History of Odisha

History of Odisha
The name Odisha refers to the current state in India. In different eras the region and parts of the
region were known by different names . The boundaries of the region also have varied over the ages.
Human history in Odisha begins in the Lower Paleolithic era, as Acheulian tools dating to the period have
been discovered in various places in the region.[1] The early history of Odisha can be traced back to the
mentions found in ancient texts like the Mahabharata, Maha Govinda Sutta and some Puranas. In {{261
BCE, Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered the region in the bloody Kalinga War which was fought
at the banks of River Daya near present-day Bhubaneswar}}. The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the
war deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism. He sent peace emissaries to
various neighbouring nations. Thus as an indirect consequence, the event caused the spread of Buddhism in
Asia.
The region was also known to other kingdoms in region of East Indies due to maritime trade relations.
The year 1568 CE is considered a pivotal point in the region's history. In 1568 CE, the region was conquered
by the armies of the Sultanate of Bengal led by the iconoclast general Kalapahad. The region lost its political
identity. The following rulers of the region were more tributary lords than actual kings. After 1751, the
Marathas gained control of the region for almost half a decade. In 1803, the region was passed onto the British
Empire. The British divided the region into parts of other provinces. In 1936, the province of Odisha was
formed on the basis of populations of Odia-speaking people.
Contents
Historical names of Odisha
Prehistory
Ancient Odisha
Ancient texts
Pre-Mauryan
Mauryan occupation
Kharavela
Kushanas, Satavahanas and Murundas
Guptas, Matharas and Sharabhapuriyas
Eastern Ganga dynasty
Medieval Odisha
Gajapati dynasty
Bhoi dynasty
Suryavansh Sankara dynasty
Mukunda Deva
1568
Bengal (Karrani) rule
Mughal rule
Under Akbar
Under Jahangir
Under Shah Jahan
Under Aurangzeb
Under Murshid Quli Khan
Under Shuja-ud-Din
Maratha rule
Colonial era
1600–1803
1803–1900
1900–1947
Post-independence
1947–2000
2001–present
See also
References
External links
Historical names of Odisha

The region which comprises the modern-day Odisha was not known by the same name throughout history. It
and parts of it were referred by different names in different era.
Kalinga: According to some scriptures (Mahabharata and some Puranas), a king Bali, the
Vairocana, the son of Sutapa, had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless
him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen
Sudesna.[2] The princes were named Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Sumha and Pundra.[3][4] The
princes later founded kingdoms named after themselves. The prince Vanga founded Vanga
Kingdom, in the current day region of Bangladesh and part of West Bengal. The prince Kalinga
founded the kingdom of Kalinga, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the
Northern Circars.[5] Ptolemy, Pliny the Elder and Claudius Aelianus have also mentioned one
Calinga in their texts.[6]
Utkala: Utkala was a part of Kalinga in some parts of Mahabharata. Karna is mentioned to have
conquered kingdom of Utkala among others.[7] But, according to other texts like Raghuvasma
and Brahma Purana, they were separate kingdoms.[8] There are several views regarding the
etymology of the name. Utkala may have meant northern (uttara) part of Kalinga or ut-
Kalinga.[8] Utkala desha (country or land) may have meant the land of "finest art" (utkarsha
kala).[9] There are also other arguments regarding the origin of the name.
Mahakantara: This name has been found in some Gupta-era inscriptions. It literally means
"great forest"[10] and it is usually identified with the modern-day Kalahandi and Jeypore
region.[11][12] The Mahabharata also mentions a Kantara, which may have or may not have
referred to the same region.[13]
Udra: Udra (also Urda-desha) may have originally referred to an ethnic group or tribe called
Udra. But later may have referred to the kingdom of Udra, around the coastal region of
Odisha.[14]
Orda: Odra (also Orda-desha) similar to Udra, may have meant a tribe of people called Odra,
but later came to refer to the land of Odras.[14]
Oddiyana: Oddiyana, mentioned in some Buddhist texts, according to some scholars may have
referred to Odisha.[15]
Kamala Mandala: Literally "lotus region", a c. 13th-century inscription found in Narla in
Kalahandi refers to the region by this name.[16]
South Kosala: South Kosala (also Dakshina Kosala) may refer to the modern-day Chhattisgarh
and some part of Western Odisha.[17] It should not be confused with Kosala, which is in current
day Uttar Pradesh. According to Ramayana, one of Rama's sons Lava ruled Uttara Kosala and
his other son Kusha ruled over this region.[13]
Kongoda: A copper plate found in Ganjam district refers to region as Kongoda (also spelled
Kangoda).[18]
Trikalinga: This name has been found inscribed on some copper plates found in Sonepur. Tri-
Kalinga may have literally meant "three Kalingas" and may have referred to the three states of
Kalinga, South Kosala and Kangoda.[19]
Chedi: Chedi (also known as Chedirashtra) referred to the kingdom of Kharavela. It was named
after his dynasty, Chedi[20] (also Cheti dynasty and Mahameghavahana dynasty).[14]
Tosali: Tosali (also spelled Toshali) referred to a city and the region around it was called
Tosala, possibly a subdivision of Kalinga in Ashoka-era. The capital of Tosala has been placed
in modern-day Dhauli.[14] In later era (c. 600 CE), North Tosali (Uttara Tosali) and South Tosali
(Daskhina Tosali) have been mentioned, which were possibly kingdoms north and south of the
Mahanadi river.[21]
Uranshin: The name has been used by some 10th century Arab geographers.[22]
Jajnagar: The name used for Odisha in the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri (c. 1260), Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi (c.
1357), and other texts of the period.[23][24]
Odivissa: A name used in some Buddhist texts, including in those by Taranatha.[25]
Prehistory
140 million years ago (mya), the peninsular India, including Odisha, was a part of the Gondwana
supercontinent. Due to this, some of the oldest rocks in the subcontinent, dating to Precambrian times,[26] are
found in Odisha. Some of the rocks, like the Mayurbhanj granite pluton, have been dated to 3.09 billion years
ago (Ga).[27] The coal-fields in Mahanadi and Ib river basins are known to be one of the richest sites for fossils
in the subcontinent.[28] This has led to the discovery of new species, like the charophytes from the Permian
period, which were found in the Talcher region and the Upper Permian megaspores from the Ib river area.[29]
In the districts of Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sundergarh and Sambalpur, Acheulian tools dating to Lower
Paleolithic times have been discovered.[1] The Gudahandi hills in Kalahandi district have rock carvings and
paintings dating to Upper Paleolithic.[30] From Kuchai, near Baripada, various Neolithic tools like hoes,
chisels, pounders, mace heads, grinding stones and also pieces of pottery.[31] Prehistoric paintings and
inscriptions have also been found in Garjan Dongar in Sundergarh district, and Ushakothi in Sambalpur
district[32] and Vimkramkhol in Jharsuguda district.[33][34] There has been an uncertainty about the
inscriptions at Ushakothi and Vimkramkhol regarding whether they are in a proto-Brahmi script.[35] Yogimath
near Khariar has cave paintings from the Neolithic.[35][36]
Ancient Odisha
Ancient texts
According to some scriptures (Mahabharata and some Puranas), a king Bali, the Vairocana and the son of
Sutapa, had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have
begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.[2] The princes were named Anga, Vanga, Kalinga,
Sumha and Pundra.[3][4] The princes later founded kingdoms named after themselves. The prince Vanga
founded Vanga kingdom, in the current day region of Bangladesh and part of West Bengal. The prince
Kalinga founded the kingdom of Kalinga, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North
Sircars.[5]
The Mahabharata also mentions Kalinga several more times.

Srutayudha, the king of Kalinga, son of Varuna and river Parnasa, had
joined the Kaurava camp in the Kurukshetra War. He had been given
a divine mace by his father on request of his mother, which protected
him as long he wielded it. But, Varuna had warned his son, that using
it on a non-combatant will cause the death of the wielder himself. In
the frenzy of battle, harried by Arjuna's arrows, he made the mistake
of launching it at Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer, who was unarmed.
The mace bounced off Krishna and killed Srutayudha.[37] The archer
who killed Krishna, Jara Savara, and Ekalavya are said to have
Kalinga in eastern coast
belonged to the Sabar people of Odisha.[38][39]
In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler,

Sattabhu, have been mentioned.[40]
In the 6th century sutrakara (chronicler), Baudhayana, mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic
traditions.[41] He also warns his people from visiting Kalinga (among other kingdoms), saying one who visits
it must perform penance.[42]
Pre-Mauryan
Mahapadma Nanda the ruler of Magadha is presumed to have conquered Kalinga during his reign around c.
350 BCE. The Hathigumpha inscriptions mentions the suzerainty of the Nandas in the Kalinga region.[43] The
inscriptions also mention irrigation projects undertaken by the Nanda kings in the state during their reign.[44]
In Asurgarh, beads and punched coins belonging to an unknown king dating to the pre-Mauryan period have
been discovered.[45]
Mauryan occupation
Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody Kalinga War in 261 BCE[46] which was the
8th year of his reign. According to his own edicts, the war about 1,000,000 people were killed, 1,500,000
were captured and several more were affected.[46] The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war deeply
affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism.
The Kalingans had used personnel from the Atavika region, which was in the west of Kalinga, during the
war.[45] According to his edicts, Ashoka conquered the coastal region of Kalinga but didn't try to conquer the
Atavika region.[47][48] The Mauryans governed the Kalinga region as a province. They used Tosali as the
regional capital and judiciary center. A kumara (viceroy) ruled from Tosali, modern-day Dhauli. Samapa,
modern-day Jaugada, was another administrative centre.[46] Ashoka erected two edicts in the region, at
Jaugada and Dhauli.
Daya River plains, near Dhauli,
the supposed site of the Kalinga Kalinga and Maurya Empire
War before the invasion of Ashoka
Kharavela
In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavana established the Mahameghavahana dynasty in Kalinga. Kharavela
was the third ruler of the dynasty. He reigned in the second half of the 1st century BCE. Most of the
information about Kharavela comes from the Hathigumpha inscription in Udayagiri near Bhubaneswar. The
inscription also calls the dynasty as Chedi (also spelled Cheti)[44] The inscription records his life from his
boyhood to his 13th regnal year.
Reigning year 1–5 : Kharavela took up the administration after

the premature death of his father as a yuvaraj (heir apparent).
He ascended to the throne as a proper King when he came of
age at 24, around c. 170 BCE, but the date is contentious by
several decades.[49] In the first year of his coronation, he
repaired the gates and ramparts of his capital Kalinganagari
which had been damaged by storm. In the second year, he
invaded the territory of the Satavahana king Satakarni I and
marching up to the Kanha-bemna river (possibly Krishna
River) stormed the city of Musikas. In the 3rd year of his reign, Hathigumpha inscription of King
he organized various performances of dance and music and Khāravela at Udayagiri Hills
delighted the people of the capital. In the fourth year, he again
invaded the Satavahana kingdom and extended his political
supremacy over the region. In the fifth year he is known to have renovated the aqueduct that
was originally excavated three hundred years back by the Nandas.[44]
Reigning year 6–10 : In the sixth year, he remitted taxes and gave benevolences both in urban
and rural areas of his kingdom. The account of his seventh year is not known. But that year his
chief queen, Queen of Vajiraghara ("The Queen of the Diamond Palace") gave birth to a child.
In his eighth regnal year he led a military expedition against Rajagaha (Rajagriha). By that time
the Yavana (Indo-Greeks) who were in possession of Mathura were advancing towards
Pataliputra. But getting the news of the triumph of Kharavela at Rajagriha the Yavana king had
to retreat to Mathura. Kharavela pursued the Yavana ruler, Dimita (possibly Demetrius I)[49] and
purged them out of Mathura, which was an important seat of Jain religion and culture. In
commemoration of this achievement, he built a victory palace in Kalinga at a cost of thirty-eight
hundred thousand penas during the ninth year of his reign. In the tenth regnal year, he again
invaded northern India the account of which is not clearly known.[44]
Reigning year 11–13 : In the eleventh year of his reign, Kharavela defeated the Dramira
country which had been in existence for hundred and thirteen years before his time. In the
twelfth year, he invaded northern India for the third time and advanced as far as Uttarapatha. On
his return, he terrorized Magadha. Bahasatimita (a Shunga king), the king of Magadha
surrendered and Kharavela brought back the statue of Kalinga Jina. Kalinga Jina was the
statue of Rishabhanatha, which had been taken away from Kalinga by Mahapadmananda
three hundred years back and its restoration was considered to be a great achievement of
Kharavela. In his thirteenth reigning year, Kharavela excavated a number of cave-dwellings in
the Kumari hills for the Jain monks and bestowed endowments for them. Jainism greatly
flourished in Kalinga under the patronage of Kharavela. He was also extending liberal
patronage towards other religious communities and earned great reputation as the worshipper
of all faiths and the repairers of all temples. He also built the caves at Udayagiri and Khandagiri
for Jain monks.[44]
The record stops at his 13th regnal year. It is presumed that he was succeeded by his son, Kudepasiri.[50][51]
The Mahameghavahana dynasty (or a successor Sada dynasty) probably continued to rule over Kalinga and
Mahishaka as evident from the inscriptions and coins discovered at Guntupalli and Velpuru, Andhra Pradesh,
which mention a series of rulers with the suffix Sada.[52]
Kushanas, Satavahanas and Murundas
Gautamiputra Satakarni of Satavahana dynasty Odisha Timeline

possibly held some sway over some parts
500 BCE – 1200 CE
Kalinga.[53]
c. 350 BCE Mahapadma Nanda conquers Kalinga
The Kushan Empire may have reached Kalinga 261 BCE Ashoka conquers Kalinga in the Kalinga War
or parts of it during the first three centuries[54] c. 170 BCE Coronation of Kharavela
of the common era as evident from coins found
600 CE Shashanka invades Kalinga
at several places in notably in Jaugada,
Sisupalgarh and Gurubai in Manikapatana c. 639 CE Hiuen-Tsang visits Oddiyana
(Puri) among others. More imitation coins are c. 885 CE Janmejaya I establishes the Somavamsi dynasty
found than real ones. So, the local rulers c. 1135 CE Anantavarman Chodaganga shifts his capital to Kataka
possibly circulated them in the post-Kushana c. 1245 CE Narasimhadeva I builds the Konark temple
period. There is coin of one Maharaja
c. 1278 CE Queen Chadrika builds the Ananta Vasudeva Temple
Rajadhiraja Dharmadamadhara which has been
found in Sisupalgarh. There is a Kushana motif
on one side and a human head on the other.[55]
During the 3rd century, a tribe called Murundas, ruled from Pataliputra. They have been speculated to have
arrived from Central Asia. They used to issue coins similar to Kushana coins.[56]
But other than these mostly numismatic evidences, this period of history is mostly in the dark.
Guptas, Matharas and Sharabhapuriyas
In c. 313 BCE, a princess of Kalinga, Hemamala, is recorded to have fled the kingdom with a tooth of
Buddha, a sacred relic, hidden in her hair and presented it to king Sirimeghavanna of Sri Lanka.[57] According
to the legend, Khema took a tooth from the pyre of Buddha and later gave in to a king, Brahmadutta. He built
a temple at a city called Dantapura. After several generations, during the reign the Guhasiva, the prince of
Ujjain came to Dantapura to worhship the relic. He married the daughter of Guhasiva, Hemamala, and was
later called Dantakumara (Prince Tooth). When a king attacked Kalinga, Dantakumara and Hemamala fled
with the relic to protect it.[58][59]
Samudragupta (reign c. 335 – c. 375 CE) is presumed to have conquered the region, as in his Allahabad
inscription, it has been mentioned that, he had conquered Mahêndra of Kôsala, Vyâghraraja of Mahâkantâra,
Mantarâja of Kêrala, Mahêndra of Pishtapura, Svâmidatta of Kottûra on the hill, Damana of Êrandapalla,
Vishnugôpa of Kâñchi, Nîlarâija of Avamukta, Hastivarman of Vengî, Ugrasêna of Palakka, Kubêra of
Dêvarâshtra, Dhanamjaya of Kusthalapura, and others. Pishtapura (modern-day Pithapuram) is presumed to be
the then capital of Kalinga. Mahakantara is presumed to be parts of western Odisha and Central India. Kottura
is traced to modern day Ganjam district.[60]
In post-Samudragupta period, a new dynasty called Matharas arose in south Kalinga, they ruled from
Pishtapura but also issued copper grants from Simhapura.[61] Their kingdom was probably spread from
Mahanadi to Godavari.[62]
Another dynasty of rulers arose in western Odisha during post-Gupta period, they are called Sharabhapuriya
dynasty. Not much is known about this dynasty. Everything known about them, comes from the inscriptions
on copper plates and coins. They may or may not have also been known as the Amararyakula dynasty.[63]
This dynasty is supposed to have started by one Sarabha, who may have been a feudal chief under the Guptas.
They ruled over the modern-day region of Raipur, Bilaspur and Kalahandi.[63] Their rule lasted from c. 499 to
about 700 CE.
Eastern Ganga dynasty
Indravarman I is assumed to be the

earliest known king of the Eastern
Ganga dynasty. His Jirjingi grant
mentions no predecessors and was
issued in his 39th[64] regnal year, c.
537 CE. He had his capital at
Dantapura. Another plate found
The Jagannath temple was built also mentions him defeating a
by rulers of the Eastern Ganga Vishnukundina king called Indra Narasimhadeva I is known to
dynasty. [65] have built the Konark temple.
Bhattaraka. Many rulers of this
dynasty went by the title
Trikalingadhipati,[66] literally the
"lord of the three Kalingas". The capital was later shifted to Kalinganagara, later during the reign of
Devendravarman I (c. 652–682?).
During this period, c. 639 CE, Xuanzang visited this region, he notes that Buddhism was widely practiced in
this region. He mentions the existence of the monastery called Puphagiri. The sites were lost until recently.
New excavations have found several Buddhist monuments dating to this period.[67][68][69] Odisha was
conquered by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the early 11th century.[70][71][72][73][74]
The capital was again shifted to Kataka by Anantavarman Chodaganga in 1135.[75] He is said to have started
building the Puri Jagannath temple.[76] The temple was later completed by his successor Anangabhima Deva
III. Narasingha Deva I is known to have built the Konark temple.
In 1187, Nissanka Malla who ascended to the throne in Sri Lanka claimed to have descended from Kalinga.
He may have born in 1157 in the capital of Kalinga, Sinhapura (modern day Srikakulam, now in Andhra
Pradesh).[77] In 1215, an invader from Kalinga, called Kalinga Magha landed in Sri Lanka and had an
oppressive reign of 21 years.[78]
By the early 12th century, Kalinga had been conquered by Kulothunga Chola I and his general Karunakara
Tondaiman. The literary work called Kalingathu Parani, is written in praise of the invasion.[79]
According to the text Tabaqat-i Nasiri, the ruler of Jajnagar (Kalinga) began to harass the Lukhnauti (Bengal)
ruler in 1243. Tughral Tughan Khan the governor of Bengal advanced against Jajnagar in March 1244. They
armies encountered after a month at the frontier fort of Katashin and the Kalingan army retreated after taking
losses. Later, when the army of Khan was having lunch, the Kalingan army flanked them and attacked. The
defeated army of Khan then retreated.[24]
Medieval Odisha
Gajapati dynasty
Odisha Timeline
1200 CE - 1800 CE
The Gajapati dynasty was established by Kapilendra 1434 CE Coronation of Kapilendra Deva
Deva in 1435,[80] after the fall of the last Eastern Ganga c. 1467 CE Sarala Das writes the Odia Mahabharata
king, Bhanudeva IV. The dynasty is also known as a
1559 CE Mukunda Deva seizes the throne
Suryavamsi dynasty. In about 1450, Kapilendra Deva
installed his eldest son, Hamira, as the governor of 1568 CE Kalapahad invades Odisha
Rajamundry and Kondavidu.[81][82] Kapilendra Deva 3 March 1575 Battle of Tukaroi takes place in Balasore
managed spread his kingdom from Ganga in the north to 1623 Shah Jahan visits Odisha
as far as Bidar in the south by 1457.[83] 1751 Alivardi Khan cedes Odisha to Marathas
During Kapilendra Deva's reign, Sarala Das, the Odia

poet, wrote the Odia Mahabharata and his other works.[84]
When Kapilendra Deva died in 1467, a civil war occurred to capture the throne, among his sons. In the end,
Purushottama Deva succeeded in securing the throne in 1484 by defeating Hamvira.[82] But, during this
period significant southern parts of the empire were lost to Saluva Narasimha, the ruler of Vijayanagara. By
the time of his death, he had managed to recover some these territories.
He was succeeded by his son, Prataparudra Deva, in 1497. Immediately, he had to face the armies of Alauddin
Husain Shah of Bengal. During his reign, Alauddin Husain Shah attacked again in 1508, this time the Muslim
army marched up to Puri. In 1512 Krishna Deva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire invaded Kalinga and
defeated the forces of the Gajapati Kingdom.[85] In 1522, Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda ousted the Odia army
from Krishna-Godavari tract.[83]
Govinda Vidyadhara was a minister under, Gajapati king, Prataparudra Deva.[82] But, he rebelled against him
and succeeded in ascending the throne in 1541, after murdering the two sons of Prataparudra Deva.[83]
Bhoi dynasty
The Bhoi dynasty[86] was founded by Govinda Vidyadhara who came to throne in a bloody coup, in 1541.[83]
The dynasty was short-lived and during this period the kingdom came under conflict with neighbouring
kingdoms and reeled with civil wars. First, Raghubhanja Chhotray who was the nephew of Govinda
Vidyadhara, became a rebel. Govinda was succeeded by his son, Chakrapratap, who was an unpopular ruler.
After he died in 1557, a minister called Mukunda Deva rebelled. He killed the last two Bhoi kings and
squashed the rebellion of Raghubhanja Chhotray. After that, he declared himself the ruler of Northern
Odisha.[83]
Suryavansh Sankara dynasty

Vishwanatha Deva 'Gajapati' was the grandson of Raja Vinayaka Deva of Nandapur who was the descendant
of 'Dev' suryavanshis of Kashmir and one of the chief feudatories of the Gajapatis. The sudden death of
Prataprudra Deva in 1540 and the assassination of his two sons in 1541 left a political vacuum in the region of
Odisha. Vishwanath ruled over the territories in the southern region of Odisha and northern Andhra Pradesh
up to the region lying in the center of the two rivers Krishna and Godavari. Following the decline of the
Gajapatis, he declared sovereignty and sent his general Mukunda Harichandrana of Krishnakota to subdue the
power of the Bhois and force them to accept the suzerainty of the Suryavanshis.[87][88] He founded the city of
Rayagada and made it the capital of his empire. The fifth report on the affairs of the company describe him as
"the last prince to have united under his scepter all the ancient domains of the kings of Kalinga and restored
them from the confines of Bengal to those of Telangana in south, which contained in his fold innumerable
feudatories that paid homage to his royal seat."[89] He adopted the title of 'Gajapati' a term only used by the
sovereign kings of Odisha.
Mukunda Deva
Mukunda Deva (also known as Mukunda Harichandana)[86] came to throne, in 1559, in a bloody coup.
According to the Madala Panji (temple records), he was a Chalukya.[86] During this period, Odisha was
going through many internal conflicts. Mukunda stuck an alliance with Akbar, that he made him a foe of
Sulaiman Khan Karrani, the ruler of Bengal. Sulaiman sent his son, Bayazid Khan Karrani and his infamous
general, Kalapahad, to conquer Odisha, in 1567.
Mukunda met the forces in the north but had to withdraw to stop a rebellion after signing a treaty with the
Sultan's son.[86] Mukunda was killed in a battle with the rebel forces led by Ramachandra Bhanja.
Ramachandra Bhanja was a feudal lord under Mukunda, who had rebelled. He himself got caught up in the
conflict and was murdered by Bayazid.[90] Akbar was preparing for the invasion of Chittor, so he was unable
to respond. Kalapahad ran across the kingdom in a plundering spree and destroyed several temples.[86] By end
of 1568, Odisha was under the control of Sulaiman Khan Karrani.
During this period, Ramachandra Deva I, who was the son of a general and had been imprisoned by
Mukunda, escaped from prison and fled to Vizagapatam.[84]
1568
1568 is considered an important date in the history of Odisha, as Mukunda Deva is considered the last
independent ruler of Odisha. After 1568, the region saw a steady decline. Odisha was not to be an
independent kingdom again.[86]
Later in 1920, Odia playwright, Ashwini Kumar Ghose wrote a play called Kala Pahada based on the
exploits of Kalapahad and the tragic death of Mukunda Deva. The play is considered one of the greatest
tragedies in Odia literature.[91]
Bengal (Karrani) rule
In 1568, Odisha came under the control of Sultan Sulaiman Khan Karrani of the Karrani dynasty, who was
the ruler of Sultanate of Bengal. The Sultan assigned Ismail Khan Lodhi of Prithimpassa as the governor of
Orissa.
In the Battle of Tukaroi, which took place in modern-day Balasore, Daud Khan Karrani was defeated and
retreated deep into Odisha. The battle led to the Treaty of Katak in which Daud ceded the whole of Bengal
and Bihar, retaining only Odisha. The treaty eventually failed after the death of Munim Khan (governor of
Bengal and Bihar) who died at the age of 80. Daud took the opportunity and invaded Bengal. This led to the
Battle of Rajmahal in 1576, where Daud was defeated and executed.[92][93]
Mughal rule
In 1590, Qutlu Khan Lohani, an officer of Daud,[94] declared himself independent and assumed the title of
"Qutlu Shah". Raja Man Singh who was the Mughal governor of Bihar, started an expedition against him.
Before facing Man Singh, Qutlu Shah died. Qutlu Khan's son Nasir Khan, after little resistance, accepted
Mughal sovereignty and paid homage to Man Singh on 15 August 1590. Nasir Khan was then appointed
Governor of Odisha and signed a treaty which ceded the region of Puri. Nasir Khan remained faithful to the
Mughal empire for two years but after that he violated the conditions of his treaty by laying siege to the
Jagannath Temple of Puri. Man Singh attacked Nasir Khan and decisively defeated him on 18 April 1592 in a
battle near the present day Midnapore town.[95] By 1593, Odisha had passed completely to the Mughal empire
and was a part of Bengal Subah.
Under Akbar
Raja Ramachandra Deva, the king of Khurda, had accepted Akbar's suzerainty.[94] Akbar mostly followed a
policy of non-interference in the local chieftains' matters. After Akbar, his son, Jahangir came to power, who
followed a different policy. Under him, Odisha was made into a separate Subah and a governor, titled
Subahdar, ruled in the name of the Mughal emperor.
Under Jahangir
Quasim Khan was appointed the governor of Odisha in 1606. During this period, the king of Khurda,
Purusottam Deva was attacked by Mughal armies led by Kesho Das. He was defeated, and had to offer his
sister and daughter along with dowry to buy peace.[94]
In 1611, Kalyan Mal, son of Todar Mal came to be the governor of Odisha. Kalyan Mal also attacked and
defeated Purusottam Deva, who had to send his daughter to the Mughal harem.[94] In 1617, Kalyan was
recalled to the court.
In 1617, Mukarram Khan became the governor of Odisha. He also tried to attack Purusottam Deva. But,
Purusottam Deva fled from Khurda. In 1621, Ahmad Beg was made the governor of Odisha. Purusottam
Deva died in exile in 1622 and was succeeded by his son Narasimha Deva. According to the Madala Panji
(temple chronicles), prince Shah Jahan had visited Odisha in 1623, which was just after his rebellion.[96]
Ahmad Beg remained governor until 1628.
Under Shah Jahan
In 1628, Shah Jahan became the Mughal emperor and Muhammad Baqar Khan was appointed the governor of
Odisha. He extended his influence well into the kingdom of Golconda. In 1632, he was recalled. Shah Shuja
was appointed by Shah Jahan as the Subahdar of Bengal from 1639 until 1660. From 1645 onwards, a deputy
of Shuja called Zaman Teharani was the governor of Odisha.[94] Orissa was the first subah (imperial top-level
province) added to Akbar's fifteen by Shah Jahan. It had Cuttack as seat and bordered Bihar, Bengal and
Golconda subahs, as well as the remaining independent and tributary chiefs. In 1647, Narasimha Deva was
beheaded by a Mughal general called Fateh Khan.[96]
Under Aurangzeb
In 1658, Shah Jahan took ill and Dara Shikoh took on as the royal regent. This led to a war of succession in
which Aurangzeb emerged victorious in 1659. He imprisoned his own father, who later died in 1666. During
this period of instability in the Mughal empire, several chieftains in Odisha had declared independence. Khan-
i-Duran was appointed the governor under Aurangzeb and his reign was from 1660 to 1667. During this
period, he crushed several rebel chieftains and subdued Mukunda Deva I, the then king of Khurda.[94]
Under Murshid Quli Khan
In 1707, Aurangzeb died and the control of Mughals over Odisha began to weaken. Murshid Quli Khan was
made governor of Odisha in 1714. In 1717, he was also made the Nawab of Bengal. He swore fealty to the
Mughal emperor but he was an independent ruler for all purposes. He took several measures to increase
revenues and create several new Jagirs. In 1727, on his death, his son-in-law, Shuja-ud-Din became the
Nawab of Bengal. Before that he was a deputy of Murshid in Odisha. During his time, several tracts of land
were lost to neighbouring kingdoms.[94]
Under Shuja-ud-Din
In 1727, Taqi Khan, the son of Shuja-ud-Din, was made the governor. He got engaged in a war with
Ramachandra Deva II. Ramachandra Deva II was imprisoned and was converted to Islam.[96][97]
Ramachandra Deva II once visited Puri to see car festival. Taqi Khan was displeased by this advanced on
Khurda and Ramachandra Deva II fled. Bhagirathi Kumar, son of Ramachandra Deva II, was declared king
by Taqi Khan. Taqi Khan died in 1734. During his reign, several Islamic monuments were built in Odisha.[94]
His successor, Murshid Quli Khan II (alias. Rustam Jung), a Naib Nazim (deputy governor) of Shuja-ud-Din
and also his son-in-law, allowed worship in Puri and he is said to have given his daughter to Ramachandra
Deva II in marriage. He installed Padmanava Deva as king of Khurda in 1736 but replaced him by Birakesari
Deva, son of Ramachandra Deva II in 1739. Shuja-ud-Din died in 1739 and was replaced by his son, Sarfaraz
Khan. Sarfaraz Khan was defeated and killed in the Battle of Giria by Alivardi Khan. Rustam Jung marched
against Alivardi Khan but he was defeated. Alivardi Khan was not a popular ruler.[94]
The Marathas started raiding Alivardi Khan's territory starting in 1742, aided by Rustam Jung and his
allies.[98] These raids used quick hit-and-run tactics and were called bargis. Alivardi Khan unable to check the
raids ceded Odisha to Raghoji I Bhonsle in 1751.
During this period, the idols of Jagannath and other deities were removed from the temple several times, and
hidden to save them from iconoclasm.[94][96]
Maratha rule
The river Subarnarekha served as the border between Bengal and Maratha-controlled Odisha.[99] Marathas
used to collect a pilgrimage tax at Puri, which was exempt for paupers.[96]
In 1803, the British conquered the region during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when most of the Maratha
forces were engaged elsewhere.[99]
Colonial era
1600–1803
Orissa Timeline
1800 CE - 1947 CE
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to build 14 October 1803 Fort of Barabati falls to the British
factories in Odisha. They had a settlement in 1817 The Paika Rebellion
Pipili in Puri district. The British had established 1866 The Great Famine of 1886 (Na Anka Durvikhya)
a settlement in Hariharpur (modern-day
1 April 1936 Orissa became a separate province
Jagatsinghpur), with the permission of the
Mughal administrator, as early as 1633 to trade 15 August 1947 India becomes independent
cotton goods. But it could not be maintain long
because of the harsh climate, and Portuguese and Aracanese pirates.[80] In 1765, Lord Clive acquired the
diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha from titular Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II. But, only the Midnapore
district was meant by Odisha, as rest of it had passed on to the Marathas. Lord Clive had tried to negotiate the
acquisition of Odisha from the Marathas. His successor, Warren Hastings, had also tried negotiating with the
Marathas.
1803–1900
A Colonel Harcourt of the British Army sailed from Northern Circars on

3 August 1803 and landed on 25 August.[100] He marched from Ganjam
with 5000 men on 8 September, to flush the Marathas out of the
region.[101] On 18 September, Harcourt took control of Puri.[96] On 21
September, a second force had landed at Balasore and after taking control
of the region, it sent reinforcements to Cuttack to help with the siege of
Ruins of Barabati fort in Cuttack.
the fort. On 14 October, the fort of Barbati was stormed and
captured.[101]
On 17 December 1803, Raghoji II Bhonsle of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon (also Deogarh) in Odisha
with the British after the Battle of Laswari and gave up the province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi,
the coastal part of Odisha, Garhjat the princely states of Western Odisha, Balasore port, and parts of
Midnapore district of West Bengal).[43]
Jaya Krushna Rajguru Mahapatra, known to the people as Jayee Rajguru, the royal preceptor to Mukunda
Dev II (who was a minor) mobilised an army of Paika warriors and raised a revolt against the British in 1804.
This is the first uprising against the British rule in Orissa. The Britishers, ultimately with the help of some
treacherous natives ruthlessly suppressed the rebellion. Both Jayee Rajguru and the Raja were made prisoners.
Later Jayee Rajguru was convicted and on 6 December 1806 hanged heinously by his legs tied to two
different branches of Banyan tree and released to tear him to two parts at Midnapore. The Raja was released in
1807 since Jayee Rajguru had taken the entire responsibility of the uprising on him. Thus Jayee Rajguru is said
to be the first martyr of the early freedom struggle against British rule. His sacrifice, however, did not go in
vain. It laid the foundation of a major revolt 13 years after his Martyrdom.
In 1817, the British had to suppress the Paika rebellion. The Paika were a landed militia who were exempted
from taxes in lieu of their services. They were dissatisfied with the new British land laws and were led by
Bakshi Jagabandhu,[56] a commander of the king of Khurda.[102]
Surendra Sai from Sambalpur region had started a rebellion against the British in 1827. During the Indian
Rebellion of 1857, the princes of Odisha did not join the wars.
In 1866, Odisha was struck with a great famine, called Na Anka Durvikhya[103] (literally the nine number
famine) locally.[104] The death toll has been estimated to be about one million spread across different
regions.[105] During the famine, Babu Bichitrananda Das and Gouri Shankar Roy decided to publish a
magazine in Odia. The first issue of Utakala Deepika appeared on 4 August 1866 from the newly Cuttack
Printing Press. It dealt with issue of famine.[106] Though Christian missionaries had established a printing
press in Cuttack in 1838, this was the first independent publication in Odia.[107]
In 1870, Madhusudan Das became the first person from Odisha to acquire a graduate degree. He had
completed his Bachelor of Arts from Calcutta University and later went on to acquire a Master of Arts from
the same university in 1873. He also acquired a law degree in 1878.[108] He went on to become one of the
foremost leaders from the state.
After Madhusudan Das returned from Calcutta to Cuttack in 1881, the Utkal Sabha was formed in 1882. It
marked the beginning of political activities in Odisha.[108] In 1888, a durbar was held in Cuttack during the
visit of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, where the Utkal Sabha led by Gouri Shankar Roy presented the issue
of bringing Odia-speaking territories under one administration.[109]
1900–1947
In 1903, the Utkal Union Conference was founded.[108] In 1911, Odisha and Bihar were separated from
Bengal province to form a new single province.[110] In 1912, the Orissa Tenancy Act was introduced the
Bihar-Orissa Legislative Assembly. The previous Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 was considered ill-suited for
the conditions of the region. On 12 September 1913, the Orissa Tenancy Act was passed, securing better rights
and treatment for ryots in the region.[111] In 1913, Sashibhusan Rath began publishing the first Odia daily
newspaper, Asha, from Berhampur. Gopabandhu Das was the editor and wrote its editorials until 1919. In
1915, Gopabandhu Das began publishing a magazine called Satyabadi, to promote Odia literature and culture.
On 4 October 1919, he started his own weekly newspaper, Samaja.[112] In 1914, the revolutionary Bagha
Jatin moved to a hideout in Kaptipada village in Mayurbhanj. On 9 September 1915, Bagha Jatin and his
companions were discovered by the British and it resulted in a 75 minutes gunfight. On 10 September 1915,
Bagha Jatin died of bullet wounds at the Balasore hospital.[113]
In 1885, Indian National Congress was founded. In 1920, it adopted reorganization of provinces according to
linguistic basis as one its agendas.[114] This inspired many leaders in Odisha to form an Odisha Congress
Committee and demand a separate province for the Odia-speaking population.[115] In 1923, the
Bhubanananda Odisha School of Engineering was established in Cuttack. It was the first technical diploma
institution in the region.[116] In 1927, the districts of Cuttack and Balasore were hit by abnormal floods for the
third successive year. About 28,756 families were affected by the floods according to the government
report.[117]
On 6 April 1930, a group of volunteers marched from Cuttack to Inchudi in Balasore. On 12 April, they
defied the British salt tax law by making salt.[118] On 1 April 1936, Odisha was granted the status of a
separate province. Odisha Day (Utkala Dibasa) is celebrated locally every year on 1 April to mark the day. In
1936, Odisha has 6 districts: Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Ganjam, Koraput, and Sambalpur.[119] On 11 October
1938, Baji Rout, a ferry boy of 12 years, was shot dead by policemen in Dhenkanal district, when he refused
to ferry them across the river.[120] In 1943, the Utkal University was founded.[121]
In March 1946, the foundation stone for the Hirakud Dam was laid by the Governor of Odisha, Sir Hawthrone
Lewis.[122] Also in 1946, the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) was established in Cuttack to prevent
occurrences like the Bengal famine of 1943.[123] On 22 July 1947, Biju Patnaik rescued the Indonesian Prime
Minister Sutan Sjahrir and Vice President Mohammad Hatta from behind Dutch lines and flew them to
Singapore in a Douglas C-47 Skytrain, disguised as crew members. They reached India on 24 July.[124][125]
Post-independence
1947–2000
Orissa Timeline
1947 CE – Present
On 27 May 1947, Harekrushna 1948 Capital of Odisha shifted from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar
Mahatab took oath to form a 1952 The first Kalinga Prize awarded
Congress ministry. In 1946, it was 1953 Completion of the Hirakud Dam
decided that Bhubaneswar would
1956 University College of Engineering, was established in Burla
replace Cuttack as the political
capital of the state of Odisha. A 1957 Odisha Sahitya Academy was established
year after India gained its 12 February 1961 The building of Legislative Assembly of Odisha was inaugurated
independence from Britain, the
task of designing had been granted to the German architect Otto Königsberger.[56] Also in 1948, construction
on the Hirakud Dam began.[122] By 1949, the 24 princely states had been integrated and Odisha had 13
districts: Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Ganjam, Koraput, Sambalpur, Dhenkanal, Sundergarh, Keonjhar,
Balangirpatna, Boudh-Kandhamal, Mayurbhanj and Kalahandi.[119] On 12 May 1950, Mahatab resigned to
join the Cabinet of India.[126] Nabakrushna Choudhuri took over as the Chief Minister the same day.[127]
In 1951, Biju Pattnaik made a donation to the UNESCO to establish the Kalinga Prize. It has been awarded
every year since 1952 to people who have contributed to the popularization of science.[128][129] On 12
February 1952, Nabakrushna Choudhuri took oath as the Chief Minister after the 1951 Assembly polls. In
1953, the 66 meters high and 25.4 km long Hirakud Dam was completed.[122] In 1953, the Rourkela Steel
Plant was planned to be built in collaboration with a West German consortium.[130] On 19 October 1956,
Nabakrushna Choudhuri resigned and Mahatab became the Chief Minister. In 1956, the first technical degree
institution in the region, University College of Engineering, was established in Burla (presently it is known as
Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology).[116] In 1957, the Odisha Sahitya Academy was established to
develop and promote Odia language and literature.[131] On 13 January 1957, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
officially inaugurated the Hirakud Dam.[132] The 1957 Assembly polls were also won by the Congress party
and on 6 April 1957 Harekrushna Mahatab took oath as the Chief Minister. On 22 May 1959, a coalition of
Congress and Gantantra Parishad formed the government. On 21 February 1961, the coalition collapsed. On
25 February, President's rule was imposed on the state.
On 12 February 1961, the new building of the Legislative Assembly of

Odisha was inaugurated by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan then Vice-
President of India.[133] On 15 August 1961, the Regional Engineering
College, Rourkela was founded.[134] The mid-term polls were held in
1961 and Biju Pattnaik formed a ministry on 23 June 1961. On 3 January
1962, the foundation stone of the Paradip Port was laid by Prime
Minister Nehru. On 18 April 1966, it was declared the 8th major port of
Legislative Assembly of Odisha
India.[135] Also in 1962, the Balimela Reservoir project was started.[136]
building was inaugurated in 1961
In August 1963, the Kamaraj Plan was formulated and Biju Patnaik was
among the Chief Ministers to resign.[137] After him, Biren Mitra became
the Chief Minister. [138] In April 1964, a Hindustan Aeronautics Limited plant was set up in Sunabeda to
manufacture Tumansky R-11 F2 engines for MIG-21 FLs.[139] In 1966, Mahatab left Indian National
Congress to form a new party called the Jana Congress.[140] After the 1967 Assembly polls, Rajendra
Narayan Singh Deo became the Chief Minister of a coalition government consisting of the Swatantra Party
and the Orissa Jana Congress.
In 1971 Assembly poll, the government was formed by a coalition of Utkal Congress, Swatantra Party and All
India Jharkhand Party, with Biswanath Das as the Chief Minister.[141] On 14 June 1972, Nandini Satpathy
became the Chief Minister of Odisha, heading a Congress ministry.[142] On 1 March 1973, Chief Minister
Nandini Satpathy resigned. In February 1974, mid-term polls were held. On 6 March 1974, Nandini Satpathy
formed her second ministry. On 19 December 1976, Nandini Satpathy resigned again.[143] She was replaced
by Binayak Acharya who remained in office for 4 months.[144] In 1977, Nilamani Routray became the Chief
Minister after the Assembly poll, and Janata Party remained in power until 1980. The 1980 Assembly poll
resulted in Janaki Ballabh Patnaik, of Indian National Congress, as the Chief Minister.
In 1981, NALCO was founded with the collaboration of the Pechiney company of France. It was
headquartered in Bhubaneswar. On 30 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was in Bhubaneswar giving a speech.
The next day she was assassinated.[145] In 1985, Janaki Ballabh Patnaik was re-elected as the Chief Minister.
Sachidananda Routray, Odia poet and novelist, received the Jnanpith Award for his contributions to modern
Odia poetry.[146] On 22 May 1989, the Agni-I was tested fired at Chandipur.[147] On 6 December 1989,
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik resigned as the Chief Minister and on 7 December Hemananda Biswal was sworn
in.[148] On 16 December 1989, Rabi Ray becomes the Speaker of Lok Sabha and he held the position until 9
July 1991.[149]
In 1990, Ranganath Misra became the 21st Chief Justice of India.[150] In

1990, the Assembly polls were won by the Janata Dal and a government
was formed under the leader of Biju Patnaik.[151] In 1992, four new
districts were created, Gajapati, Malkangiri, Rayagada and Nabarangpur.
In 1993, 10 more districts were created, Khurda, Nayagarh, Sonepur,
Bargarh, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur, Nuapada, Angul and
Bhadrak. In 1994, three more were carved out, Jharsuguda, Deogarh and
Boudh. This brought the number of districts in Odisha to 30.[119] In
1993, Ranganath Misra became the first chairman of the National Human
Rights Commission of India.[150] The 1995 Assembly polls were won
1999 Odisha cyclone making by the Indian National Congress and Janaki Ballabh Patnaik became the
landfall Chief Minister.[151] On 22 January 1999, Australian missionary Graham
Staines and his two sons were murdered. Staineswas an Australian
Christian missionary who, along with his two sons Philip (aged 10) and
Timothy (aged 6), was burnt to death by a gang while sleeping in his station wagon at Manoharpur village in
Keonjhar district in Odisha, India on 23 January 1999. In 2003, a Bajrang Dal activist, Dara Singh, was
convicted of leading the gang that murdered Graham Staines and his sons, and was sentenced to life in
prison.[152] Soon afterwards, Janaki Ballabh Patnaik resigned and was replaced by Giridhar Gamang.[153] In
October 1999, a cyclone struck Odisha causing economic loss estimated at $2.5 billion (1999 USD) and about
10,000 deaths.[154][155] In December 1999, Gamang also resigned.[156] He was replaced by Hemananda
Biswal on 7 December.[157] In March 2000, Naveen Patnaik became the Chief Minister of a BJD-BJP alliance
government.[158]
2001–present
On 20 February 2014, the Odia language was given the status of a classical language of India, making it the
sixth language to have the status.[159]
See also
Historic sites in Odisha
Maritime history of Odisha
List of rulers of Odisha
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External links
History of Odisha (http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL012&vchplin
kid=PL048), Government of Odisha, Official Portal
Orissa State Museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20130314120313/http://www.orissamuseu
m.nic.in/)
History of Odisha in Hindi (https://www.hindivision.in/2020/06/odisha-ka-itihas.html) ( History of
Odisha in Hindi )
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History of Odisha

Historical names of Odisha

The Mahabharata also mentions Kalinga several more times.

In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler,

Reigning year 1–5 : Kharavela took up the administration after

Kushanas, Satavahanas and Murundas

Gautamiputra Satakarni of Satavahana dynasty Odisha Timeline

Guptas, Matharas and Sharabhapuriyas

Eastern Ganga dynasty

Indravarman I is assumed to be the

During Kapilendra Deva's reign, Sarala Das, the Odia

Suryavansh Sankara dynasty

Bengal (Karrani) rule

Under Shah Jahan

Under Murshid Quli Khan

A Colonel Harcourt of the British Army sailed from Northern Circars on

On 12 February 1961, the new building of the Legislative Assembly of

In 1990, Ranganath Misra became the 21st Chief Justice of India.[150] In

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This page was last edited on 17 September 2020, at 07:29 (UTC).

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