip .

 Slurry : Is a Liquid mixture of water & an insoluble solid materials like cement or Clay .
 Slip : Is a mixture of water & clay used as a decorative layer on pottery or for casting mold to form an actual
piece
 The dry method :
1. In this method clay is dried , ponneled & crushed in a poweler form but can only be used for dry pressing
like in making tiles .
2. The semi – dry method:
3. This method is basically a combination of dry & plastic method . It consists of drying & crushing the dry until
a powder is obtained.
4. Additives like grog can be added & mixed with the clay powder .
5. One properly mixed and sieved in order to remove large particles , water is added & mixed into the powder
till a plastic mixture is obtained .
6. This method has the advantages of being able to produce a homogeneous mixture . The disadvantage of
this method is working industry environment .

The Process / Steps for clay preparation

1. Describe the process / procedure of preparing clay for pottery / ceramics .

2. Collect the clay from the nearby source such as swamps .
3. Sort out all the impurities such as stones , plant roots , sticks etc .
4. Soak the clay with apolythene bag or a container for about 3days .
5. Spread out the clay to dry depending on the moisture content .
6. Dry clay is then crushed into powder form .
7. Sieve the powder clay to get rid of layer particles and impurities .
8. Soak the powder clay into water for some time and add grog and mix .
9. Wedge the clay . Clay is pressed hard with both hands by exerting pressure on it to remove air bubbles .
10. Kneed the clay , clay is divided into two halves smashed onto each other to form a uniform mass .
11. Store the clay into clay bin / polythene bag .

NB : A finished article in clay can be recycled by crushing the soaking it in water and then the clay is wedged and
kneaded to other .

However , if a permanent article is needed from clay , it has to be fired onto Terracotta .

Grog : Is defined as crushed fired pottery of any type that is added as a temper to unfired clay into powder form
and sieve into fine particles .

State the different between wedging and kneading ?

Wedging involves the cutting of clay into two halves , smash half on top of another in order to an even mass of clay.

While

Kneading involves rolling of clay by both hands exerting pressure on it to get rid of air bubbles in clay.

Sculpture : Is the art of shaping , welding , constructing and curving of an art piece .
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Sculpture belongs to the three dimensional ( 3D )

This is the art / practice of making solid wares representing real / abstract forms in round or relief especially by
modeling clay , chiseling stone , carving wood , casting metal /plastic .

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