Assam Pedia

ANCIENT ASSAM HISTORY
In ancient days, Assam was known as Pragjyotisha and later as Kamarupa.
Theories regarding the origin of the name Pragjyotisha

1. A branch of people called Chao-Theius of China migrated to India at a very early period and occupied
three important centres – in the east in Assam, in the centre in the present Bareilly district and in the
north-west in Afghanistan. In India they came to be known as the Zuhthis and the three centres they
occupied, were later on named as Prag-Zuhthis, Madhya-Zuhthis and Uttar-Zuhthis respectively. The
word Zuhthis was subsequently transformed into the Sanskrit for Jyotisha. This theory is not supported
by sufficient evidence.
2. As mentioned in the Kalika Purana, that Brahma made the first calculation of the stars in Pragjyotisha.
Prag means former or eastern and Jyotisha, a star, astrology, shining. Pragjyotishpur may therefore,
be taken to mean the “City of Eastern Astrology”.
Theories regarding the origin of the name Kamarupa

1. The word Kamarupa has been derived from an Austric formation like Kamru or Kamrut, the name of a
lesser divinity in Santali which justifies the association of the land with magic and necromancy. It is said
that the word symbolises a new cult, namely the worship of the mother goddess kamakhya and in
exaltation of it, the land was rechristened.
2. Gopatha Brahmana narrates the story of Kamadeva’s revival in this land, after his destruction by the
fiery glance of Siva.
Theories regarding the origin of the name Assam

1. It is derived from the word “Asama” meaning uneven as distinguished from the Samatata or the level
plains of Bengal.
2. The word Asama (peerless) may be a later Sanskritisation of an earlier form of Acham. In Tai, ‘cham’
means “to be defeated”. With the prefix a, Assam would mean “undefeated”, “conquerors”. The name
once applied to the people was subsequently applied to the country as well.
3. Assam is derived from a Bodo formation like Ha-chom, meaning low land.
Traditional rulers and early history
Mahiranga Danava
● The earliest known king of ancient Assam was a non-Aryan named Mahiranga Danava.
● His capital was at Mairanka, which may be identified with a hill called ‘Mairang Parvat’ still existent at a
distance of seven miles from Guwahati on the GS road.
● He was a Kirata chief (The Kirāta is a generic term in Sanskrit literature for people who had territory in
the mountains, particularly in the Himalayas and Northeast India and who are believed to have been
Sino-Tibetan in origin).
● Mahiranga Danava was succeeded by Hatakasura, Sambarasura, Ratnasura and Ghatakasura.
● Ghatakasura was killed by Naraka, who then founded a new line of kings.
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Naraka’s legend and its historicity
● Born of the Mother Earth, Prithvi through Vishnu in his boar incarnation. He is also called
Bhauma (born of earth).
● He was left on the sacrificial ground of king Janaka of Videha
● Goddess Prithvi impersonated herself as a nurse, Katyayani, and looked to the child’s upbringing.
● With the help of his real father Vishnu, he subsequently became the ruler of Pragjyotisha, ousting
Gatakasura. He made his capital at Pragjyotishpur and made it “inaccessible even to the gods.”
● This is perhaps the earliest settlement of Aryans in Pragjyotisha.
● He erected a temple for Kamakhya on the Nilachala hill, excavated a tank and constructed a road to
the temple in a single night.
● Lord Krishna killed him and placed his son Bhagadatta on the throne.
Bhagadatta
● Bhagadatta was the son of Naraka.
● Legends state that Bhagadatta gave his daughter Bhanumati in marriage to Durjyodhana
● Bhagadatta participated in the great Mahabharata war on the side of Kauravas.
● He was celebrated as a powerful warrior-king “not inferior to Chakra (Indra) in battle”. He is called
“the mighty king of the Mlechchhas” and described as the”best wielder of the elephant squad”.
● He was killed by Arjuna in the Kurukshetra war.
A number of epigraphs mention that Bhagadatta was succeeded by Vajradatta. What was the exact relation
between them cannot definitely be ascertained.
Bhismaka
● His kingdom is called Vidarbha, which traditions located in the region of Sadiya.
● His capital was at Kundina, situated on the bank of the river Kundil, which flows through Sadiya.
● Bhismaka had five sons and a beautiful and accomplished daughter named Rukmini. Bhismaka
wanted her to marry Sisupala. Rukmini wanted to marry Krishna.
● On the wedding day, Krishna carried her off in his chariot to Dwaraka defeating the crowd of princes
present in the wedding.
● This story has been narrated in the Bhagavata and the Vishnu puranas as well as in the
Rukmini-Harana of Sankardeva.
● The Chutiyas trace their descent from Bhishmaka.
Banasura
● Contemporary to Naraka.
● His capital city was Sonitpur.
● The Siva temple of Mahabhairab (Tezpur) is attributed to him.
● Bana had many sons but only one daughter named Usha.
● The story of Usha’s gandharva marriage with Aniruddha, the grandson of Krishna, with the help of
Chitralekha, Usha’s artist friend, and subsequent capture of confinement of Aniruddha and his final
release by Krishna (Hara Hari Yuddha) is narrated in a well-known Assamese poetical work Kumara
Harana by Sankaradeva.
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● The great battle where Bana was defeated by Krishna is said to have been fought in the modern site of
the Tezpur bil.
● Bana’s grandson Bhaluk made his capital at Bhalukpong near Balipara at the foot of the Aka hills.
● The Akas claim their descent from this prince.
Varman Dynasty
Sources – Dobi grant, Nidhanpur Grant, Nalanda seals of Bhaskarvarman.
Pushyavarman (c. 355 – 380 AD)

● Pushyavarman was the founder of Varman dynasty.
● Assumed title - maharajadhiraj (it implies that he was independent)
● In the Allahabad pillar prasasti of Samudragupta, the name of Kamarupa occurs as a frontier
kingdom along with Davaka whose kings owed allegiance to Samudragupta.
● Although the name of the Kamarupa king was not mentioned in the Allahabad pillar, it was
identified with Pushyavarman.
Pushyavarman was succeeded by his son Samudravarman (c. 380 – 405 AD).
Balavarman - I (c. 405 – 420)

● Samudravaraman was succeeded by his son Balavarman-I.
● His daughter, princess Amritaprabha, married to king Meghavahana of Kashmir.
● Amritaprabha is said to have been accompanied by her father’s preceptor, a Tibetan Buddhist monk
named Stunpa.
● It indicates that Buddhism entered Kamarupa as early as the 5th century AD.
● This Stunpa erected a stupa in Kashmir called Lo-stupa.
● Amritaprabha also erected in Kashmir a lofty vihara for the benefit of the foreign monks called
Amritabhavan.
Kalyanavarman (c. 420 – 440)

● It is believed that Kalyanvarman brought Kapili valley under his control and ousted its king and sent
a diplomatic mission to China.
● Referred to as Yu-Chai (with the eye or the face like the moon) in Chaina.
Mahendravarman (c. 450-485)

● Kalyanavarman was succeeded by Ganapativarman, Mahendravarman and Narayanavarman.
● Towards the end of the reign of Skandagupta, it is possible that Mahendravarmana shook off the
last vestiges of Gupta influence of allegiance
● He was also the first Kamarupa king to perform Aswamedha yajna.
Bhutivarmana (c. 510 – 555)

● Bhutivarman conquered lands in Pundravardhana to the west of the Trisrota in between 545-550 AD
and donated lands to more than 200 families of Brahmans in the Pundravardhana bhukti
(roughly north Bengal).
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● Thus Bhutivarman became the first king of Kamarupa to extend the western frontier of the
kingdom beyond the river Karatoya.
Bhutivarman was succeeded by Chandramukhvarman and Sthitavarman. Sthitavarman’s son and successor
Susthitavarman was renowned as Mriganka. The Harshacharita describes him as a powerful monarch.
Later Gupta monarch Mahasenagupta defeated him. As a result of the defeat, Kamarupa lost
Pundravardhana.
Susthitavarman had two sons – Supratisthitavarman and Bhaskaravarman. Supratisthitavarman had a

premature death and after a very short reign, he was succeeded by Bhaskarvarman.
Bhaskarvarman (c. 594 – 650)

● A new era Bhaskarabda began from 594 AD (coronation of Bhaskar Varman).
● Also called Kumara Raja as he remained unmarried.
● He sent his ambassador Hamsavega to meet Harshavardhan with a proposal to form an alliance with
Harshavardhana.
● Bhaskar Varaman also sent a painting to Harsha called as “Paat aru Tulika”.
● They together defeated Sasanka of Gauda.
● Gauda with its capital city Karnasuvarna came to the possession of Bhaskara.
● To celebrate the occasion, Bhaskara issued from his victorious camp at Karnasubarna the famous
Nidhanpur grants reconfirming the land-grants made by Bhutivarman in Pundravardhana.
● Visit of the reputed Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang to Kamarupa in 642-43 AD.
● During Hiuen Tsang’s farewell, Bhaskara gifted him a cap of skin to protect him against rain and cold
(Ho-la-li).
Hiuen Tsang’s account of Kamarupa

● Hiuen Tsang has left a valuable account of Kamarupa (Si-yu-ki).
○ “the country of Kamarupa is about 10,000 li (nearly 1700 miles) in circuit.
○ The capital town is about 30 li.
○ The people cultivated the jackfruit and the coconut.
○ The climate is soft and temperate.
○ The manners of the people are simple and honest.
○ The men are of small stature and their complexion dark yellow.
○ They adore and sacrifice to the Devas and have no faith in Buddha.
○ Bhaskar Varman is of the Brahman caste (which is not actually correct). Though he has no
faith in Buddha, yet he much respects Sramanas of learning.
After hiuen Tsang’s visit, darkness again fell on ancient Assam. From 7th to 12th century, the ancient Assam
history is studied based on some Copper-Plate inscriptions. This period is hence also called Copper-plate
period.
Bhaskara perhaps died a celibate leaving no successor to the throne.
➔ A descendent of Narakasur, named Salastambha killed Avanti Varman of Varman Dynasty and
established the Salastambha dynasty in 8th century - “Assam History” by Padmanath Gohain Barua.
➔ After the death of Bhaskar VArman, one of his relative Avanti VArman who was well known as
Salastambha founded Salastambha Dynasty in Kamrup - E.A. Gait
➔ Salastambha and Avanti VArman was the same person - Dr. P. C. Choudhury
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Salastambha Dynasty
● Salastambha shifted the capital to the present Tezpur area and named it after the name of his
tutelary deity Hataka or Hetuka Sulin as Hatakeswara or Haruppeswara.
● Salastambha was succeeded by a line of 20 kings ending with Tyagasingha.
Sri Harshadeva (c. 725 – 750 AD)

● The Pasupati epigraph of the Nepal Licchavi king Jayadeva II mentions a king named Sri
Harshadeva, who has been described as Gaudradi-Kalinga-Kosala-pati.
● Harshadeva’s marriage alliance with the Nepal king Jayadeva II helped him in leading the
campaigns.
● His conflict with the western Chalukyas is hinted in the Samangad epigraph of Rashtrakuta king
Dantidurga dated 752 AD.
● Finally Harshadeva was overthrown by Yasovarman.
Harshadeva was succeeded by Balavarman-II and Pralambha or Salamgha. Pralambha was succeeded by
Harjaravarman.
Harjaravarman (c.815 – 835 AD)

● Harjaravarman has left us with two inscriptions – the Hayunthal grant and the Tezpur Rock
epigraph.
● Harjara was the first of the Kamarupa kings to assume high-sounding epithets like Maharaja-dhiraja
Parameswara paramabhattaraka.
● Harajara built a lofty temple for Hetuka Sulin in the capital city at Haruppeswara.
● Excavated big tank called Harjarapukhuri in Tezpur.
Vanamalavarmanadeva (c. 835–865 AD)

● Vanamala, like his father, was a devout worshipper of Siva and abdicating the throne in favour of his
son Jayamala, he fasted unto death, evidently under the influence of religion.
Jayamala (c. 865 – 885 AD)

● Jayamala was also known as Virbahu. Attacked by a fatal disease, he considered the world vain and
man’s life a water-drop and abdicate the throne in favour of his son Balavarman-II
Balavarman-III (c. 885 – 910 AD)

● He was the last important ruler of Salastambha Dynasty.
Tyaghasinga (c. 970 – 990 AD)

● The last ruler of Salastambha dynasty.
● He died childless and his officials appointed Brahmapala (a governor under the Salastambhas) as
their king.
Note:
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● Salastambha Dynasty ruled for more than three hundred years
● Kamarupa witnessed the zenith of her military power and glory during this period.
● During this period, Sankaracharyya, the great Vedantist reformer of South India, came to Kamarupa
to enter into a debate with the prominent Tantrik Scholar Abhinava Gupta.
Pala Dynasty
Brahmapala (c. 990 – 1010 AD)

● The first elected king of Assam.
● Brahmapala has left us no record but in the epigraph of Ratnapala he is described as a great warrior,
though simply called Maharajadhiraja.
Ratnapala (c. 1010 – 1040 AD)

● He left us Choratbari grant, Bargaon grant and Sualkuchi grant.
● Ratnapala had beautified and well fortified the city of Hadapyaka (probably later name of Harupeswara)
and renamed it as ‘Durjaya’ or the ‘impregnable one’.
Indrapala (c. 1040 - 1065 AD)

● We have two records of him - Gauhati grant and the Guakuchi grant.
● Marriage alliance with the Rashtrakutas.
Gopala (c. 1065 - 1085 AD)

● He has left us the Gachtal inscription.
● His mother was a Rashtrakuta princess named Rajyadevi.
Harshapala (c. 1085 - 1095 AD)
Dharmapala (c. 1095 - 1120 AD)

(Khonamukhi grant, Subhankarapataka grant and Pushpabhadra grant)
● The last important ruler of the dynasty.

● The famous Kalika Purana was written under his patronage.
● Towards the end of his reign, Dharmapala shifted his capital city to Kamarupanagar (North Gauhati).
Jayapala (c. 1120 - 1138 AD)

● Jayapala was defeated by king Ramapala of Bengal.
● This event is mentioned in the Ramacharita by Sandyakara Nandi.
● But it appears that Ramapala did not occupy or conquer Kamarupa proper but only snatched away her
possessions in North Bengal over which he appointed Tingyadeva as a ruler.
Later kings
● Vaidyadeva, succeeded Tingyadeva.
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● Vaidyadeva became the first Gauda ruler to conquer Kamarupa.
● Initially he was a feudatory ruler under the Palas of Bengal, but after the death of Kumarapala, he
became independent.
● He left us the Kamauli grant.
Successors of Vaidyadeva
● It is not known who succeeded Vaidyadeva.
● The Tabaquat-i-Nasiri mentions that Prithu or Viswasundaradeva was the king of Kamarupa at the
time of the invasions of Bakhtiyar Khilji (1205-06)
Administration of Ancient Assam

Seven component parts of a state were known to the kings of Kamrupa. The kalika Purana lays importance on
these elements and calls them Rajyangam. These components are - King, minister, territory, fort, treasury,
army and ally.
Central administration
Monarchy was the normal form of government. Chief title used by the rulers of ancient Kamarupa was
maharajadhiraj. Often, divinity was attached to the kingship. Ideal duties of the king -
● Welfare of his subjects
● His own and his family’s protection
● To protect and maintain Varnasrama Dharma
● Learning and expansion of Arya Dharma
● To patronize learning and promote art and culture
King was advised by a council of ministers. The actual strength of the Council is not known. Inscriptions refer
to the ministers as mantris, amatyas and sachivas. A set of officers helped the king. It included the Rajaguru
(royal priest), Bhisaka (Physician), Mahadvaradhipati (chief warden of the palace), Mahapratihara (head
chamberlain) etc.
Local administration
● The administrative divisions are in line with the Guptas.
● The Bhukti was perhaps the largest division.
● The mandala, appears to be the next administrative division. Mandala was probably a collection of
many visayas, the next administrative division.
● The lowest unit of administration was the grama or village.
● Inscriptions also mention small divisions like pataka, konchi and palli.
Military organisation
● The king was probably helped by a war minister.
● Under him there was a Commander-in-Chief or general.
● The division of the army was the traditional four fold one - ships, elephants, horses and infantry.
● The army personnel were recruited from all classes of people including the Brahmanas.
● The chief weapons of war were
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○ asi(sword),
○ parasu(axe),
○ khatvanga (spear) and
○ gada (mace) as well as
○ the bow and arrow. The assam tribes have always been expert archers and they used to poison
their arrows with aconite. The Doobi grant mentions Chakra (wheel), discus, javelin, sharp
arrows and other deadly weapons.
○ Surprise attack such as lying in ambush and then suddenly falling upon the enemy was the
chief strategy of the Assam tribes.
Religion
● Saivisim
● Sakti worship
○ The temple of Kamakhya on the Nilachala hill is a famous Sakta shrine in India.
○ Another noted centre of Devi worship was the temple of Tamreswari at Sadiya, where the
goddess in her Kesai Khaiti form was propitiated with sacrifices even of human beings.
○ Sun worship - According to Taranatha, before the introduction of Buddhism, the people of
Kamarupa were sun-worshippers. There are remains of a sun-temple at Sri Suryya pahar in
Goalpara. The recent architectural findings at malinithan in the lower Siang district of
Arunachal contain beautiful images of the Sun-god.
○ Vaishnavism - Naraka traced his descent from the Boar incarnation of Vishnu. Vishnu as
Hayagriva is still worshipped in Assam in the temple of Hayagriva madhava at Hajo.
○ Buddhism - Kamarupa was a stronghold of Vajrayana of Tantrik Buddhism and most of the
Vajrayana siddhas are associated with this land.
Art and architecture:

● The materials used for their construction were stone, brick and clay.
● The existing remains include architecture and fortifications, sculptured designs, icons and a few
specimens of painting.
● Evidences revealed that the sculptural art of Assam was started from the Gupta time.
● The Daparbatia temple of 5th-6th century A. D was the earliest example of the sculptural art of
Assam.
● The carving door frame bears the characteristic feature of the early Gupta School of sculpture
Da-Parvatiya (Sonitpur)
● The door jambs of Da Parbatia Temple are ornamented with the figurines of 2 Hindu mythological
Goddesses, Ganga and Yamuna, who are seen standing with grace and dignity and have garlands in
their hands as a sign of welcoming people inside the temple.
Deopahar / Deopani
● The classical features like transparent drapery, limited jewellery, drooping eyelids, finely polished body
were found in this new style.
● Besides, sculptures were carved out on black sand stone. Some other characteristic features such as
the round face with thick lips, broad and pointed nose, long ears, broad forehead, long hair and thick
eyebrows, and broad shoulder are illustrated.
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Akshaiganga
● One of the shafts of the pillars from the site show design resembling the Chalukyan style.
Gosaijuri
● Stone pieces from Gosaijuri in Nogaon showing yavanika and other designs are similar to the art of
southern India and even of Sri Lanka.
Madan Kamdev
● erotic postures of Madan Kamdeva temple are very similar to the sculptures of Khajuraho.
Haygriva Madhav Temple
● The Kalika Purana composed in the 11th century CE in Kamarupa talks about the origin of this form of
Vishnu and his final establishment in the hill of Monikut.
● The present temple structure was constructed by the King Raghudeva Narayan in 1583.
● According to some historians the King of Pala Dynasty constructed it in the 10th century.
● Some Buddhist believe that the Hayagriva Madhava temple, best known in the group of Hindu temples,
is where the Buddha attained Nirvana
● A most striking feature - the continuous row of elephants carved on the lowest level of the temple
walls - a structure akin to the stone cut temple of Ellora.
MEDIEVAL ASSAM HISTORY
Invasion of Muhammad-bin-Bakhtiyar Khalji (1205-06)

● The account of the expedition is based on that given in Tabaquat-i-Nasiri by Minhaj Uddin Siraj.
● Muhammad-bin-Bakhtiyar Khalji, was the governor of Bihar under Qutb-ud-din Aibak
● In 1202 AD, Bakhtiyar occupied Lakhnauti (Bengal) and three years later he launched a campaign of
territorial expansion to the east with his eyes fixed on the distant countries like China, Tibet or
Turkestan.
● Starting from Devkot towards the close of the winter of 1205 AD, he proceeded with an army of 10 to
12 thousand well equipped horsemen.
● He managed to get the services of a Mech chief whom he converted to the Islamic faith and
christened as Ali Mech.
● His army was defeated by the then Kamrupa rule Prithu or Viswasundaradeva
● Bakhtiyar, with a few of his best mounted soldiers, managed to reach the opposite bank and to return
to Devkot but only to die soon afterwards.
Kanai Barasi Rock of North Gauhati records -

“On the 13th of Chaitra, in the Saka year 1127, the Turks coming into Kamarupa were destroyed”.
Invasion of Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Khalji (1227)

● Ghiyasudddin Iwaz Khalji, the governor of Bengal under the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish.
● He led the second expedition to kamarupa in 1227 AD.
● In the meantime, Iltutmish’s son Nasiruddin invaded Bengal. Hearing the news, Iwaz hurried back to
Bengal, but he was defeated and put to death.
● Nasiruddin then ruled over Bengal and during this period he killed Prithu and placed his successor
Sandhya on the throne on the condition of paying annual tribute.
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Invasion of Tughril Khan
● Sandhya formed an alliance with the Chutiya king of eastern Assam through wedding ties.
● He occupied certain portions of Gauda and assumed the title Gaudeswara.
● Tughril Khan, governor of Bengal marched against him in 1257 AD.
● The Sultan was killed and his army defeated.
● Sandhya shifted his capital from Kamarupanagar to Kamatapur (founder of Kamatapur)
● Thenceforth the Kamarupa king assumed the title Kamateswara or Kameswara.
The rulers in succession of Sandhya were Sindhu Rai, Rup Narayan and Singhadhvaj. Later Singhadhvaj was
killed by his minister Pratapdhvaj.
Dharmanarayan and Durlavnarayan

● At the death of Pratapdhvaj, the throne was seized by his cousin Dharmanarayan.
● The kingdom was divided -, Durlabhnarayan taking the northern and eastern parts along with the city of
Kamatapur and Dharmanarayan (his uncle) retaining the rest which included Rangpur and
Mymensingh.
● After the conclusion of the treaty, Dharmanarayan sent 14 families of learned Brahmanas and
Kayasthas to the latter’s kingdom, with Kayastha Chandivar, the great - great - grandfather of
Sankardeva as the leader.
● Durlabhnarayan (1330-50) gave Chandivar the title Devidasa and also lands to settle at a place called
Bordowa.
● The famous Assamese poets - Harihar Vipra, Ram Saraswati (popularly known as Kaviratna
Saraswati) and Hema Saraswati adorned his court.
Note:
version of K
Hema Saraswati - Prahlad Charit, Hara-Gauri-Sambad (a umarasambhavam by Kalidasa).
Ram Saraswati - Jayadratha Vadha
Harihar Vipra - Babrubahanar Yudha, Lava-Kushar Yudha, Tamradwajar Yudha
Invasion by Sikandar Shah (1362)

● Durlabhnarayan was succeeded by his son Indranarayan.
● Sultan Sikandar Shah led an expedition to Assam.
Arimatta
● Indranarayan’s inability to resist the Muslims paved the way for the rise of the Bhuyans. One of them,
Arimatta or Sasanka killed Indranarayan and usurped the throne of Kamata.
Khen line of kings and invasion of Hussain Shah

● Niladhvaj Khen uniting the strength of several Bhuyans, established his authority over the whole
Kamata.
● The dynasty founded by Niladhvaj was called Khen dynasty which had three kings only
● Niladhvaj succeeded by his son Chakradhaj.
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● Bengal sultan Barbak Shah led an expedition to Kamata, but was defeated by the Kamata ruler.
● Nilambar succeeded Chakradhvaj.
● Bengal Sultan Alauddin Hussain Shah led a campaign.
● The territory upto hajo was annexed to the domain of the Sultan. This is the first success of the
Muslims in the history of medieval Assam. The Sultan set up his son Daniel as the ruler of
Kamata.
● The Bhuyans made a united attack on Daniel’s garrison and destroyed it to the last man.
The Buranjis also mention the names of Masandar Ghazi, Kalu Dewan and Sultan Ghiyasuddin, who were
possibly other generals of Alauddin Hussain Shah. Ghiyasuddin is said to have built a mosque at Hajo and
was buried near it. He had been exalted to the position of a saint by the local muslims, who consider this place
oa-Mecca (one-fourth of Mecca) and they still visit it to pay their homage to the saint.
as P
The Chutiyas and their kingdom

● Birpal, who was originally the head of sixty Chutiya families, was the founder of Chutiya kingdom.
● He claimed his descent from a legendary king named Bhismak.
● Birpal’s son Gaurinarayan, or Ratnadhvajpal was one of the most powerful of the Chutiya kings.
● He established his capital at Ratanpur on the north bank of the Brahmaputra and assumed the name
Ratnadhvajpal.
● Ratnadhvajpal sent an embassy to the Kamateswara, evidently Sandhya, asking him his daughter to
give in marriage to a Chutiya prince, Vijaydhvajpal.
● Ratnadhvajpal sent one of his sons to Gauda for higher education. Unfortunately the Chutiya prince
died there. The corpse was sent to Ratnadhvajpal, who was then engaged in building a city at
Sindhukshetra on the bank of the Kundil river, where it was cremated. From that time onward the
place came to be known as Sadiya, where the permanent capital of the Chutiyas seels to grow up.
● The last powerful ruler of the Chutiya kingdom was Dhirnarayan or Dharmadhvajpal
● Dhirnarayan was succeeded by his son-in-law nitipal, who had married the Chutiya princess
Sadhani by winning a marriage archery contest.
● Nitipal was the last ruler of Chutiya kingdom. During his rule, Chutiya kingdom was annexed to
Ahom Kingdom by Suhungmung in 1523 AD.
The Kacharis and their Kingdom

● According to certain traditions, there were two branches of Kacharis,
○ one ruling at Sadiya and
○ the other on the south bank of the Brahmaputra with capitals at Dimapur, Maibong and
Khaspur.
○ The southern branch of the Kacharis claimed their esent from Ghatotkacha, son of Bhima,
through the Kachari princess Hedamba or hidimba.
● The Kacharis are known under different names - Mech, Dimasa, Bodo or Bodo-fisa.
● The Kacharis were defeated by Suhungmung or the Dinihgia Raja, in 1526 AD
● Thenceforth the Kachari kings were called thapita sancita of the Ahoms.
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● The Kacharis then moved downwards and established their headquarters at Maibang on the bank of
the Mahur river.
● The Kacharis were conquered by the Koches in 1562 and Kamalnarayan (aka Gosain Kamal) was
appointed governor of Cachar.
The Koch kingdom

● The progenitor of the Koch royal family was one Haria Mandal, a resident of the village Chikanagram
in the Khuntaghat pargana in the Goalpara district.
● Haria mandal’s son Bisu (Biswa Singha) subjugated the neighbouring Bhuyans, after which he
declared himself king in 1527 AD. His kingdom was called Koch Behar with its capital at Kamatapur.
Biswa Singha died in 1540 AD.
Naranarayan
● Biswa Singha’s eldest son Malladev became king and assumed the name Naranarayan.
● He made his brother Sukladhvaj his commander-in-Chief, who was also given a new name, Sangram
Singha. He was popularly known as Chilarai (the ‘Kite King’),
● Ahoms were defeated by the Koch kingdom during the rule of Naranarayan. The Koch army
conquered the whole of the nort-eastern India within a brief period of about 4 years (1662-65).
● It is to be noted that the Koches did not annex these conquered territories, but were satisfied to secure
their allegiance and tributes.
● Chilarai was attacked by small-pox and died sometime between 1572-75.
● Chilarai had a son named Raghudev. Naranarayan was blessed with a son named
Lakshminarayan. Naranarayan divided the kingdom into Koch Bihar (Lakshminarayan) and Koch Hajo
(Raghudev).
● Naranarayan died in 1587.
● Naranarayan rebuilt the temple of Kamakhya with bricks in 1565.
● Sankaradeva, a subject of the Ahom kingdom who started this movement failed to get support from
the Ahom government and, therefore, moved to the Koch kingdom for shelter and support. It is under
the patronage of the Koch government that he founded the institute of Satra in order to propagate his
teachings.
● Naranarayan’s court was adorned with scholars
○ Sankaradeva and Madhvdeva
○ Prurshottam Vidyabagish, who compiled a grammar, Ram Saraswati, who made valuable
renderings of the Mahabharata,
○ Ananta Kandali, the translator of the Bhagavata,
○ Sridhar who made Assamese renderings of astrological works
○ Bakul Kayastha, who made Assamese renderings of Arithmetic by Lilawati in verse.
● Gohain Kamal Ali, from Koch Behar to Narayanpur in the present Lakhimpur district, constructed by
his brother Gohain Kamal.
● Ralph Fitch, a Portuguese traveller visited the Koch kingdom during his reign.
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Sankardeva and Neo-Vaishnava movement in Assam
Sankardeva
● Born in 1449, in Alipukhuri of Nagaon
● Father - Kusumbar Bhuyan and mother - Satyasandhya
● Brought up by grandmother - Khersuti
● Got enrolled in the tol of Mahendra Kandali.
● At the age of 21 years, in 1470, married Suryavati and a daughter was born named Manu.
● At the age of 32 (1481), Sankardeva went on pilgrimage.
● He returned after 12 years, at the age of 44. He laid the foundation of Neo-Vaishnavism in Assam
● The first Satra set up by Sankaradeva - Bordowa in about 1494 AD.
● But Vaishnavas soon confronted the hostility of the Brahmanas (the then Ahom King Suhungmung was
greatly influenced by Brahmanism)
● Sankardeva and his followers migrated to the Koch kingdom in 1546 and made their settlement at
Patbausi near Barpeta.
● The Koch king Naranarayan was greatly impressed by the saint’s personality and assured him of safety
in the propagation of Vaishnava creed.
● Sankardeva used Brajawali language to propagate his religion.
Neo-Vaishnavism
● Sankaradeva taught qualified monism of absolute surrender to one supreme God and advocated the
Dasya attitude of Bhakti, in which the votary is to consider himself as the servant of God.
● Also known as Eka-Saran-nama dharam, Mahapurushiya dharma or Bhagawati Dharma.
● The four principles of Neo-Vaishnavism in Assam are - Guru, Deva, Bhakta and Nama.
● Sankardeva taught equality of all human beings and accepted disciples from all religions, tribes and
professions
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○ Chandsai - Muslim
○ Govinda - Garo
○ Paramananda - Miri
○ Jayananda/ Jayaram - Bhutia
○ Narottam - Naga
○ Narahari - Ahom
○ Srirama - Kaivarta
○ Madhava - Potter
○ Damodar - trader.
Structure of vaishnavite organization

● Satra is the most important organ
● The eclesiastical order of Satra consisted of -
○ Satradhikar - Popularly called Gosain or Mahanta
○ Bhakats - Celebate devotees were called kewaliya bhakat
○ Sisyas
● Other important functionaries are -
○ Bhagwati - recited and expounded the Bhagawata
○ The Pathak - read the religious texts
○ Deori - distributed man-prasad
○ Bharali - Store keeper
○ Hatimota - who summoned the disciples in the Hatis (cells where they lived)
○ Gayan - singer
○ Bayan - players of musical instruments.
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Ahoms
Sukapha - Rise of the Ahoms
SUKAPHA (1228 – 1268):
● Sukapha belonged to the Chan/ Shan branch of the Tai or Thai family of South East Asia
● As a result of a dispute with one of his brother he left his home in Mong Mao in 1215.
● He proceeded towards Patkai through Hukawng Valley (Burma), crossed Daikam Hills, then river
Khamzang and stopped near Nangyang Lake.
● There he subjugated the Nagas.
● In 1228 he reached Namrup (Brahmaputra valley) and Tipam and set up his head quarters.
● In 1253 he permanently established his kingdom in Charaideo (Sivsagar)
● In his administration, Sukapha was assisted by two ministers - Burhagonain and Borgohain.
● Buranji writing started in Assam
● He died in 1268.
SUTEUPHA (1268-81):
● Sukapaha was succeeded by Suteupha

● He extended his western boundary up to Namdang
● During the reign from Subinpha to Supimpha, there was no extension of Ahom Kingdom
SUBINPHA (1281-93)
SUKHANGPHA (1293 – 1332)
SUKHRANPHA (1332 – 1364)
SUTUPHA (1364 – 1376)
SUDANGPHA (1397 – 1407)
● Also known as Bamuni Konwar

● The first official entry of the Hinduism to the Ahom court
● The worship of Vishnu continued along with Ahom deity Chom-Cheng (Chomdeo)
SUJANGPHA
SUPHAKPHA
SUSENPHA
SUHENPHA
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SUPIMPHA
SUHUNGMUNG (1497 – 1539):
● Also known as “Dihingia Roja” as he shifted his capital to Bakata, on the bank of the river Dihing.
● Assumed the Hindu title “Swarganarayan”
● Adopted Saka Era in place of the Ahom system of calculation by cycle of 60 years
● A new Minister’s post was introduced – “Barpatra Gohain” in 1504.
● the first buranji in Assamese entitled Sri Sri Swarganarayan Maharajar Janma Katha was written,
wherein the Ahoms were assigned the origin from the Aryan god Indra.
● In 1523, Chutiya kingdom was annexed to Ahom kingdom and the officer called Sadiya Khowa
Gohain was appointed to administer it. Phrasenmung - the first Sadiya Khowa Gohain
● Last Chutia king Nitipal’s queen Sadhani, who preferred death to rurrender, committed suicide by
throwing herself from the top of the Chandangiri hill.
● Rikkhvan ceremony was performed to celebrate the victory.
● In 1536, Kacharis revolted against Ahom. Their king Detchung was caught and beheaded. Whole
Dhansiri Valley along with the Kachari possessions up to the Kalang River were annexed to Ahom
kingdom. The administration was placed under a new officer called “Marangikhuwa Gohain”.
● In 1532, Turbak Khan invaded Assam. He was defeated and killed. First use of firearms by Ahom.
● The first ever census took place during his reign.
● Suhungmung met his death in 1539 as a result of a conspiracy hatched by his eldest son Suklenmung
Mula Gabharu was the wife of an Ahom General who lost his life in the battle during Turbak Khan’s Invasion.
After his death, Mula Gabharu, seeking revenge and to defend her country, lead the army and fought with
exemplary bravery and perseverance and caused major damage to the invasive Muslims. However, she laid
her life during a direct engagement with the General of the Invaders Turbak.
SUKLENMUNG (1539-1553):
● He was popularly known as “Gorhgayan Raja” as he shifted his capital to Gorgaon.

● Gorgaon Pukhuri and Naga Ali were built under his reign.
● He placed the deity of Chom-Cheng (Chomdeo) in a separate temple outside the palace, but inside the
campus
SUKHAMPHA (1553 – 1603)
● Also known as “Khora Raja”

● Ahoms sustained defeat in the hands of Koches in the battle of Dikhou and Handia in 1562.
SUSHENGPHA (1603 – 41)
● Also known as Pratap Singha.

● Also called Buddhi Swarganarayan and Burha Raja
● Fight with Kacharis in 1606 and with Mughals in 1615 once and again.
● He replaced Ahom Kotokis (messangers) by Brhamans
● Two posts were introduced – Barbarua (Mumai Tamuli) and Barphukan (Langi Panisiya)
● Mumai Tamuli Barbarua started Paike System.
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● Built Chandika temple at Chaygaon.
● Treaty of Asurar Ali, 1639 - the Barnadi on the north bank of the Brahmaputra and the Asurar Ali, on
the south, were fixed as the boundary between the Ahom and the Mughal territories.
● Paik System -
○ Derived from the word ‘Padatika’ (foot soldiers)
○ every adult male between the age 16 to 50 was registered as a paik
○ Four paiks (later three) formed a unit called got
○ Paiks were also organized into professional khels
○ The paiks were broadly divided into two classes - kanri and chamua. The regular peasantry,
which was bound to give its service to the State as a soldier in times of war and as a labourer in
times of peace was called kanri paiks. Peasants of good birth or relative affluence were called
chamua paiks.
SURAMPHA/BHAGA RAJA(1641-44)
NARIYA ROJA /SUTYIMPHA (1644-1648)
JAYADHWAJ SINGHA / SUTAMLA (1648-1663)
● Mir Jumla’s invasion in 1662.

● Jayadhvaj Singha took to flight to Namrup (that is why he was called Bhaganiya Raja).
● Treaty of Ghilajharighat in 1663 (January 22).
● Offered his daughter to the Mughal harem (Nang Se or Ramani Gabharu was given in marriage to
Azamtara, son of Aurangzeb).
● Died in November 1663.
CHAKRADHWAJ SINGHA (1663-1669)
● He was the cousin of Jayadhwaj Singha and also known as Charing Raja.
● Lachit Barphukan, son of Momai Tamuli Barbarua, was made Barphukan.
● Guwahati was recaptured with the assistance of Lachit Barphukan and Atan Buragohain
● Mughal army under Ram Singha came to Assam in 1669.
UDAYADITYA SINGHA (1669-1673)
● Ahom name Sunyatpha (1669 - 73)

● Battle of Alaboi
● Battle of Saraighat in 1671
● When Ahom soldiers were retreating, Lachit, in spite of his illness, rushed into the thick of the Mughal
fleet with six war-vessels.
● Mughals were defeated.
RAMADHWAJ SINGHA
● Udayaditya Singha’s younger brother (Ramdhvaj Singha/ Siklampha) hatched a conspiracy against
him, and in league with Debera (alias Lechai) Hazarika, poisoned him to death.
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● Later Debera managed to cause Ramadhvaj Singha poisoned to death and put Suhung on the throne.
SUHUNG
● Suhung was assassinated after a short reign of 21 days only.

● Debera put Gobar on the throne
GOBAR
● Debera and Gobar both were killed by Atan Buragohain.
SUJINGPHA
SUDAIPHA
● Parvatiya Raja (owing to his residence at Charaideo Paravat)
LORA ROJA / SULIKPHA (1679 – 1681)
● Lachit was succeeded by his elder brother Nimati alias Laluk Sola as the Barphukan.
● Lalok Sola Barphukan appealed for Mughal help to make him the king of Assam, in return he
surrendered Gauhati to the Mughals.
● King Sudaipah and Aton Burhagohain along with his sons were executed.
● The Barphukan then brought in a fourteen year old prince named Saru Goahin / Sulikpha /
Ratnadhvaj Singha
Episode of Jaymati
● Laluk Sola Barphukan’s main target of attack was Gadapani, son of Gobar.
● Spies were sent out on foot to gather information of Gadapani, who had been roaming about incognito.
● Gadapani’s pregnant wife Jaymati was therefore brought to the court and interrogated, but she refused
to say anything about her husband’s whereabouts.
● She was then tortured to death at Jerenga pathar. This noble sacrifice of Jaymati for the cause of her
husband and hence for her country is still held in great esteem by the Assamese.
GODADHAR SINGHA (1681 – 1696)
● Also known as Gadapani.

● Changed his attitude towards Satras. False kewalia Bhakats are punished
● Built Dhodar Ali was constructed
● Battle of Itakhuli (near Sukleswar) – 1682
● Manas was decided to be the boundary between Mughal and Ahom
● Founder of Tungkhungiya dynasty
● Patron of Sakta Hinduism. Built temple of Umananda
● First ruler in North East to introduce land survey.
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“Do not appoint persons of low social ranks in high offices. Do not trust persons with foreheads smeared with
horizontal lines (the Sakta Brahmanas). Do not entertain the courtiers with female-dancers dancing to the tune
of drums”. - Gadadhar Singha on his deathbed.
RUDRA SINGHA (LAI) (1696 – 1714)
● Expedition against Kacharis and Jayantias.

● Ordered Vaishnava Gossains to have their headquarter in Majuli.
● Received Auniati Gossain as his religious preceptor.
● Synod of Garhgaon (1702) - debarred the Sudra Mahantas from initiating the Brahmanas.
● Introduced five new khels – Katoky, Kakati, Bairagi, Khaund and Doloi.
● Court poet – Kaviraj Chakraborty who composed “Sankha-sur-badh” and translated Abhijnanam
Sakuntalam and Brahma-Vivatra Purana.
● He built- Joydoul and Jaysagar.
● He also built Kharikatiya Road, Durbariyam Road and Meteka road.
● He built Namdang bridge.
SIVA SINGHA (1714 – 1744)
● He was initiated by Krishnaram Bhattacharya (Parbatiya Gohain)

● He was a weak ruler and relied heavily on astrology.
○ Bor Roja – Phuleswari/ Pramateswari. Died in 1731. Built Gaurisagar Tank
○ Bor Roja – Drupadi/ Ambika. Died in 1738. Built Shiva Doul and Sivasagar tank
○ Married Sarbeswari or A nadori.
RAMATTA SINGHA (1744 – 1751)
● Built Rang Ghar (originally built with bamboo during the rule of Rudra Singha)
● Also built Singhaduar at Gargaon, Sukleswar and Redreswar Temple at Guwahati
RAJESWAR SINGHA (1751 – 1769)
● Sent the army to Manipur to help king Jai Singh in his fight against the Burmese.(Lata Kata Ran)
● Manipuri Queen – Kuranganayani
● Kirtichandra Barbarua (Gendhela) ordered to burn the Buranjis writteb by Numali Borgohain.
● He built Kareng Gharat Gargaon, Basistha Ashram, Navagraha Mandir, Chitrachal Mandir, Har-Gouri
Devalya and Talatal Ghar.
LAKSHMI SINGHA (1769-1780)
● Moamoriyan rebellion in 1769

● Lakshmi Singha fled to Guwahati
● Moamorinan’s placed their nominee Ramakant on the throne.
● Laxmi Singha reinstated on the throne after one year.
● Ragha, the Barbarua, was killed by a Huchari Party on 14th April, 1770.. Ramakanta escaped, but
later captured and put to death.
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GAURINATH SINGHA (1780-1794)
● Second Moamoriyan rebellion 1782.

● British send troop under Thomas Welsh for his help in 1792
KAMALESWAR SINGHA (1795 – 1810)
CHANDRA KANTA SINGHA (1810 – 1818)
● Conflict between Purnananda Buragohain and Badan Barphukon.

● First Burmese invasion 1817.
● The first Assamese-Burmese encounter took place at Giladhari.
● In 1819 Badan Chandra was assassinated and Chadra Kanta Singh was replaced by Purnadar Singh
PURANDAR SINGHA (1818- 1819)
● Second Burmese invasion 1819. (Burmese commander Ata Migi)

● Chandra Kanta Singha was once again restored to the throne
CHANDRAKANTA SINGHA (Second term)
● Third Burmese invasion (1821)

● Patalong, under whose supervision a fort was being built at Jeyposr, was killed.
● Chandra Kanta fled to Guwahati
● The Burmese placed an Ahom prince, Jogeswar Singha on the throne.
● The period from 1821 to 1824 is called period of Burmese rule
First Anglo- Burmese war (1824 - 26)

● War was declared on the 5th of March 1824.
● On 24th February 1826 treaty of Yandabo was signed between Burma and English.
○ King of Ava (Burma) renounced all his claims over Assam
○ Gambhir Singh was recognized as the ruler of Manipur
● Company made separated agreements with Raja Govindra Chandra of Cachar and Raja Ram Singha
of Jaintia
MODERN ASSAM HISTORY
Establishment of Company rule

● David Scott was appointed the “Agent to the Governor General for Eastern frontier from Cachar in the
south to Sikkim in the North” in 1823
● In 1828, British permanently annexed lower Assam. Scott was entrusted with the responsibility to
administer lower Assam and Captain Neufville was appointed as political agent to Upper Assam with
his HQ at Biswanath.
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Uprising against the British by Ahoms
First uprising
● 1828 - Gomdhar Konwar and Dhanjay, a former Borgohain.
● Gomdhar Konwar surrendered and was given 7 years imprisonment.
● Dhanjay was captured, but later escaped to Naga hills
Second uprising
● Second attempt was made by Eyang Gomandeo, an Ahom prince.
● It ended prematurely as he fell into a trap of the subehdar of Sadiya
Third uprising.
● 1829 - Dhanjoy
● Aided by his two sons Harakanta and Haranath, his son-in-law Jeuram Dulia Barua, Peoli Phukan (son
of Badan Barphukan), Duram Dihingia Barua and Krishnanath and Singphos.
● Rupchand Konwar was projected as the future king of Assam.
● Peoli Phukan and Jeuram Dulia Barua were hanged in August, 1830.
Purandar Singha - The last Ahom ruler

● Purandar Singha was reinstated on the throne in Upper Assam (region lying east of Dhansiri River in
the South bank of Brahmaputra and the region lying east of Biswanath in the north of Brahmaputra);
HQ - Jorhat
● Treaty of Gauhati was signed in 1833.
● Purandar Singha ruled till 1838.
● It was annexed to British India in 1838.
Annexation of Cachar and Jayantia

● There was a clash between Manipur and Cachar
● the king of Cachar, Govind Chandra was assassinated
● he had no descendant and Cachar was annexed in August 1832 to the British Empire
● Similarly Jaintia was also annexed in 1835
Indian National Movement and Assam

Maniram Dewan
● Born in 1806 in Sivsagar
● He worked in the ministry of Purandar Singha till it was annexed by the British.
Revolt of 1857
● In 1857, there were two main regiments stationed in Assam:
○ Assam Light Infantry Battalion under Major Hannay - HQ: Dibrugarh
○ Assam Light infantry Battalion - HQ: G auhati.
● Maniram Barua, goaded Kandarpeswar Singha (grandson of Purandar Singha) to raise the standard
of revolt.
● The revolt was suppressed. Maniram Dewan and Peoli Barua were hanged (26 february, 1858).
Kandarpeswar Singha was put under surveillance.
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The first language issue
● 1836 - Bengali was declared as official language.
● Initially assamese had no problem with it -
○ Haliram Dhekial Phukan - ‘Assam Buranji’ in Bengali
○ Maniram Dewan - ‘Buranjir Vivek Ratna’ in a corrupt form of Bengali
● Situation changed after recruitment of Bengalis in government offices.
● Anandaram Dhekial Phukan wrote pamphlet using the pseudonyms ‘A Native’, where he strongly
defended the Assamese language.
● Missionaries also supported the cause of Assame language
● First Assamese journal ‘Orunudoi’ was published in 1846 (Dr. Nathan Brown - editor)
● 1873 - Assamese was made the official language.
Peasants’ revolts
The Phulguri uprising (1861)

● First peasant movement in Assam
● Causes -
○ Ban on opium cultivation
○ Increase in land revenue
○ Rumours that cultivation of tamul (areca nut) and pan (betel vine) would be made taxable
● Lt. Singer was beaten to death and his body was thrown into the river Kalang by the crowd
The Rangia uprising (1893-94)

● Causes -
○ Enhancement of revenue
○ Supply of government opium
● On 24 December, 1893 Ragia Bazar was looted by the protestors.
The Patharughat uprising (1894)

● About 2000 rayats assembled in front of the rest house of Anderson, the Dy. Commissioner of
Darrang, to lodge their protest against the enhanced rates of assessment.
● Police open fired, which brought death to fifteen and severe injury to many rayats.
Local political Associations
Jorhat Sarbajanik Sabha

● Founded in 1884 under the initiative of Jagannath Barua
● President - Raja Naranarayan Singha, Secretary - Jagannath Barua
Assam Association
● Founded in 1903
● President - Prabhat Chandra Barua
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● Vice President - Jagannath Baruah
● General Secretary - Manik Chandra Barua
● Headquarter - Guwahati
● First session - Dibrugarh, 1905
The Literary Associations
Assam Desh Hitasini Sabha

● Formed in 1885 at Sivsagar through the efforts of Priyalal Barua
Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha

● Formed in 1888
● Published a monthly journal called Jonaki
○ First issue - 1889
○ First editor - Chandra Kumar Agarwala.
Swadeshi Movement
● After Bengal partition, the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam was placed under J. B. Fuller
who assumed charge as Lieutenant Governor of the new province at Dacca.
● Important leaders of Swadeshi movement in Assam - Ambikagiri Raychoudhury, Govinda Lahiri etc.
Political development in Assam

● 1911 - Bengal partition annulled
● 1912 - Assam got a provincial Council of its own.
○ No. of members - 34. (13 nominated, 21 elected)
○ The Legislative Council of Assam first met on 6th January, 1913 at 11 am at Shillong.
○ It was presided over by Sir Archdale Easle, the Chief Commissioner of Assam.
○ The prominent members (non-official) of the council were - Kammini Kumar Das, Manik
Chandra Barua, Padmanath Gohain Barua, Tarun Ram Phukan, Ghanashyam Barua, Radha
Binod Das, Muhammad Saadulla and Raja Prahat Chandra Barua
○ Many leaders resigned from the assembly because of lack of power like Tarun Ram Phukan,
Radha Govinda Das (Sylhet) and Phani Dhar Chaliha.
● 1916 - Assam Student Conference was organized
○ President of the first session - Lakshminath Bezbarua
● 1920 - Non-cooperation movement was launched by Gandhi (and INC)
○ At that time, the general secretary of Assam Association was N. C. Bordoloi
● 1921 - Mahatam Gandhi’s first visit to Assam
○ 2nd - 1926
○ 3rd - 1934
○ 4th - 1946
● 1921 - Assam Pradesh Congress Committee was formed
○ First President - Kuladhar Chaliha
○ Secretary - Nabin Chandra Bordoloi
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● 1921 - Chargola tragedy
○ Hundreds of Tea garden labours of Chargola and Longai valley of Karimganj lost their lives in a
protest in May, 1921.
● 1922 - NCM movement was called off
● Two-member committee of Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya came to
Assam to study the political situation in Assam.
● Swarajist party was formed in Assam with Tarun Ram Phukan as the President in 1923.
○ Swarajist won 13 seats out of 39 in Assam provincial election of 1923.
○ Swarajists formed a colition government (Assam Nationalistic Party) in Assam with help of
independent candidates.
● 1926 - Swarajist Party withdrew from Assam Government.
● 1926 - 41st INC session was held in Pandu, Guwahati (1926) under the Presidentship of SS
Srinivas Iyenger.
○ Tarun Ram Phukan was elected as a member of CWC for 1926-27
● 1930 - Civil disobedience movement launched.
○ Tarun Ram Phukan did not support this movement.
○ Rohini Kumar and N. C. Bordoloi were unenthusiastic.
○ Bishnu Ram Medhi took the responsibility of launching CDM in Assam.
○ From Assam, Liladhar Barua joined the famous Dandi March
○ Puspalata Das along with Sarla Saxena, Punyaprabha Barua and Jyotsna Mazumdar
organized the Mukti bahini.
○ Rani Gaidinliu played major role in the Civil Disobedience in Assam.
○ Then the Director of Public Information, JR Cunningham issued Cunningham circular in Assam
to restrict participation of students in the movement.
● 1935 -Government of India Act
○ Assam legislature became bicameral
○ Legislative council - 22 members. Legislative assembly - 108 members.
● 1937 - Syed Mohammad Sadulla formed government on 1st April, 1937. (first Chief minister of Assam)
○ Basanta Kumar Das was elected the first speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly
○ Sadulla Submitted resignation on 13th September, 1938
○ Ambika Giri Roy Choudhury, founded ''Assam Sangrakshini Sobha'' (later renamed as Assam
Jatiya Mahasabha)
● 1938 - Bopinath Bordoloi’s first ministry.
○ Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (5th President of India and only President of India from Assam) was also
a member of Bordoloi’s ministry.
○ Bordoloi’s ministry resigned on 17th November, 1939.
● 1939 - Sadulla’s second ministry
○ Sadulla supported British’s war effort.
○ Students protest
○ “Gauhati Day” was observed for Anti-War demonstration.
○ Sadullah, in the wake of several no-confidence motion, submitted resignation on 12th
December, 1941
● 1941 - 1st Governor’s rule in Assam
○ Governor - Robert Neil Reid
○ 25th December 1941 - 24th August 1942
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● 1942 - Quit India movement
○ Sadullah formed the third ministry.
○ Women wing of APCC was formed in September 1940 with Puspalata Das and Amritprava Das
as joint secretary.
○ Mrityu Bahini was formed in 1942.
○ Kanaklata Barua and Mukunda Kakati were shot dead in Gohpur.
○ In Sibsagar, the individual Satyagraha movement was started by Moulana Tayebulla, the
President of the Asom Pradesh Congress Committee.
○ Kushal Konwar was arrested on the ground of derailing a train in Sarupathar (Golaghat) and
later hanged on 15th June 1943.
● 1946 - Gopinath Bordoloi’s second ministry
● 1946 - Cabinet mission plan
○ Assam was put under Group C - Bengal and Assam.
● 1946 - Muslim League formed a secret organization in Bengal and Assam by the name of “ Banglo-i-
Islam”. The purpose of this organization was to mobilise Muslim youths for a separate state Pakistan.
● 1947 - Mountbatten Plan
○ On 6th and 7th July of 1947, a referendum was held in Sylhet district of Assam after which
Sylhet was included in East Pakistan with 56% vote.
Post independence history of Assam

● The first governor of Assam was Sir Akbar Hydari
● The first chief minister of Independent Assam was Gopinath Bordoloi
Gopinath Bordoloi (1946 – 1950)

● Gauhati University was established (1948)
● Gauhati High Court was established (1948)
● Guwahati station of All India Radio was established (1948)
Bishnu Ram medhi (1950 – 1957)

● First Five-Year Plan was started
● Panchayat system of governance was introduced
● The he went on to become the governor of Madras
Bimala Prasad Saliha (1957 – 1970)

● 63rd Session of Congress in Guwahati (1958)
● Saraighat Bridge was constructed (1963)
● Noonmati oil refinery was established (1962)
● Language revolt of Assam (1959-60)
● Official Language Act (1960)
Mahendra Mohan Choudhury (1970 – 1972)

● Bongaigaon Petrochemicals
● Jogighopa Paper mill
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● Silghat (Nagaon) Jute factory
Sarat Chandra Singha (1972 – 1978)

● Capital shifted to Guwahati from Shillong (1973)
Golap Borbora (1978 – 1979)

● First non-congress government in Assam (Janata Dal)
Jogendr Nath Hazarika (September – December, 1979)

● President’s rule imposed in Assam for the first time (12th December, 1979 – 13 January, 1980) owing
to the – Assam Agitation
ASSAM AGITATION / ASSAM MOVEMENT (1979-1985)

● Between 1948 and 1971, there were large scale migrations from Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) to
Assam.
● In 1978 Hiralal Patwari died, requiring a by-election in the Mangaldoi Lok Sabha Constituency to fill his
seat. During the process of the election, observers noticed that the number of registered voters had
grown dramatically. AASU demanded that the elections be postponed till the names of foreign
nationals were deleted from the electoral rolls. The Assam Agitation developed from there.
● December 10, 1979, Khargeswar Talukdar, the 22-year-old general secretary of Barpeta AASU Unit,
was beaten to death and thrown into a ditch next to the highway at Bhabanipur. Talukdar has been
honoured by the Assam Movement as its first Martyr. AASU observes 10 December every year as
Swaheed Diwas.
● In 1983, Indira Gandhi government passed Illegal Migrant (Determination by tribunal) Act, popularly
known as IMDT Act.
○ It provided special protections against undue harassment to the “minorities” affected by the
Assam Agitation. Under the IMDT Act, the burden of proving the citizenship or otherwise rested
on the accuser and the police, not the accused. This was a major departure from the provisions
of the Foreigners Act, 1946. (The Act was challenged by Sarbananda Sonowal in courts. It was
struck down by the Supreme Court of India in 2005 in Sarbananda Sonowal v. Union of India.)
● Negotiations took place between the government and AASU-AAGSP during 1984-85. Finally Assam
Agitation ended with the signing of Assam Accord in 1985 between then PM Rajiv Gandhi and the
leaders of Assam Movement.
Assam Accord
Accord between AASU, AAGSP and the Central Government on the Foreign National Issue (Assam Accord),
15 August 1985
1. The Government have all along been most anxious to find a satisfactory solution to the problem of
foreigners in Assam. The All Assam Students Union (AASU) and the All Assam Gana Sangram
Parished (AAGSP) have also expressed their keenness to find such a solution.
2. The AASU through their Memorandum dated 2nd February 1980 presented to the late Prime Minister
Smt. Indira Gandhi, conveyed their profound sense of apprehensions regarding the continuing influx of
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foreign nationals into Assam and the fear about adverse effects upon the political, social, culture and
economic life of the State.
3. Being fully alive to the genuine apprehensions of the people of Assam, the then Prime Minister initiated
the dialogue with the AASU/AAGSP. Subsequently, talks were held at the Prime Minister’s and Home
Minister’s level during the period 1980-83. Several rounds of informal talks were held during 1984.
Formal discussions were resumed in March, 1985.
4. Keeping all aspects of the problem including constitutional and legal provisions, international
agreements, national commitments and humanitarian considerations, it has been decided to proceed
as follows:
Foreigners Issue
5.1 - For purposes of detection and deletion of foreigners, 1.1.1966 shall be the base data and year.
5.2 - All persons who come to Assam prior to 1.1.1966, including those amongst them whose names
appeared on the electoral rolls used in 1967 elections shall be regularised.
5.3 - Foreigners who came to Assam after 1.1.1966 (inclusive) and upto 24th March, 1971 shall be
detected in accordance with the provisions of the Foreigners Act, 1946 and the Foreigners (Tribunals)
Order 1964.
5.4 - Names of foreigners so detected will be deleted from the electoral rolls in force. Such persons will
be required to register themselves before the Registration Officers of the respective districts in
accordance with the provisions of the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 and the Registration of
Foreigners Rules, 1939.
5.5 - For this purpose, Government of India will undertake suitable strengthening of the government
machinery.
5.6 - On the expiry of a period of ten years following the date of detection, the names of all such
persons which have been deleted from the electoral rools shall be restored.
5.7 - All persons who were expelled earlier, but have since reentered illegally into Assam shall be
expelled.
5.8 - Foreigners who came to Assam on or after March 25, 1971 shall continue to be detected, deleted
and practical steps shall be taken to expel such foreigners.
5.9 - The Government will give due consideration to certain difficulties expressed by the AASU/AAGSP
regarding the implementation of the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983.
Safeguards and economic development

6. Constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards, as may be appropriate shall be provided to
protect, preserve and promote the culture, social, linguistic identity and heritage of the Assamese
people.
7. The Government take this opportunity to renew their commitment for the speedy all round economic
development of Assam, so as to improve the standard of living of the people. Special emphasis will be
placed on education and science and technology through establishment of national institutions.6.
Constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards, as may be appropriate shall be provided to
protect, preserve and promote the culture, social, linguistic identity and heritage of the Assamese
people.
Other issues
8.1 - The Government will arrange for the issue of citizenship certificates in future only by the
authorities of the Central Government.
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8.2 - Specific complaints that may be made by the AASU/AAGSP about irregular issuance of Indian
Citizenship Certificates (ICC) will be looked into.
9.1 - The international border shall be made secure against future infiltration by erection of physical
barriers like walls, barbed wire fencing and other obstacles at appropriate places. Patrolling by security
forces on land and rivering routes all along the international border shall be adequately intensified. In
order to further strengthen the security arrangements, to prevent effectively future infiltration, an
adequate number of check posts shall be set up.
9.2 - Besides the arrangements mentioned above and keeping in view security considerations, a road
all along the international border shall be constructed as to facilitate patrolling by security forces. Land
between border and the road would be kept free of human habitation, wherever possible. Riverine
patrolling along the international border would be intensified. All effective measures would be adopted
to prevent infiltrators crossing or attempting to cross the international border
10 - It will be ensured that relevant laws for prevention of encroachment of government lands in tribal
belts and blocks are strictly enforced and unauthorized encroachers evicted as laid down under such
laws.
11. It will be ensured that the relevant law restricting acquisition of immovable property by foreigners in
Assam is strictly enforced.
12 - It will be ensured that Birth and Death Registers are duly maintained.
Restoration of Normalcy
(Clause 13 to 15)
Syda Anowara Taimur (December, 1980 – June, 1981)

● One and only Muslim Chief Minister of Assam
● One and only Woman Chief Minister of Assam
Kesab Chandra Gogoi (January, 1982 – March, 1982)

● Father of former CJI Ranjan Gogoi.
Post Assam Agitation

1983 - in the election held in 1983 Congress form the government under Hiteswar Saikia
1985 - Assam Accord was signed
1985 - For the first time in the history of Assam, Assam gana Parishad (AGP), a regional party, formed the
government under Prafulla Kumar Mahanta.
1990 - President's rule was imposed in the state
Spell of president rule in Assam
➔ December, 1941 - November, 1942: Governor’s rule for want of majority of any party
➔ October 1945 - March, 1946: Governor’s rule for want of majority of any party
➔ 12 December, 1979 - 6 December, 1980: President’s rule
➔ 30 June, 1981 - 13 January, 1982: President’s rule
➔ 19 March, 1982 - 27 February, 1983: President’s rule
➔ 27 November, 1990 - 30 June, 1991: President’s rule
1991 - The Congress form the government under Hiteswar Saikia as the Chief Minister
1996 - After the death of hiteswar Saikia on 22nd April 1996, Dr Bhumidhar Barman took charge as the acting
Chief Minister for a few days
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1996 - AGP from the government led by Prafulla Kumar Mahanta
2001 - 2006 - 2011 - Congress party headed by Tarun Gogoi got elected thrice to form the government
2016 - BJP late National democratic Alliance won a majority of seats in the Legislature with 86 seats, followed
by congress with 26 seats and AIUDF with 13. Sarbananda Sonowal of BJP became the chief minister of
Assam.
Assam Legislative Assembly

● 1861 - Under Indian Council act 1861 - Assam did not have its own democratic institution
● 1905 - Assam was tagged with East Bengal and the institution was then called Legislative Council of
eastern Bengal and Assam, which started functioning from December 18 1906.
● 1909 - The council had a strength of 40 members out of which Assam was allotted 5 seats
● 1909 - Assam was granted a legislative council under the Government of India Act 1909
● 1912 - Assam was reconstituted into a chief commissioner’s province.
● 1913 - The Assam Legislative Council came into being with strength of 34 members - 13 nominated,
21 elected. The Legislative Council of Assam first met on 6th January 1913 at 11 a.m. at Shillong,
which was presided over by Sir Archdale Easle, the chief commissioner of Assam.
● 1919 - under Government of India Act 1919 the strength of the Legislative Council was reached to 53
members with effect from 1st April 1921 - 41 elected 12 nominated.
● 1935 - The Government of India Act 1935 provided for a Legislative Assembly in each province and as
a result the legislature in Assam became bicameral. the Assam Legislative Assembly have the
strength of 108 members and all of them were elected members
● 1947 - Assam Legislative Council was abolished and Legislature of Assam became unicameral
● strength of Assam Legislative Assembly (post independence)
○ 1952 - 57: 108
○ 1957 - 62: 105
○ 1967 - 72: 114
○ 1972 - 78: 126 (it has continued till date)
Note:
❏ The Assam Legislative Assembly has so far 19 speakers
❏ Late Babu basanta Kumar Das was the first speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly
❏ The present speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly is Hitendra Nath Goswami ( 14th Assam
Legislative Assembly)
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Assam Geography
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Physiographic division
Brahmaputra Valley
● Avg. width of the Brahmaputra Valley: 80 km
● Catchment area –
○ Tibet: 2,93,000 sq.km
○ India and Bhutan: 2,40,000 sq. km
○ Bangladesh: 47,000 sq. km
● Avg. width of the river: 5.46 km.
● Avg. annual discharge: 20,000 cumec. (approx.)
● Fifth largest in the world w.r.t. discharge
● Avg. dry season discharge: 4420 cumec
● Avg. slope in Tibet and Arunachal: 2.82m/km
● Avg. slope in Assam: 0.1 m/km
● The drainage area lying in India is 194413 sq.km
● The drainage area is nearly 5.9% of the total geographical area of the country.
● The culturable area of the sub-basin is about 12.15 M. ha
● The culturable area is 6.2% of the culturable area of the country.
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Bridges over Brahmaputra
❖ Saraighat Bridge (Rail cum road bridge)

➢ Location: Kamrup
➢ Opened: 7th June, 1963
➢ Length: 1.29 Km.
➢ Company: Hindustan Construction Company
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➢ Cost: 10.6 Crore
❖ Kaliabhomora Bridge (Road bridge)
➢ Location: Tezpur - Kaliabor
➢ Opened: 14th April, 1987
➢ Company: Hindustan Construction Company
➢ Cost: 80 Crore
❖ Naranarayan Setu (Rail cum road bridge)
➢ Location: Jogighopa (Bongaigaon)
➢ Opened: 15th April, 1998
➢ Length: 2.3 Km.
➢ Company: The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company Limited(BBJ)
❖ New Saraighat Bridge (Road bridge)
➢ Location: Kamrup
➢ Opened: 29th January, 2017
➢ Length: 1.5 Km.
➢ Company: Gamon India Limited
❖ Bogibeel Bridge (Rail cum road bridge)
➢ Location: Dhemaji - Dibrugarh
➢ Opened: 25th December, 2018
➢ Length: 4.32 km
➢ Longest rail cum road bridge in India
➢ Asia’s 2nd longest rail cum road bridge
➢ 5th longest bridge in India
➢ Company: HCC
❖ Bhupen Hazarika Setu (Dhola-Sadiya) (Road bridge) (OVER LOHIT)
➢ Location: Dhola-Sadiya (Tinsukia)
➢ Opened: 26th May, 2017
➢ Company: Navayuga Engineering Company
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Barak Valley
Karbi Hills / Mikir Hills

● Part of Meghalaya plateau
● Average height of this plateau is 600 m.
● Dambukso (1,363m)
● Singhasan (1359 m)
North Cachar Hills

● Borail range – highest hill range of Assam
● The highest peak of Assam – Laike peak (1959 m)
Assam census data

Area: 78438.08 Sq. km (16th in India, 2.39% of total territory of India)
Population: 3,12,05,576 (15th in India, 2.58% of total population of India)
Density: 398/ Sq. km (India - 382)
Urban/ rural population 14% / 86%
Sex ratio: 958 (PER 1000 MALE) 49% (India – 943)
SC/ ST: 6.85% / 12.41%
Literacy rate: 72.19% (M77.85% / F 66.27%)
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Soils
The soils of Assam may generally be divided into four groups -

● Alluvial soils - extensively distributed over the Brahmaputra and Barak plain
● Piedmont spoils - confined to the northern narrow zone along the Himalayan foothills. These soils
comprise the Bhabar and Tarai soil
○ Bhabar Soil - in the narrow Bhabar zone along the Assam Arunachal border extending east up
to the river Subansiri
○ Tarai Soi - just south of the Bhabar soils extends up to Dihang river in some disconituous
narrow patches
● Hill soils
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○ Red sandy soils - distributed covering a narrow belt along the Assam-Meghalaya border, the
Karbi Plateau, souther parts of Barail ranges of the N. C. Hills disctirct and some parts of the
foothills along the eastern border of the Cachar district.
○ The red loamy soils - occur in the narrow southern foothill belt running alons the Assam’s
border with Arunachal and Nagaland and also in the southern fringes of the Karbi Plateau and
the Barail hills of N.C. Hills district. A few patches of these soils trending nort-south are also
found along the Assam-Mizoram border.
● Lateritic soil - occur almost entirely over the N. C. Hills district covering some parts of southern Karbi
Plateau while few patches are confined to eastern margin of the Hamren sub-division of Karbi Anglong
district, southern border of Golaghat district and the northern part of the Barak plain along the foothills
of the Barail range.
Climate
● The state of Assam lies in the region of monsoon climate of the subtropical belt.
● The Himalayan ranges standing on the north and east of the Brahmaputra valley protect the area from
the chilli code means of the given region in winter and obstructive and moist wiens going from the
south west in summer. the cloud brought by the Southwest monsoon that passes over the southern
Hills including the Meghalaya plateau precipitate in the Brahmaputra valley.
● The depression at the eastern end of the Himalayas permits the north-east monsoon during post winter
months and has an influence on the precipitation of the valley.
● Under varying intensities of the weather elements and resultant weather conditions Assam normally
experiences four climatic seasons -
1. Pre monsoon: The pre monsoon begins in the early part of March and continues up to the end
of May. in this season marked atmospheric instability develops and severe thunderstorms
occur, sometimes preceded by dust-raising squalls. It favours the cultivation of tea, jute and ahu
rice.
2. Monsoon: the monsoon sets in by the last week of May or in early June and it lasts up to
September or the first part of October. 70% of the total annual rainfall occurs during this period.
This is the most important season during which sali rice, the principal crop of the state is
cultivated.
3. Retreating Monsoon: The south-west monsoon withdraws sometimes in between the last part of
September and first part of October and continues up to the middle of November, when fogs
commonly occur.
4. Dry Winter: the winter season begins in the middle of November and continues up to the end of
February. This season is characterised by low temperature, regular morning fogs and very little
amount of rainfall. December and January are the driest months and generally, January is the
coldest month.
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Biodiversity
● The total area covered by forests in Assam is 39.2% of the total geographical area of the state.
● But reserved forest area covers 22% of the total geographical area of the state.
● The highest concentration of forests in the state occurs in Karbi Anglong (450893 ha, 43.64%) and
N.C.Hills (187070 ha, 38.55%)
● The lowest concentration occurs in Bongaigaon district (5354 ha, 17.09%)
● Forests types - Forest in Assam can be classified into three types
○ Evergreen
○ Semi-evergreen
○ Deciduous and degraded scrub
The protected area network comprises of 3925 sq. km. (5% of total geographical area of Assam)
World Heritage Site

Manas national Park (1985)
Kaziranga National Park (1985)
Biosphere Reserve
Manas BR (1989)
Dibru-Saikhowa BR (1991)
Project Tiger
Manas National Park (1973)
Nameri National Park (2001)
Kaziranga National Park (2007)
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Elephant Reserve
Sonitpur Elephant Reserve
Dihing-Patkai Elephant Reserve
Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Elephant Reserve
Dhansiri-Lungding Elephant Reserve
Chirang Ripu Elephant Reserve
Ramsar Site
Deepar Beel
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Other Wildlife sanctuary
❖ Nambor – Doigrung Wildlife Sanctuary (Golaghat) and Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary (Karbi Anglong) -
Famous for Hot water springs
❖ Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary (Marigaon) - World's highest density of One horned Rhino
❖ Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary (Udalguri) - Constituted especially for the protection and conservation
of Hispid Hare and Pigmy Hog.
❖ Deepar Beel Wildlife Sanctuary (Kamrup) - The only Ramsar Site in the State
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Social Forestry
● The social forestry programme was launched in Assam in 1980-81.
● Objectives -
1. To meet the requirement of leaf-fodders, fuel wood and other forest products including small
timber of the local people
2. To help the effort of individuals producing fuel wood, fodder and other forest products
3. To extend forest to all categories of land without affecting the ownership and also to bring a
sense of responsibility for protection maintenance and care of forest
4. To provide employment and economic upliftment of the present and future generations
particularly in the rural sector, and
5. To ensure maintenance of ecological balance.
The people & the population

● The first race to settle in Assam was Austrics (entered through the sea routes), then followed the
Mongolians (entered through the Patkai hill range via Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan) and finally came the
Aryans (entered via north-west route).
● According to Final Population totals of 2011 census, the population of Assam stands at 31205576.
● Nagaon is the largest district, population wise (9.07%), followed by Dhubri (6.25%), Sonitpur (6.18%)
and Cachar (5.57%)
● Kamrup (Metro) has the highest population density (13313) followed by Dhubri (896) and Barpeta
(742). Dima Hasao is the most sparsely populated area (44).
● Baksa has the highest sex-ratio (974) followed by Udalguri (973), Chirang (969), Lakhimpur (968) and
Marigaon (967). Dima Hasao has the lowest sex-ratio (932).
● Literacy rate is highest in Kamrup (Metro) (88.71%) and lowest in Dhubri (58.30%)
● Religion -
○ According to the 2011 census, 61.47% of the people of Assam are Hindus, 34.22% are muslims
and 3.7% are Christians.
○ Others - Jainism (0.1%), Buddhism (0.2%), Sikhism (0.1%)
● Language -
○ Assamese (48.8%), Bengali (20.05%), hindi (5.8%), Bodo (2.8%), Nepali (2.1%)
Natural Resources
Mineral Resources
Crude oil
● The commercial discovery of oil was made in 1889 at Digboi.
● Digboi refinery commissioned on 11th December, 1901.
● Earlier it was owned and operated by Assam Oil Company Limited
● The management of the Digboi Oil field was taken by Oil India Limited in 1981.
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● Digboi refinery has been termed as the ‘Gangotri of Indian Hydrocarbon Sector”.
● Other oilfields -
○ Naharkatiya Oilfield - discovered in 1953
○ Moran Oilfield - discovered in 1956
○ Rudrasagar Oilfield - Oil was struck at Rudrasagar field by ONGC in 1960
○ Lakowa Oilfield - Discovered in 1965
● Refineries -
1. Digboi refinery - 1901 (capacity - 3 lakh tonnes)
2. Noonmati refinery (Guwahati refinery) - 1962 (capacity - 1 million tonnes)
3. Bongaigaon refinery - 1979 (capacity - 1.35 million tonnes)
4. Numaligarh refinery (Accord refinery) - 1999 (capacity - 3 million tonnes)
Natural Gas
● In Assam almost all the petroleum producing areas of the Upper Brahmaputra valley, especially
Naharkatia, Moran, Lakwa and Rudrasagar, contain ‘associated natural gas’.
● The important industries so far built up on the basis of the natural gas of Assam are - Namrup Fertilizer
Factory, Namrup Thermal Power Project, Assam Gas Company. Bongaigaon Refinery also uses
natural gas as raw material to produce various chemicals.
Coal
● The first coal mining in the region was started in 1865 at the Makum coal fields under the initiative of H
B Medicate.
● Coal fields of Assam -
○ Tinsukia district - Makum Coal field, Saraipong Tarajan Coal Deposits,
○ Dibrugarh/Sivsagar - Dilli-Jeypore Coal Field
○ Karbi Anglong - Sheelveta, Koilajan
○ N. C. Hills - Garampani, Khota Arda Coal Deposit, Dithor Coal Deposit,
● Since, the coal mines (Nationalisation) Act of 1973, the North Eastern Coal Field Limited (NECFL) of
Coal India Limited has been operating in the Makum and Dilli-Jeypore Coalfield area with nine mining
leases spread over an area of 62 sq. km. The mining lease areas are -
i. Baragolai
ii. Lekhapani
iii. Tirap Coal grant
iv. Namdang Coal grant
v. Dilli
vi. Jeypore
vii. Bimalapore
viii. Koilajan Mining lease and
ix. Sheelveta.
Limestone
● Limestone deposits in Assam
○ Karbi Anglong - Dillai parbat, Sheelveta, Koilajan
○ N C Hills - New Umrangsho, Juipahar, Umrangsho.
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○ Bokajan cement factory is based on the lime stone reserve of Koilajan
■ Assam has only one large Cement factory in Bokajan (Karbi-anglong)
■ The factory started production in 1977.
Clay
● Pottery clay (Kumaramatti) - occurs throughout Assam
● Fire clay - in Ledo and Namdang area, the fire clay occurs with the coal seams. The fire clay deposits
of Sheelveta and Koilajan were also investigated by DGM (Directorate of Geology and Mining)
● China clay or Kaolin - Bering relatively pure clay, it is used in ceramic industry. Deopani, Sheelveta and
Silanijan (all in Karbi Anglong district) have good Kaolin deposit
● Lithomerge(white clay) - Silanijan in Karbi Anglong.
● Fuller’s earth - used by the washer man to clean clothes. Occurs at Subankhata (Kamrup). It can
bleach vegetable oil but is not suitable for petroleum refining.
● Drilling clay - it is of so fine consistency that when mised with water, it forms a kind of emulsion and
remains in suspension for a long time with very little treatment. It is found at Mathurapur of Sivsagar
district.
Sillimanite deposit
● The wonder rock that can be used without processing.
● Recent discovery in Karbi Anglong.
Feldspar
● Chiefly used in manufacture of glass, pottery, ceramic glaze, enamels, vitreous enamels etc.
● Occurs at Hahim (Kamrup) and Rangchali (Karbi Anglong).
● There is a promising occurrence of feldspar near Pancharatna of Goalpara district.
Gold
● Alluvial gold occurs in many rivers of Assam such as - Subansiri, Dikrang, Sissi, Dihing, Dibong and
Noa-Dihing.
● Besides these rivers, placer gold is also represented from all the other tributaries of the Brahmaputra
River in Upper Assam
Iron ore
● Occurs at - Chandardinga (Dhubri), Len Gupara (Goalpara), Kumri (Goalpara)
Quartz
● Hahim (Kamrup), Sheelveta and Rangchali (Karbi Anglong)
Mica
● Mainly two types of mica occur in Assam -
○ Muscovite - Borduar Reserve Forest of Kamrup and Dholamura Hills of Goalpara district
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○ Lithium (lepidolite) - Chakrashila Hills
Agriculture
● About 63% of the State’s working orce are engaged in agriculture and allied activities.
● The State has a gross cropped area of about 40.60 lakh hectares (2015-16), more than 79%
accounting for foodgrain crops.
● Principal food crop of Assam is rice.
● Cash crops - jute, tea, cotton, sugarcane etc.
The main crops

Rice - it is the most important foodcrop of Assam and is cultivated all across the state. Rice is cultivated in the
state in two seasons - Sali rice during summer and Ahu and Bao during winters. From last few years another
type of rice called Bodo rice is also cultivated in the state.
Wheat - Presently, more or less it is grown in all the districts of Assam. It is grown as Rabi crop (November -
March). Leading states - Kamrup, Nalbari, Barpeta, Dhubri.
Maize - Maize is cultivated in the state by the farmers for their own consumption and not commercially.
Leading districts - Karbi Anglong and Dima- Hasao.
Pulses - Pulses are the second most staple food in Assam after rice. These are Rabi crops.
Oilseeds - A variety of oilseeds is produced in the state like mustard, sesamum, castor, groundnut etc.
Soybean - Karbi Anglong, Marigaon, Barpeta.
Potato - Assam produces the highest quantity of Potato in North East India.
Cash crops
Jute - the required condition for jute cultivation (high rainfall and high temperature) are filled by
Brahmaputra and Barak valley. The state produces about 81% of total jute cultivation in NE India and second
in rank among the states of India after WB.
Cotton - Second most important producer of cotton in North East. Mainly two hill districts of Karbi-Anglong
and North Cachar Hills have favourable climate and physiography for cotton cultivation
Sugarcane - it is widely produced in the districts of Golaghat, Jorhat, Sibsagar, Nagaon, Kamrup, Nalbari and
Barpeta. Based on raw materials, a sugar mill in Baruabamun gaon in Golaghat district and another near
Kampur in Nagaon district were established.
Rubber - Rubber plantation started in Assam for the first time in 1960s / 1970s. Presently, as many as 15-20
plantations are cultivating rubber in Assam.
Coffee - Assam is the second important state in NE India for coffee production after Nagaland. Most of the
coffee gardens in Assam are located in Karbi-Anglong and Dima Hasao districts. Gunjang is the largest
coffee garden in Assam.
Tea - Tea is the main cash crop of the state. Thousands and lakhs of people in the state are dependent
economically on tea. The state produces largest amount of tea in the country. About 17% of the workers of
Assam are engaged in tea industry.
Tobacco - it is done in very small quantities by the farmers for domestic use.
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Industries
Tea Industry
● Tea in Assam was discovered by Rober Bruce in 1823.
● The drink was locally known as Fanap.
● 1834 - The then Governor General formed a committee to examine the possibility of commercial
cultivation of tea.
● 1839 - A company known as the Assam Company was formed to take over the experimental holdings
of teh EIC administration over the tea gardens established in Assam till then. Nazira was the HQ of
this company until it was shifted to Calcutta in 1965.
● 1839 - A private British Entrepreneur started a tea garden near Chabua (Dibrugarh)
● 1840 - A group of British planters formed Assam Company at Nazira for commercial plantation of tea in
a large scale.
● 1859 - Jorhat Tea Company was formed
● Assam produces the largest quantity of tea among all the Indian states. Assam alone produces more
that 50% of India’s tea production and about 1/6th of the tea produced in the world.
● 1911 - Toklai tea research centre was started (Jorhat)
● 1970 - Tea Auction centre was established in Guwahati. This is the world’s largest CTC tea auction
centre and the world’s second largest in terms of total tea
● About 17% of the workers of Assam are engaged in tea industry.
● The government has secured a Geographical indication for the tea produced in the state. As a result
“Assam Tea” is known as “Assam Orthodox Tea”.
Details Covered in Assam Economy
Transportation and Communication
Roads
● The road network - 58202 km
○ National Highway - 3900 km
○ State Highway - 2530 km
○ Major District Roads - 4379 km
○ Urban Roads - 1615 km
○ Rural Roads - 37030
○ Roads under panchayat and other Non-PWD roads.
National Highways passing through Assam
1. 31 Boxirhat Jalukbari
Phone - 6901259799/9864174653
2. 31B North - Salmara Jogighopa
3. 31C Srirampur Rakhaldubi
4. 36 Nagaon Lahorijan
5. 37 Jogighopa Saikhowaghat
6. 37(extn) Saikhowaghat Santipur
7. 37A Kuwaritol Mission Charali (Tezpur)
8. 38 Makum Lekhapani
9. 39 Numoligarh Dimapur
10 51 Paikan Bazengdoba
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11 52 Baihata charali Jonai

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Dirok Rupai
12 52A(extn) Gohpur Assam-Arunachal Border

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13 52B Barbarua Kulajan

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14 52B(extn) Kanubari in Assam NH-37 near Bogibeel Bridge approach

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15 54 Silchar Lailapur
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16 54E Doboka Silchar

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17 61 Assam-Nagaland Border Jhanji

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18 62 Dudhnai Bhagmara
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Phone - 6901259799/9864174653
19 152 Pathsala Indo- Bhutan Border
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20 153 Lekhapani Jairampur

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21 154 Dhaleswar Bhairabi

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22 53 Jiribam Badarpurghat
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23 44 Malidhar Churaibari
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24 151 Karimganj Sutarkandi

.
Railways
● The railway route length in Assam at the end of 2016-17 was 2440.39 km (broad gauge)
● Till the end of March 2016, Assam shares only 3.7% of the total railway route length of the country.
Air Transport
Airports in Assam
➢ Chabua Air Force Station - Dibrugarh
➢ Dibrugarh Airport - Mohanbari
➢ Jorhat Airport - Rowriah
➢ Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport - Borjhar (Guwahati)
➢ North Lakhimpur Airport - Lilabari
➢ Rupsi India Airport - Dhubri
➢ Silchar Airport - Kumbhirgram
➢ Sookerating Airport - Tinsukia
➢ Tezpur Airport - Salonibari
Inland Water Transport

● Brahmaputra has 891km navigable length of waterways from Sadiya to Dhubri
● Barak has 94 km length of navigable waterways
● Sadiya-Dhuburi stretch - 2nd National Waterways of the country.
● Barak river - National waterway 16 (121 km)
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● Assam Inland Water Transport
○ Established in 1958
○ The IWT , Assam has 3 (three ) nos. of Divisions namely Guwahati , Dibrugarh & Silchar.
○ There are 5 (five ) nos. Sub-Division offices located at Guwahati, (PPC Sub- Division ),
Goalpara , Jorhat , Dibrugarh and Hailakandi
○ For imparting training to the Crews , one Crew Training Centre is established at Guwahati
Assam Polity
❖ Lok Sabha seat - 14
❖ Rajya Sabha sets - 7
Legislature
● Unicameral
● The Assam Legislative Assembly is composed of 126 members.
● Present speaker - Hitendra Nath Goswami
Judiciary
● Gauhati High Court (originally known as Assam high Court) was established in 1948. It was renamed
as Gauhati HC in 1971.
● Sir R. F. Lodge was the first Chief Justice of Assam High Court (Later Gauhati HC).
● Gauhati High Court is the common High Court for the states of Assam, Nagaland, mizoram and
Arunachal Pradesh.
○ Kohima Bench for the State of Nagaland (Estd. 1972)
○ Aizawl Bench for the State of Mizoram (Estd. 1990)
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○ Itanagar Bench for the State of Arunachal Pradesh (Estd. 2000)
● At present, the sanctioned Judge strength of the Gauhati High Court is 24 including the Chief Justice
and 6 additional judges.
● Current Chief justice of the Gauhati HC - Justice Ajai Lamba.
Local Administration
The state is divided into 5 divisions -
Division Name Divisional Office Districts
North Assam Tezpur Udalguri, Darrang, Sonitpur, Biswanath, Lakhimpur,

Dhemaji
Lower Assam Panbazar, Guwahati Dhubri, Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Goalpara, Baksa,

Chirang, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamrup Rural, Kamrup Metro,
South Salmara-Mankachar
Central Assam Nagaon Dima Hasao, East Karbi Anglong, West Karbi Anglong,
Nagaon, Morigaon, Hojai
Upper Assam Jorhat Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Golaghat,

Charaideo, Majuli
Barak Valley Silchar Cachar, Hailakandi, Karimganj
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The Panchayati raj system
Assam has gone through 5 Panchayati Acts -
1. Assam Rural panchayat Act (1948)
2. Assam Panchayati Raj Act (1959)
5. Assam Panchayat Act (1994)
3 Tier System
Gaon Sabha and Gaon Panchayat

● Gaon Sabha consists of all the persons registered in electoral rolls relating to a village or a agroup of
villages comprised within the area of Gaon Panchayat
● The state government can declare any local area with population in between 6-10 thousands as a
Gaon Panchayat.
● The members and the president are directly elected
● The member of the Gaon Panchayat are directly elected for 5 years.
● The Goan Panchayat shall consist of 10 members with 1/3rd seats reserved for women. 50% of these
shall be reserved for women belonging to SC adn ST.
● At present there are 2202 Gaon Panchayats in Assam.
Anchalik Panchayat
● It consists of one member from each Gaon Panchayat to be directly elected by the people.
● The president and vice-president are elected by the elected members from amongst themselves.
● At present there are 185 Anchalik Panchayats in Assam
Zila Parisad
● The members are directly elected
● The Chairperson is indirectly elected.
● At present there are 20 Zila parishads in Assam.
Municipality
● The Assam Municipal Act 1956. Amended twice - in 1994 and 1997
● Municipality area is divided into territorial constituencies called wards.
● All the ULBs consist of elected members (councilors) from each ward (directly elected).
● Chairman is elected by the councillors of the wards.
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Autonomous councils
Art and Culture
Fairs and festivals
Bihu
● There are 3 Bihus celebrated by the people of Assam
● Bohag Bihu / Rongali Bihu: Celebrated from the last day of the month of “Sot”. the celebration
continues for the upcoming 7 days of Bohag.
○ Seven days, seven bihus -
■ Goru Bihu - Worship cow,
■ Manuh Bihu,
■ Gossain Bihu - people offers prayers in the namghars and take part in the Nam
Prasanga,
■ Senehi Bihu - Assamese weavers wash and clean their handlooms,
■ Nangol Bihu - farmers clean their agricultural equipments and prepare it for upcoming
activities,
■ Mela Bihu - people visit each other house and have jolpan and
■ Sera Bihu - people wrap gamosa on a banyan tree to bid good bye to bohag bihu.
● Kati Bihu: kati bihu is celebrated on the Sankranti of Ahin. As this bihu is celebrated amidst crisis, the
bihu is also called kangali Bihu. worship tulsi plant
● Magh Bihu: Celebrated just after harvesting season and hence it is also called as Bhogali Bihu.
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Ambubachi Fair
● Celebrated once a year in the first part of Ahar (June-July) month. Generally starts on the seventh day
of Ahar and because of that, it is also known as Sath.
● This festival is associated with the fertility cult. It is believed that during Ambubachi, mother Earth
attains her menstruation.
● Ambubachi is also known as Amati.
● During these four days, ploughing and digging of earth are prohibited and worship is not allowed and
sexual intercourse also strictly prohibited.
● Ambubachi festival of Kamakhya is very popular.
Elephant festival
● Organized at the Kaziranga National Park.
● Joint operation by the Forest Department and Tourism Department of the GoA.
● Aims at creating awareness about the environment amongst the people and to reduce man-elephant
conflicts.
Dihing Patkai Festival

● Organized by the GoA in the month of January every year at Lekhapani, Tinsukia.
● To attract tourist and bring tourist potential in the area.
Majuli Festival
● The festival displays the rich culture of different tribes of Assam
Me-Dum-Me-Phi
● It is an ancestor worship festival of the Tai Ahom of Assam
● Me-Dam-Me-Phi means offering oblation to the dead ancestors and sacrifice to god.
● Performed every year on 31st January.
Batheli
● In thefirst week of Magh (January-February), Batheli festival is celebrated in some parts of Assam,
especially in lower Assam.
● Also known as Sori / Suwari / Parwa festival
Matheni
● One of a popular festival of Darrang district.
● Celebrated in Devananda Satra on the day of kati Bihu.
Moho ho
● Moho ho or Mah Kheda means mosquito chasing.
● Celebrated in the full moon day of Aghon (November-December)
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● In some places a boy rigged in dried banana leaves or banana barks dances in a shuffling manner as a
bear, while the other sing around him.
Nouka Tana Ceremony

● Prevalent from the time of Ahom Kingdom. Celebrated for the amusement of the king
● Celebrated at different places of Assam, especially in Sualkuchi, hajo and some parts of nalbari
Districts
● Baramasi songs are associated with this ceremony.
Jonbeel Mela
● Organized every year in Jagiroad of Morigaon district.
● In the festival, the hill tribes come down with their products and engage in barter system.
Karam Puja
● Most important festival of Tea Workers of Assam.
● Held in the month of Bhada (August - September)
● The festival is centered around the Karam tree
Tusu Puja
● Celebrated by the tea workers
● They consider Tusu as the goddess of crops.
Baisagu
● Bodo version of Bohag Bihu.
● The supreme deity Bathou or lord Shiva is worshipped during the festival.
Ali-aai-Lignag
● Agri-based festival celebrated by the Mising community.
● Community feast and ‘gumrang’ dance are main attractions of this festival
Tribes of Assam
Bodo
Dress
● Jumgra / madamni gamcha - an Endi wrapper used by the Bodo men
● Dokhana - a single piece of cloth used by Bodo women.
Food
● Bedor goran - dried flesh of pork popular among the bodo people
● Na-goran and napham - dried fish
● Madh or jau - traditional rice beer consumed by the Bodo people.
Festivals
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● Bathou Puja - Bathou Borai is their supreme God who is symbolized by the Siju plant. Perform dances
like deodhani and Kherai nritya
● Kherai puja
● Garja puja
● Baisagu
● Katri gasa - celebrated on the last day of the month of Ahin.
Mishing
Dress
● Sumpa - a wide strip of cloth worn by Mising woman around the waist, extending down to the knees
● On festive occasions the women wear the Yambo, riwi Gaseng and Ege and the men wear the
Miboogaluk, Tangali and Gonroo.
Food
● Ngo San - preserved fish
● Apong - rice beer
Festivals
● Ali-ai-ligang - celebrated on the first Wednesday of the Ginmur Polo (month of Fagun). (Ali -
roots/seeds, aye - fruit, Ligang - sow). Dance performed - Gumrag. The festival is concluded with
Dapan Tipani (community feast)
● Porag - celebrated after harvesting during Ahar-Haon month of the Assamese calendar. Also called
Nora-singa festival. Celebrated after 3-5 years. The festival ends with a prayer dance known as Ponu
Nunam.
● Amrag - a ritual of ancestor worship.
● Dobur puja - celebrated to increase the fertility of the earth after sowing crops.
Tiwa
Dress
● The women wear a waistband called as Thongali
● The plain Tiwa men wear a dhoti Nimai Sola and a shirt called as Thagla.
Food
● Zu - rice beer
Festivals
● Baishak Bishu - Bohag bihu. Celebrated on the first wednesday of bohag.
● Jongkong puja - it is a lakhmi puja for them
● Borot Puja - also called Kumari Puja, because a virgin girl is taken as Broteswari (incarnation of Parvati
devi) and celebrate the puja.
● Langkhun Puja - celebrated at the end of kati month or the beginning of Aghun month.
Rabhas
Dress
● Women - Rifan, Kambung and Khodabang
● Men - Pajal (dhoti), Pazar (neck cloth), Buksil (shirt), Phali (Handkerchief)
Food
Chako, Makham, Sinchina - rice beer
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Festivals
● Langa Puja
● Baikho / Khoksi puja - Baikho is the god of wealth and prosperity
Deories
Dress
● Women - Igu (lower wrapper covering the body from the chest to the toes), jokka Chirba, Gatigi, Baiga
● Men - Iku (long cloth for the waist), Bose or Jema (kind of towel), Deicha, Churu Icha
Food
● Suze - rice beer
● Meroku Jubura, Merkuji Jubura, miduji jubura, Ujungon Niyom - differen curries.
Festivatls
● Bohagiyo Bisu
● Magiyo Bisu
Dimasa
Di-water, Ma - Big, Sa -son (son of a big river)
Dress
● Men - richa, chola, cholahula, Gainthou, rikausa, paguri, sagaopa and rimchauramai
● Women - rigu, ritap, rijamphai, rijamfinaberen, rikaucha, rikhra, jinsudu etc.
Food
● Zou - rice beer
Festivals
● Bikhu - thow types of Bikhu - Sarem bikhu and Hang chewmanaoa bikhu. Celebrated between
November to March
● Rajni Gabra and hasni Gabra - Rajni Gabra is celebrated during the day time and the hasni gabra is
celebrated at night.
● Busu Dima - prior to celebration of Busu, a specially decorated and artistically designed gate called
Fangsla is erected a tthe main entrance to the village.
Singphos
Dress
● Women - khakhokhring, Bukang and bukang
● Men - Bupaor Baka and a white turban called Pham bam.
Food
● Sapop - rice beer
Festivals
● Singphos are followers of Buddhism
● Every year on 14th February they celebrate the day as Sopong yong manau poi.
Khamti
Food
● Pasom and pasao - two types of fish preparation.
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● Nguhaing - dry meat
● Fak-pasa - Dishes made with potato yam and fish
Festivals
● They are Buddhist
● Poi Changkan, Mai Ko soom Phai
Karbis
Dress
● Jalcho - a wrapper to cover the upper part of the body
Food
● Horlong - rice beer
● Toman - Fermented fish preserved in bamboo pipes.
Festivals
● Rongker, Hacha Kekan, Chomankan
Architecture of Assam
Agnigarn
● Located in Tezpur
● This fortress was built by king Banasura to keep his daughter Usha in isolation
● Literally it means residence amidst fire
Ashwaklanta Temple
● Located in North Guwahati
● It was built by Shiva Singha in 1720 AD
● According to sources, it is believed that, when Lord Krishna came to kill narakasura, his horse felt tired
and took rest here
Ajan Pir’s Dargah

● Located in Sibsagar District
● This sacred mausoleum was built in the memory of a well-known Muslim reformer in Assam and saint
named Ajan Fakir
● He composed Zikir (a type of spiritual songs). It is believed that, he composed around 160 zikirs but
only 90 are found
● He gained popularity and good numbers of followers in due course of time but at the same time carned
enmity of a Muslim official named Rupai Dadhora. Rupai Dadhora insisted the Ahom king that Azan
Fakir was misleading the people and Muslim religion. The Ahom king ordered to pluck out his eyes.
The Pir finally let his two eyes drop by his own
● This is an important tourist place where people from all the religions visits
Phone - 6901259799/9864174653
Athkhelia Namghar:
● Located in Golaghat
● Regarding origin, no proper source has been found. According to sources, Gadapani appointed 8
families to look after the Namghar. Those 8 families in course of time increased their numbers to 8
colonies (Kuri or Khel) and after this the name of the Namghar came to be known as Athkhelia or
Athkuria.
Ugratara Temple
● Located in Guwahati is one of the 51 Shakti peeth in India.
● It is believed that, the navel of sati is purported to have fallen here.
● The Ahom king Shiva Singha built this temple in the first part of 18 Century near Jor Pukhuri.
Umananda Temple:
● This temple is located in the smallest inhabited river island of the world named Umananda or Peacock
Island.
● The hill where the temple located is called Bhasmachal Hill
● Total 3 temples are found in the island. the Shiva temple, built by Gadadhar Singha; Chandrasekhar
temple by Chandrakanta Singha; the Har-Gauri temple by Kamaleswar Singha.
Kamakhya Temple:
● Located at Nilachal Hill, Guwahati.
● It is one of the 51 Shakti Peeth of Hindu Religion
● It is said that, the temple of Kamakhya was built by Narakasura.
● The ruins of the temple was said to have been discovered by Biswasingha of Koch kingdom that
revived the worship of the temple and rebuilt it
● The temple was destructed by Kalapahar, a Muslim general of Bengal in 1571-72
● Later on, Naranarayan of Koch kingdom rebuilt it in the present form .
Talatal Ghar:
● Located in Rangpur, Sivasagar, Kareng Ghar or Talatal Ghar is one of the grandest examples of
Ahom architecture.
● It was built by Rajeswar Singha and is a seven-storied edifice
● The upper for stories are known as Kareng Ghar and the underground 3 stories are known as Tolatal
ghar
Barpeta Kirtan Ghar and Satra:

● Located in Barpeta district is around 500 years old
● Mahapurush Madhabdev was the founder of this institution
● Mathuradas Ata was the first Satradhikar of the satra.
● The Kirtan Ghar is now considered as the epitome of the medieval Assamese architecture and
sculpture.
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● There is a lamp called the Akhyay Banti, which is believed to be continuously lighting for 500 years.
Joydoul and Joysagar Tank:

● Located in Jaysagar of Sivasagar District.
● This temple was built by Ahom king Rudra Singha in memory of his mother Joymoti in the 17th century.
Dhekiakhua Bornamghar:
● Located in Jorhat District.
● It was established by Mahapurush Madhabdev.
● An earthen lamp is burning in the Namghar from last 550 years.
Tamreswari Temple:
● Also known as Kesal Khati Gokhani Temple is situated in Sadiya of Tinsukia District
● It was built by Chutia kings.
● The temple roof was made of Copper (Tam in Assamese), and hence the name Tamreswari.
● The practice of human sacrifice in the temple was prevalent which was stopped by King Gaurinath
Singha
Da-Parbatiya:
● It is the oldest architectural remains of Assam.
● The temple door frame is located at Dah-Parbatiya village of Tezpur.
● It was built in the 6th century AD by Salasthambha Dynasty rulers.
Navagraha Temple:
● Situated in Chitrachal hill, Guwahati
● The temple is devoted to Navagraha or nine celestial bodies according to Hindu astronomy.
● It was built by Ahom king Rajeswar singha towards the end of 18th century
● It is adorned with 9 Shiva Lingas which are representing 9 grahas.
Namdang Stone Bridge:

● Located at Sivasagar district.
● It was built by Ahom king Rudra Singha.
● This architecture is an example of unique engineering of that period
● This bridge was made from a single stone.
Parihareswar Devalaya:
● Located at Barpeta District.
● The temple is devoted to Lord Shiva.
● Although the temple was built during Ahom Period, but a Copper plate has been found here which is
from Baskarvarman's time.
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Poa Mecca:
● This famous Muslim pilgrimage center is situated in Garurachal hill, Hajo.
● This was built by sujauddin Mohammed shah in 1657 AD
● The complex also has a dargah of Ghiyasuddin Auliya, an earlier preacher.
● According to folk belief, the preacher brought a lump of soil from Mecca to place it at the spot, where
the mosque was supposed to be built at later stage.
● This place is named as Poa Mecca because a devotee offering prayer here acquires one fourth
spiritual enlighten compared to what one gets at Mecca.
Basistha Ashram:
● Situated in Sandhyachal hill, Guwahati at the confluence of river Sandhya, Lalita and Kanta.
● The Ashram is believed to be the home of famous sage Basistha. • The history of this Ashram dates
back to Vedic age. A brick temple was built by Ahom King Rajeswar Singha in the Mid-18th century.
Manikarneswar Devalaya:
● Situated above the Moni Hill or Sahburuj in North Guwahati,
● There is no evidence regarding the original construction of the devalaya, but it was built in the present
form by King Rajeswar Singha in 1755
● It is believed that, Narakasura after conquering swarga, matya and patal piled up the jewels, gems and
golds etc here in this place and hence the name Moni hill or Manikarneswar.
Madan Kamdev Devalaya:

● Situated above Devanagari Hill in Baihata Chariali, North Guwahati
● More than 200 idols of Gods and Goddess are found here.
● It is believed that those architecture and sculptures were made during the reign of Pala Kingdom of
Ancient Assam.
● We can see similarities of Madan Kamdev temple with Khajuraho Temple of Madhya Pradesh and
hence got the name Khajuraho of Assam
Mahabhairab Temple:
● Located in Tezpur, the temple was built by Ban Raja of Sonitpur.
● Lord Shiva is worshipped here.
Malini Than:
● One of the Shakti peeths, located in Siyang district of Arunachal Pradesh 8KM away from Dhemaji
district.
● While clearing jungles the army personnel found an idol remains of Ashtabhuja Devi which the local
people called as Malini Devi.
● Archeologist believe that the than was established by the rulers of Pala Kingdom.
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Rong Ghar:
● Located in Rangpur, Sivasagar district.
● It is the first amphitheater of Asia made originally by Rudra Singha with bamboo and woods but built in
the present form by Pramatta Singha in 1746.
Shiv Sagar and Shiva doul:

● Located in Sivasagar town, the temple was built by Bor Raja Ambika.
● The Siva temple is one of the important Siva worshipping places.
● International Shivaratri is celebrated every year in this temple
SukreswarTemple:
● Located in Panbazar, Guwahati, on the bank of river Brahmaputra.
● It was built during the time of Pramatta Singha.
● Lord Siva is worshipped here
Haygrib-Madhav temple:
● Situated on Manikut hill of Hajo, Kamrup.
● It was built by Koch king Raghudeva (So of Silarai).
● A festival called Manikut festival is celebrated there under the leadership of AASU that involves a
cultural rally from Manikut hill to Poa-Mecca which signifies Hindu-Muslim unity in the cultural oasis of
Assam
Assamese literature
❖ Assamese language is considered as one of the main Neo Indo- Aryan (NIA) Languages.
❖ It is also the easternmost Indo-Aryan language that is spoken in Assam state and is one of the 3 official
languages of Assam (the other two are Bengali and Bodo).
❖ The language is developed from Magadhi Prakrit.
❖ Although early compositions in Assamese language can be found from the 13th century, but its
evidences can be traced back to 6th century AD where the earliest elements of language can be
discerned.
❖ The Charyapadas are considered as the earliest example of Assamese literature.
❖ Charyapada literature was followed by Pre-Vaishnava literature, when the famous poets and authors
like Hem Saraswati, Rudra Kandali, Madhav Kandali etc. made the ground of Assamese literature.
❖ Assamese language and literature achieved its greatest height during the Vaishnava Period which is
described as "Golden Period"of Assamese literature. In this period, Sankardeva, Madhabdeva and
their contemporary Gohains and writers wrote thousands of books, poets, translation etc. making the
treasure of Assamese literature full of gems.
❖ Towards the first quarter of 19th century. Burmese invaded Assam and that period came to be the
darkest period in the history of Assamese literature.
❖ When the British came to power in Assam, the introduction of Bengali as official language resented the
people and again an enthusiasm to revive the language had started. This time the Assamese
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intelligentsia was assisted by the American Baptist Missionaries Under their efforts the language finally
got stable and literature again started to flourish
The stages of Assamese language development and literature can be described as below
The Ancient Era

➢ Charyapadas:
一 Oldest available specimen of Assamese literature.
一 These songs were composed of esoteric lyrics of Buddhism of the Vajrayana sect which is
popularly called as Sahaja Cult.
一 The main Charyapada book was Charyagitikosh. These are also known as Buddha Dohar or
Charyageetas.
一 Charyapadas were written in both symbolic and alphabet form
Pre-Vaishnava Era:
➢ In the 14th century, we see some notable literary work in narrative genre of poetry.
➢ Some of the notable poets of this period were - Hem Saraswati, Rudra Kandali. Madhav Kandali,
Harihar Vipra, Kaviratna Saraswati etc.
➢ Hem Saraswati
一 He was patronized by Kamata king Durlabh Narayan.
一 His literature is considered as the first-Assamese written literature.
一 Saraswati composed two pieces of poetic literature-the "Prahlad Charita" and "Haragauri
Samvad".
一 Prahlad Charita is a descriptive poem while the Hargauri Sambad is a narrative genre.
➢ Rudra Kandali
一 He was patronized by Kachari king Tamradhvaj.
一 He translated some episodes from Mahabharata Drona Parva.
➢ Harihar Vipra:
一 He was in the court of Durlabh Narayan.
一 Wrote two books in poetry form- "Babrubahanar Yuddha" and "Lava-Kushar Yuddha".
➢ Madhav Kandali:
一 He translated Ramayana in free-flowing idiomatic Assamese and was the first in North-India
to translate Ramayana into regional language.
一 He was in the court of Mahamanikya of Barahi Kingdom.
一 Sankardeva tributed to Madhav Kandali with the epithet of "Opromadi Kobi" (unerring
predecessor poet").
➢ Others: - In the pre-sankari era, a renowned mathematician, Bakul Kayastha from Kamarupa Kingdom,
compiled Kitabat Manjari (1434 AD). Kitabat Manjari is a poetical treatise on Arithmetic, Surveying and
Bookkeeping
Vaishnava Era:
➢ dominated by two towering figures-Sankardeva and Madhabdev.
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➢ The purpose of Vaishnava literature was to give ample knowledge of Bhakti to the common people and
to spread the spirit of Bhakti and convince people to lead a peaceful life worshiping only one God-
Vishnu or Krishna.
➢ In terms of form, the vaishnava literature can be grouped as poetry, drama, lyrics, hagiographies
(Charit Puthis) and various prose works etc.
Sankardeva’s literary contribution
➢ Kavya 一 Uttarakanda Ramayana

一 Harichandra Upakhyan ➢ Ankia Nat
一 Rukmini Haran 一 Patni Prasad
一 Balichalan 一 Kaliyo Daman
一 Amrit manthan 一 Rukmini haran
一 Ajamil Upakhyan 一 Parijat Haran
一 Kurukshetra 一 Ram Bijoy
➢ Bhakti tatva 一 Keligopal
一 Bhakti Pradip ➢ Geet
一 Bhakti Ratnakar 一 Borgeet
一 nimi-Namasidh Sambad 一 Bhatima
一 Anadi Paton 一 Tutoy and sepoy
➢ Translation ➢ Naam
一 Bhagavat 1st, 2nd, 6th, 8th, 10th, 一 Kirtan
11th and 12th scondha 一 Gunamala
Madhabdeva's literary works
➢ Philosophical work- Janma Rahasya (this was the first literary work of Madhabdev)
➢ Narrative work- Ramayana Adikanda,
➢ Borgeet- around 191 in numbers
➢ Nat - Arjuna Bhanjan, Dadhi Mathan, Nara Singha Jatra, Govardhan Yatra, Rash Yatra, Chordhara,
Pimpora Gusua, Bhumi letua, Bhajan Vihar
➢ Namghosa:
一 Madhabdev Magnum opus, Naam Ghosa is based chiefly on the Bhagavata Purana. The
Naam-Ghosa is also known as Hajari Ghosa, as it contains one thousand verses (ghosas).
➢ Bhakti-Ratnavali is another notable work, rendered by Madhavadeva from the original work by
Visnupuri in Sanskrit.
The other contemporary writers of Sankardeva and Madhabdeva
➢ Ananta Kandali- Ramayana, Kumara Harana, 6th Skandha of Bhagavata, Mahiravana Vadh, Sitar
patal Prabesh etc.
➢ Ram Saraswati: Vadha Kaba and poetic literature. Sridhar Kandali: Kankhowa and Ghunusha Kirtan
➢ Bhattadeva:-He is also known as the "father of Assamese prose". Katha Bhagavata, Katha Gita,
Bhakti Ratnavali, Bhakti Viveka (Sanskrit) etc, are his prominent works. Bhattadeva's erudition in
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Sanskrit grammar and literature, and his command over the Bhagavata carned him the title of
Bhagavata Bhattacharya.
Post Vaishnava Era

➢ The most valuable literary achievement of this cra was the writings of Buranjis and Charit puthis.
➢ The Ahom brought with them the habit of recording important events and they continued in their own
tai language which was replaced by Assamese language (first by Aton Burhagohain).
➢ The Koch kings also adopted the writing of chronicles which they named Raj Vamsavali.
➢ Charit Puthi
一 Hagiographic texts dealing with the lives and activities of Vaishnava preachers.
一 Written both in poetry and prose.
一 The Charit puthis emerged around the first quarters of 17th century.
Modern Era
➢ After arrival of American Baptist missionaries in 1836, they started learning Assamese literature to
spread their religion in vernacular language in Assam.
➢ The Missionaries took the leadership to re establish the Assamese language in which the educated
Assamese people joined them. The modern era may be discussed considering the following time frame
a. The period of Missionary literature (1836-70 AD)
b. The period of Hemchandra Barua and Gunabhiram Barua (1870 - 1890 AD)
c. Jonaki Yog (1890 - 1940 AD)
d. The present day period since 1940 AD
The Period of Missionary literature 18361870 AD)

➢ The first printed literary work in Assamese was the translation of the "New Testament"
(Dharmapustak Antobhag) in 1813 AD by William Carey with the help of Atmaram Sarma and in 1833
the entire Bible
➢ The Orunodoi,
○ the first Assamese journal and newspaper was published in January 1846 AD from "Sibsagar
Mission Press".
○ The first editor of Orunodoi was Nathan Brown.
○ It was printed and published by Oliver Thomas Cutter.
○ Anandaram Dhekial Phukan was the most prominent Assamese writer of Orunodoi period. His
works were
i. Englandor Vivaran (1847)
ii. Asomiya Lorar Mitra (1849)
iii. A few remarks on Assamese language and on vernacular education in Assam.
➢ The important works of this period are -
○ Grammar of Assamese language (1839) by William Robinson (written in English language).
○ Ahom Buranji (1844 AD) - Kashinath Tamuli Phukan
○ Asamiya Shabdavali aru Khandavakya (1840 AD). Mrs. OTCutter
○ Belimar Buranji (1833-38 AD)- Biseswar Vidyadhip
○ Assamese Dictionary. Jaduram Deka Baruah (this was the first dictionary written in
Assamese language, but was not published).
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○ Buranji Vivekratna (1838 AD) by Maniram Barbhandar Barua alias Maniram Dewan.
The period of Hemchandra Barua and Gunabhiram Barua (1870 - 1890 AD)
➢ Hemchandra Barua and Gunabhiram Barua were pioneers in writing creative literature whose themes
were based on the social problems of the Assamese people.
➢ During their time we see the beginning of Assamese literature with drama, travel literature etc. The
creation of wit, humor and satire first entered into Assamese language,
➢ Hemchandra Barua
○ His Assamese dictionary. Hemkosh was published in 1900 after his death. It was the second
Assamese dictionary.
○ He also wrote. "Asomiya Vyakaran (1859 AD). Aadipath (1873 AD), Asomiya Lorar Vyakaran
(1886) and Parashuram Abhidhan (1892 AD). He also wrote- Kaniya Kirtan (1861 AD) and
Bahire Rang Sang Bhitare Kowabhaturi.
○ Barua worked as the editor of "Assam News".
○ In addition to the Assamese books, he also wrote a book in English- "Assamese Marriage
System”
➢ Gunabhiram Barua
○ He wrote his first book "Ram Navami" (1857 AD) and after that "Anandaram Dhekial
Phukanor Jivan Charit (1880 AD) and Asom Buranji (1884 AD).
○ He edited the monthly magazine "the Asom Bandhu”.
➢ After the foundation of Assamese literature laid by Hemchandra Barua and Gunabhiram Barua, came a
group of educated young people and changed the trend of Assamese literature.
○ The young group founded the "Oxomia Bhaxa Unnati Sadhini Sabha" in 1888 and decided to
launch a magazine.
Jonaki Yog - The Romantic Period (1890 - 1940 AD)

➢ Jonaki
○ With their initiative, from 9th February, 1889 AD, "Oxomia Bhaxa Unnati Sadhini Sabha" started
to publish a monthly magazine, the "Jonaki" from Calcutta.
○ The magazine Jonaki continued only for 9 years. This period is called as "Jonaki Yog"
○ Chandrakumar Agarwala was the first editor of Jonaki, followed by Hemchandra Goswami and
Lakshminath Bezbarua
○ The first romantic poem "Bonkonwari" by Chandrakumar Agarwala,
○ First Assamese sonnet "Priyatamar Sithi" by Hem Chandra Goswami
○ Lakshminath Bezbarua's literary work "Litikai", Kripabar Baruar Kakotor tupula etc. "Litikai"
is accepted as the first farce literary work in Assamese language.
○ These 3 towering figures are together known as the "trimurti" of Assamese literature.
○ Chandrakumar Agarwala issued two authoritative and commanding works- Pratima (1914) and
Bin-Bairagi (1923).
○ Bezbarua also produced two compendiums of viruses named Kadamkali (1913) and Padum
Kali. His patriotic song "O Mur Apunar Desh" is adopted as the State anthem of Assam.
➢ After Jonaki, the flow of Assamese literature continued in the later years through a numbers of
magazines like-Ball (1910-29), Usha (1907-12), Alochani (1910-17), Awahan (1929) etc
➢ Karuna Abhiram Barua, son of Gunabhiram Barua founded the first children magazine "Lora
Bondhu" in 1886 AD,
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➢ Ghor Jeuti was the first Assamese women's monthly magazine published in 1927 under the
editorship of Kamalaloya Kakati.
Note:
1. The first English weekly "Times of Assam was printed from Dibrugarh in 1895 which was discontinued
in 1947.
2. In 1894 Rajanikanta Bordoloi published the first Assamese novel Miri Jiyori. He was the pioneer of
Assamese Novel and hence known as the "Upanyas Samrat". His other novels are- Manomati (1900),
Dandua Droh (1909). Rahadoi Ligiri (1930) etc.
3. In 1917 the Asam Sahitya Sabha was formed as a guardian of the Assamese society and the forum for
the development of Assamese language and literature. Padmanath Gohain Baruah was the first
president of the society.
Asom Sahitya Sabha:-

● It was formed in 1917, in Sibsagar
● the first president Sahitya Kandari Padmanath Gohain Barua and the first secretary Sarat Chandra
Goswami
● It is said that the organization was upgraded to Asom Sahitya Sabha from the formerly Axomia
Bhaxa Unnati Sadhini Sabha
● Its motto is "Chiro Senchi Mur Bhaxa Jononi".
● The head quarter of the organization is located in Jorhat.
● In its Sibsagar session of 1931, the sabha conferred Lakshminath Bezbaruah the title of "Rasaraj".
● The Sabha also conferred the "Sahitya Kandari title to the first President of Assam Sahitya Sabha,
Padmanath Gohain Barua.
● Krishnakanta Handique, Dr. Maheswar Neog. Satyendranath Sarma were conferred with "Sadasya
Mahiyan" title.
● Mitra Dev Mahanta, Atul Chandra Hazarika, Jnaneswar Sharma, Syed Abdul Malik and Jatindranath
Goswami were honored with "Sahityacharya" award.
Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Assamese literature
Year Book Author Category of Books
1955 Bana Phul Jatindranath Dowara Poetry
1960 Kangrechar Kachiyali Ra'dat Benudhar Sharma Reminiscences
1961 Iyaruingam Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya Novel
1964 Asamar Loka Sanskriti Birinchi Kumar Barua Study in folk culture
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1966 Bedanar Ulka Ambikagiri Raichoudhury Poetry
1967 Adhunik Galpa Sahitya Trailokyanath Goswami Literary criticism
1968 Alakananda Nalinibala Devi Poetry
1969 Manchalekha Atul Chandra Hazarika Study of Assamese

theatre
1970 Mahatmar Pora Rupkonarloi Lakshminath Phukan Reminiscences
1972 Aghari Atmar Kahini Syed Abdul Malik Novel
1974 Golam Saurabh Kumar Chaliha Short stories
1975 Koka Deutar har Nabakanta Barua Novel
1976 Srinkhal Bhabendra Nath Saikia Short stories
1977 Bakul Banar Kavita Anand Chandra Barua Poetry
1978 Pita Putra Homen Borgohain Novel
1979 Sonali Jahaj Bhaben Barua Poetry
1980 Prithibir Axukh Jogesh Das Short stories
1981 Kabita Nilamani Phookan (Jr.) Poetry
1982 Mamare Dhara Tarowal Aru Mamoni Roysom Goswami Novel

Dukhan Upanyasa (Indira Goswami)
1983 Sudirgha Din Aru Ritu Nirmalprabha Bordoloi Poetry
1984 Jangam Debendra Nath Acharya Novel
1985 Krishna Kanta Handique Krishna Kanta Handique Literary criticism

Rachna-Sambhar
1986 Benudhar Sarma Tirthanath Sarma Biography
1987 Aan Ejan Harekrishna Deka Poetry
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1988 Patal Bahirabi Laksminandan Bora Novel
1989 Asamiya Jatiya Jivanata Hiren Gohain Literary criticism

Mahapurushiya Parampara
1990 Snehadevir Ekuki Galpa Sneha Devi Short stories
1991 Brahmaputra Ityadi Padya Ajit Barua Poetry
1992 Shaichar Pathar Manuh Hiren Bhattacharyya Poetry
1993 Mor Je Kiman Hepah Keshav Mahanta Poetry
1994 Madhupur Bahudur Sheelabhadra (Rebati Mohan Short stories

Dutta Choudhury)
1995 Maharathi Chandra Prasad Saikia Novel
1996 Abhijatri Nirupama Borgohain Novel
1997 Andharat Nijar Mukh Nagen Saikia Short stories
1998 Asirbadar Rang Arun Sarma Novel
1999 Bipponna Samay Medini Choudhury Novel
2000 Baghe Tapur Rati Apurba Sharma Short stories
2001 Edhani Mahir Hahi Mahim Bora Novel
2002 Mahat Oitiyya Nalinidhar Bhattacharyya Prose
2003 Anek Manuh Anek Thai Aru Bireswar Barua Poetry

Nirjanata
2004 Manuh Anukule Hirendra Nath Dutta Poetry
2005 Mouna Uth Mukhar Hridoy Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi Novel
2006 Cheneh Jorir Ganthi Atulananda Goswami Short stories
2007 Santanukulanandan Purabi Bormudoi Novel
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2008 Deo Langkhui Rita Chowdhury Novel
2009 Katha Ratnakar Dhrubajyoti Bora Novel
2010 Assamiya Ramayani Keshada Mahanta Article

sahitya:kathabastur atiguri
2011 Aei anuragi aei udas Kabin Phukan Poetry
2012 Patkai Epare Mor Des Chandana Goswami Novel
2013 Dhuliyori Bharir Sans Rabindra Sarkar Poetry
2014 Mariam Astin Athaba Hira Arupa Kalita Patangia Short Stories
Barua
2015 Akashar Chhabi Aru Anyanya Kula Saikia Short Stories

Galpa
2016 Maghmalar Bhraman Jnan Pujari Poetry collection
2017 Moriahola Jayanta Madhab Bora Novel
2018 Kaliloir Dintu Amar Hobo Sananta Tanty Poetry collection
2019 Chanakya Joyasree Goswami Mahanta Novel
Assamese writer - Sobriquets - Pen name
Writer Sobriquet Pen name
Ambikagiri Raichoudhury Asom Kesori
Ananda Chandra Agarwala Bhangani Konwar Sri Harsha
Ananda Chandra Barua Bakulbonor Kavi
Anandaram Dhekial Phukan A Native
Banikanta Kakati - Bhabananda Pathak
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Benudhar Sharma - Bihguti Bora
Bhabendra Nath Saikia - Priya Bandhu:Sanjay:Satyapriyo Pathak
Bhubanmohan Baruah Kanchan Baruah
Binanda Chandra Barua Dhwoni Kobii Kerpai Sarma
Birinchi Kumar Barua - Bina Baruah:Rashna Baruah
Bishnuprasad Rabha Kalaguru Bishnupriya Rabha Tahkuria
Bishnuram Medhi Lauha Manab
Brajanath Sarma Abhinayacharya
Chandra Kumar Agarwala Pratimar Khonikor
Chakreshwar Bhattacharyya Rajpathar Sil
Ganesh Chandra Gogoi Paporir Kavi
Gopinath Bordoloi Lokapriya
Gunabhiram Barua - Guru Dutta
Hem Barua Tyagbir Sonaram Chand
Hiren Gohain - Niranjan Phukan
Indira Goswami Mamoni Raisom Goswami
Jyotiprasad Agarwalla Roopkonwar
Kamalakanta Bhattacharyya Agnikobi Astabakra
Kanaklata Baruah Birbala
Lakshminath Bezbaroa Roxoraj, Sahityarathi Kripabar Barbaruah
Mahendranath Deka Phukan Monai Boiragi
Mafijuddin Ahmed Hazarika Gyanmalinir Kavi
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Mahim Bora Rangajiya kavi Dhanbor Kai
Nabin Chandra Bordoloi Karmaveer
Nalinibala Devi Atindriyabadi Kavi
Navakanta Barua - Ekhud Kakaideu:Sima Dutta
Nilmoni Phukan Sr Bagmibor
Pabitra Kumar Deka - Rasheswar Hazarika
Parvati Prasad Baruva Geetikavi Hoibor Abhoipuria
Phani Sarma Natasurjya
Radha Gobinda Baruah Singhapurush
Raghunath Choudhary Bihogi Kavi
Rajanikanta Bordoloi Upanyash Samrat Bholai Sarma
Rebati Mohan Dutta Choudhury Silabhadra
Robin Dey Porasor Rongmon
Rudra Baruah Luit Konwar
Satyanath Bora Ejon Asomiya
Syed Abdul Malik Ajagar:Swami Abhangananda
Surendranath Medhi Saurav Kumar Chaliha
Tarun Ram Phukan Deshbhakta
Paintings
● The history of painting in Assam can be traced back from the 7th century. History says that besides
other valuable presents Bhaskar Varman sent ‘Paat aru Tulika’ with other equipments of painting to
Harshavardhan
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● The practive of painting in ancient Assam is mentioned in ‘Harshacharit’ by Banabhatta and in the
account of Hiuen Tsang.
Sankardeva
● For Chihnayatra, Sankardeva illustrated the vision of seven heaven (saat Baikuntha) on paper made of
cotton.
● Once he had drawn an elephant on cotton made paper using the colour of yellow orpiment (Hengul
Haital) and pasted it on a wooden box and gifted it to Naranarayan.
● Sankardeva’s “Dashamkandha Bhagawat’ found at Balisatra in Nagaon is an excellent example of
illustrated religious work.
Books with paintings compiled under royal patronage

● Darrang Raaj Bangshavali - by Suryakhori Daivagya
● Hasthividyarnava - by Sukumar Baikanth (drawing - Dilbor and Doshai)
● Sankhasur Vadh - by Kaviraj Chakravarty
● Geet Govinda, Battle of Lava Kusha - by Harihar Bipra
State Symbols
State Animal: Indian one-horned rhinoceros
● The Indian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is the fifth largest land animal, which is
primarily found in Assam and West Bengal.
● It inhabits the riverine grasslands of the Terai and Brahmaputra basins.
State Bird : Deo haah (White-winged Wood Duck)
● Due to its ghostly call which is a series of harsh honks and whistle, it is called 'Deo Haah' or Spirit Duck
in Assamese.
● This Duck makes nest in tree holes.
● It has been considered as Endangered on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
Red List of Threatened Species.
● In Assam, the key protected areas for the White- winged Duck are Dibru-Saikhowa National Park,
Dehing-Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary and Nameri National Park.
● The Assam Government adopted White-winged Duck as State Bird on 4" April, 2003.
State Flower : Kopou phul (Foxtail Orchid)
● This flower is considered as the state flower of both Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
State Tree: Hollong (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus)
● It is the tallest tree of Assam and it has been recognised as the State Tree' for being the most
dominant species in the forest
● Hollong grows at elevation up to 610 m from sea level.
● An oleo resin, extracted from Hollong is used as a coat for waterproofing paper, as a varnish for boats,
walls and furniture.
● The Assam Government adopted Hollong as State Tree on 4 April, 2003
State Drink : Tea
● On November 23, 2011, then Chief minister Tarun Gogoi declared tea as the State Drink of Assam
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State Aquatic Animal : Sihu (Ganges River Dolphin)
● As its eye lacks a lens, this species is also referred to as the 'blind dolphin'
● Being a mammal, the Ganges River dolphin cannot breathe in the water and so has to surface every
30-120 seconds.
● This animal is referred as 'Sihu' in Assamese because of the sound it produces when breathing.
● It has been listed as endangered species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
● The Assam Government adopted Sihu as State Aquatic Animal on 5h April, 2008
State Song: O mur apunar desh (O my dearest country)
● The song was written by eminent literature Lakshminath Bezbaroa and attuned by Kamala Prasad
Agarwala.
● It was first published in 1910 in an Assamese magazine named 'Bahi' and later in Lakshminath
Bezbaroa poetry collection called Kadamkoli'.
● This song was officially adopted as the Assam's state song at 'Asom Chatra Sanmilan (Assam Student
Conference) held in Tezpur in 1927.
● Assam government accorded the status of official State Song to this song on 15 December, 2013.
Important personalities
Ajan Fakir :
● Creator and promoter of Assamese Zikir (Songs of praise).
● Supposedly, he came to Assam from Ajmir in the seventh-eighth century.
● He promoted Islam religion with the help of the disciples in Saraguri Chapari of Sivasagar.
● His real name was Shah Milan.
Aideu Handique :
● First Assamese film actress.
● She was the heroine of the first Assamese film Joymoti, made in 1935 by Jyotiprasad Agarwala.
● She was restricted from marriage whole her life for the crime of acting in film.
Ajit Barua:
● Noted poet.
● Published works : Brahmaputra Ityadi Podya, Sahityar Bishoye etc.
● Translated works: 'The Plague' (La Peste) and "The Just' (Les Justes) by Albert Camus (French).
● Received Sahitya Akademi Award for Brahmaputra Ityadi Padya in 1991.
● Received Assam Valley Literary Award in 1999 and Ganesh Chandra Gogoi Award in 2010.
● Zengrai 1963 is one of his best poetry.
Ambikagiri Raichoudhury
● Noted poet, literary person Born in 1885 on 18 of December at Barpeta.
● In 1904, formed the Anarchist party
● In 1907, he staged a self written play Bandini Bharat
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● 3 volumes of poetry published ate Tumi (Thou). Bina, Shatadhar
● Plays Jayadrath Badh, Bhakta Gourav, Kalyanmoyee eto.
● He is the composer of the famous poem Bando Ki Chandere
● In 1927 he established Guwahati Music College
● Founder of Assam Sanrakshini Sabha
● In 1935, he founded and edited the weekly Deka Asam (Young Assam).
● His other works Deka Dokerir Bed, Aahun (Offering), Anubhut (Feelings) etc.
● He was famous as Assam Kesari.
● In 1950 he was the president of Asom Sahitya Sabha.
● Was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his anthology Bedonar Ulka in 1966.
● Died on 2 of January, 1967
Ananda Chandra Agarwalla:

● Noted poet literary personality.
● He wrote the police Manual in 1906.
● One of the founders of Tezpur Mahila Silpa Mandir.
● He received the title of ‘Rai Sahab' in 1916 and the of 'Rai Bahadur in 1921.
● His published book of poems in Jilikoni
● Historical books Goalparar Purani Bibaran, An Account of Assam
● Text books Komal Path, Adi Path.
● He was also called Bhangoni Knowar because of his ability to translate English poems beautifully into
Assamese
Ananda Chandra Baruah:

● Famously known as Bakul Banar Kavi.
● Founder editor of Bani Sammelan.
● Established Chintamani Chakra in 1962 at Jorhat and was its president.
● The president of Asom Sahitya Sabha in 1969.
● Awarded the Padmashree in 1973.
● Awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his book of poems Bakul Banar Kavita.
● Published books of poems : Parag, Hafizar Sur, Sel Neemati Puwaray Pora. Bakul Banar Kavita etc.
Dramas: Vijaya, Kamata Kunwari, Nala-Damyanti etc. Translated works: Soviet Kavita, Kumar
Sambhav and a translation of Light of Asia, - Asiar Jyoti.
Anandaram Dhekial Phukan :

● Born at Guwahati In 1819 on the 24th of August.
● In 1855, he took on the pen-name of ‘A Native' and wrote a book titled 'A Few Remarks on
Assamese Language'.
● Published book: Asomiya Lorar Mitra (The Assamese Boy's Companion) etc.
Ananta Kandali :
● Contemporary of Srimanta Sankardeva
● He was born at Hajo in 1520 AD
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● Original name was Haricharan. His argumentative abilities won him the title 'Ananta Kandali'.
● Later on, honoured with titles of Shri Chandra tBirarati ond Bhagavat Bhattacharya
Anundoram Borooah
● Assam's first graduate, barister & ICS.
● Bom.on 13 May, 1850, at Guwahati
● Published works - Practical English Sanskrit Dictionary, Bhavabhuti, Mahabir Charitam, bhavabhuti and
His Place in Sanskrit, Higher Sanskrit Grammar etc.
Arimatta:
● King of ancient Kamrup
● He is believed to have born out of the river Brahmaputra
● According to folklore, the head of king Arimatta was shaped like Ari fish,
● Some other folk tales say that the descendents of Arimatta did not consume Ari fish.
● Arimatta vanquished the Kacharies & Jayantias and thus extended the boundaries of his kingdom.
● He was killed at the hands of a king called Phengua'
Badan Chandra Borphukan :

● He was responsible for bringing the first Maan (Burmese) army into Assam.
● He was the Borphukan of Lower Assam.
● Died at the hands of Rup Singh Subedar in 1818.
Bhabendra Nath Saikia

● Noted short story writer and famous film director.
● Born on 20 February 1939.
● movies like Sandhyarag, Anirbaan, Agnisnaan, Kolahal, Sarathi, Abarton Itihas, etc. have gained
recognition at the national level and won awards.
● Published books Shrinkhal, Sandur, Gahbor Antarip
● Won the Sahitya Akademi Award for Shrinkhal in 1976
● Also awarded the Assam Valley Literary Award and Srimanta Sankardev Award in 1990 and 1998
respectively
● Died on 13 August 2003.
Bhupen Hazarika:
● World famous artist, musician
● First Assamese to get the 'Dada Saheb Phalke Award' (1992)
● Born on 8 September 1926.
● Sang the first song over Kolkata AIR in 1939.
● Awarded the Padmashree and the Srimanta Sankardeva Award (1987)
● Also honoured with Padma Bhushan in 2001.
● President of Asom Sahitya Sabha in 1993.
● The editor of Amar Pratinidhi Pratinidhi for sometime
Phone - 6901259799/9864174653
● Died on 5 November 2011
● Honoured with Padma Vibhushan in 2012 and Bharat Ratna in 2019 posthumously.
Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya

● First Assamese Jnanpith Award winner for his novel Mrityunjoy (Deathless)
● Born on 14 October in 1924.
● President of Asam Sahitya Sabha in 1983.
● Was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel Yaruingam in 1901
● Published books Mrityunjoy Yaruingam, Rajpathe Ringiyai (The call of highway)
● Died on 6th August, 1997
Bishnu Prasad Rabha:

● A well known Assamese poet, literature, dramatist, musician, dancer and actor
● Popularly known as Kalaguru (teacher of Art),
● Sonpahi, Mising Koneng, Asomiya Kristir Samu Abhash, Atit Asom are some of his published work.
● Born in Dhaka on 31 January in 1909,
● Died on 20 June 1969
Chandra Kumar Agarwalla :

● One of the founders of Jonaki the Assamese magazine, and the editor of its first two issues
● Publisher of the magazine Asomiya in 1928
● Published books on poetry Pratima, Bonboragi. Chandamit
● Died on 2 August 1938
Chandraprabha Saikiani:
● Freedom fighter and social activist.
● Considered to be the pioneer of feminist movement in Assam
● Single woman and unmarried mother. Son – Atul Saikia (Father - Dandinath Kalita)
● Founder of the All Assam Pradeshik Mahila Samiti
● Invited speaker of Assam Sahitrya Sabha, Nagaon Session, 1925.
● Recipient of Padma-Shri (1972)
● Published her first short story in the local magazine “Bahi” in 1918
● Novels – Pitri Vitha, Sipahi Bidroh, Dillir Singhasan and Kavi Anav Ghosh.
Chandraprasad Saikia:
● Awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1995 for his novel Maharathi
● Books published: Maharathi, Nirvachita Sampadakiya, Meghmallar, Jan-mantar, Dristikon etc
● President of Asom Sahitya Sabha in 1999
● Awarded the Publication Board Award in 2000 for his novel Tore More Alokore Yatra
● Recipient of Assam Valley Literary Award for 2002.
● Died on 8 August, 2006 Honoured with Padma Bhushan in 2007 posthumously .
Phone - 6901259799/9864174653
Deepali Barthakur
● Known as ‘Nightingale of Assam”
● Padmashree - 1998
● Took early retirement from music industry due to health issues (motor neuron disease)
● In 1976 she married Neel Pawan Barua, the eminent artist
● Died on 21 December, 2018
Hiren Bhattacharjee
● Sahitya Akademi Award, 1992 - Saisar Pothar manuh
● Bishnu Prasad Rabha Award, 1984 - Sugandhi Pokhila
Jyoti Prasad Agarwala

● Lyricist, dramatist, and the father of Assamese Cinema
● Known as Roopkonwar
● Born on 17th June, 1903
● First president of the Assam branch of the Indian People’s Theatre Association (IPTA)
● First film - Jaymoti (1935), followed by Indramalati.
● Died on 17th January (Silpi Diwas), 1951
Krishna Kanta Handique

● Noted Sanskrit scholar and linguist
● The first honorary principal of Jagannat Barua College, Jorhat
● First Vice-Chancellor of Gauhati university
● First Assamese to receive Padma Bhushan and Padmasree
Lakshminath Bezbarua
● Born on 14 October, 1864
● Known as Sahityarathi and Rasaraj
● Founder editor of Magazine ‘Bahi’ (1909)
● President of Assam Sahitya Sabha, 1924
● Died on 26 March, 1938
Madhavdev
● Main disciple of Sankardeva
● Born in 1489 in Letekupukhuri, Lakhimpur
● Earlier he was a follower of Sakta Hinduism. After a debate with Sankardeva that lasted for four and
half hours, Madhavdeva accepted Sankardeva as his guru.
● Madhavdeva’s conversion occurred in the year 1532.
● He died in Madhupur Satra, Koch Behar.
Phone - 6901259799/9864174653
Mamani Roisom Goswami
● Original name - Indira Goswami
● Sahitya Akademi Award in 1982 for Mamore Dhora Tarowal
● First Assamese woman to receive Jnanpeeth award
● Died on 29 November 2011
Nagen Saikia:
● Father of a new school of poetry called Mitobhas
● President of Assam Sahitya Sabha twice in 1997 and 1998,
● Awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1997 for his collection of short stories Andharot Nijor Mukh
● Other published books are: Chinta Aru Charcha, Parthiva Parthiv, America Doh Din, Gabesonaa
Paddhati Parichoy, Swapna Smriti Bisaad etc.
● Recipient of Assam Valley Literary Award in 2007, Krishna Kanta Handique Award in 2011 and
Anandaram Baruah Award, 2015
Nalini Bala Devi:

● She was honoured with Padmashree in 1958 and Sahitya Akademi Award for her book Alokánandá in
1967
● Published books on poetry Sandhiyar Sur, Sapnar Sur, Yugdevtá, Parashmani etc.
● Collection of essays: Santipath.
● Biographies : Smrititirtha, Vishwadeepa, Eri Aha Dinbor.
● Children's drama Parijata Abishek, Mirâbâi, Sesh Puja, Prahlad
● Died on 24 December, 1977.
Navakanta Barua:
● Received Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel Kokadeutar Har in 1975
● He Was honoured with Padma Bhushan in 1976
● He also wded Assam Valley Literary Award in 1993
● Books - Kadhalar Hár Kapili Pariya Sdhu, Hey Any Way Mahanagar ( Forel, O Metrodlo), Marhu Prithi
ha Aru Sketch etc.
Nilamani Phukan:
● Elected to the Vidhan Sabha twice in 1946 and 1972
● Founder editor of Dainik Batori, the first Assamese daily in 1935
● President of Asom Sahitya Sabha twice in 1944 and 1947
● Published Books Jyoll Kaná, Manasi, Amitra, Jijini, Tarun Asom, Manas Pratima, Essays Jayatirtha,
Mahápurushii Dharma Kirtan Lava etc.
Phone - 6901259799/9864174653
Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi:
● Books published Bon Faringar Rang Dinar Pisal Din, Antaranga, Devi, Sudirgha Din Aru Ritu.
● Awarded the Sahitya Akademi in 1983.
Nirupama Borgohain:
● Published books are Sel Nodi Nirabadhi, Dinar Pasal Din, Iparar Ghar Siparar Char, Abhiyatri, Hriday
Etá Nirjan Dwip etc.
● Awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for her book Abhiyatri in 1996.
● She was also awarded Prabina Saikia Award for the year 2000.
● Recipient of Assam Valley Literary Award in 2003
Padmanath Gohain Barua :

● First president of Asom Sahitya Sabha in 1917.
● First person to obtain literary pension in 1906.
● Editor of Ushå, Bijuli, Assam Banti.
● Books published - Joymoti, Gadådhar, Teton Tamuli Bhanumati, Sahitya Sangrah etc.
Phani Sarma:
● Producer of the famous film Siraj
● President’s medal for his film Piyali Phukan in 1955
● Writer of some famous drama ke Bhogjars, Mayengar Bo), Bang Bang Nagpásh, Siraj elc Also w a s
tsars
Syed Abdul Malik

● Sahitya Akademi Award in 1972 for his novel Aghari Atmar Kahini
● President of Axom Sahitya Sabha 1977 (Abhayapuri)
● Other awards: Padmashri, Padma Bhusan, Sankar Dev Award, Xahityacharyya
● Other books - Shurujmukhir Shapna, Dhanya Nar Tanu Bhal, Ruptirthar Yatri, Rajanigondhar sokulo,
Parashmoni, Adharshila, Moroha phul, Shakhar, Sobighar, Ronga gora
First in Assam / First Assamese

1. Radio Station - Guwahati and Shillong (estd. 1 July, 1948).
2. Film Studio - Jyoti Chitraban, Guwahati (estd. 17 January, 1968)
3. High Court - Gauhati High Court (1948), Guwahati.
4. Bridge over Brahmaputra - Saraighat Bridge (1962), Guwahati
5. University - Gauhati University (1947), Guwahati
6. Medical School - Berry White Medical School (1902),
7. Medical College - Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh (1947)
8. Mental Hospital - Tezpur Mental Hospital
Phone - 6901259799/9864174653
9. Printing Press - Mission Press, Sivasagar
10. Printing Book - Dharma Pustak (Atmaram Barua), 1813
11. Lok Adalat - Hajo
12. Institute for Higher Education - Cotton College, Guwahati (1901)
13. Co-operative - Shillong (Shillong Co-operative Town Bank) (estd 13 September, 1904)
14. Graduate - Anundoram Borooah
15. IAS - Anundoram Borooah
16. First Assamese Governor - Bishnuram Medhi (Madras, 8 January 1957-4 April 1964)
17. President of India - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (24 August 1974-11 February 1977)
18. Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D) from London University - Maidul Islam Bora
19. Film Maker - Jyotiprasad Agarwala
20. Chief Justice of High Court - Haliram Deka
21. Chief Justice of Supreme Court - Parvati Kumar Goswami
22. Woman Doctor - Dr. Rajani Prabha Saikia
23. Woman Graduate - Sukhalata Duarah, Sudhalata Dowarah
24. Woman Minister in the Union Cabinet - Renuka Devi Barkotoky
25. Woman Justice of High Court - Meera Sarma
26. Woman ACS - Suchibrata Raichowdhury
27. Woman IAS - Parul Das
28. Woman Chief Minister - Syeda Anwara Taimur
29. Recipient of Gold Medal in Asian Games - Bhogeswar Baruah (1966)
30. Cabinet Minister of Union Cabinet - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1966-1974
31. D Lit of London University - Surya Kumar Bhuyan
32. Assamese Lexicographer - Jaduram Deka Baruah, 1839
33. Recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award - Jatindranath Duwarah (Banphool), 1952
34. Recipient of Jnanpith Award. - Dr Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya (Mrityunjay), 1979
35. Recipient of Padm Bhushan (Woman) - Pushpalata Das, 1999
36. Recipient of Padmashree (Woman) - Nalinibala Devi, 1957
37. First Assamese movie - Joymati
38. First Assamese colour movie - Bhaiti, 1972
39. First bridge over Brahmaputra - Saraighat Bridge (1962)
40. First Daily news paper in Assam - Dainik Batori (1935)
41. First English news paper in Assam - Assam Tribune (1946)
42. First Assamese International award Winner Film - Sagarlal Bahudoor
43. Young Bismillah Khan Award Winner 2010(Sangit And Natak Academi) - Sukracharya Rabha
44. RTI Award 2010 - Akhil Gogoi
45. First Daily news paper in Assam - Dainik Batori (1935)
46. First English news paper in Assam - Assam Tribune (1946)
47. Recipient of Arjuna Award (Men) - Bhogeswar Barua (1966)
48. Recipient of Arjuna Award (Women) - Monalisa Barua (1987)
49. Sports person to take part in Olympic - Dr. Talimeran Aao (Captain of Indian Football Team), 1948
50. Movie to be nominated for the Oscar - Village Rockstar (2018), Director - Rima Das
Phone - 6901259799/9864174653

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Assam Pedia

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ANCIENT ASSAM HISTORY

In ancient days, Assam was known as Pragjyotisha and later as Kamarupa.

Theories regarding the origin of the name Pragjyotisha

Theories regarding the origin of the name Kamarupa

Theories regarding the origin of the name Assam

Traditional rulers and early history

Sources – Dobi grant, Nidhanpur Grant, Nalanda seals of Bhaskarvarman.

Pushyavarman (c. 355 – 380 AD)

Balavarman - I (c. 405 – 420)

Kalyanavarman (c. 420 – 440)

Mahendravarman (c. 450-485)

Bhutivarmana (c. 510 – 555)

Susthitavarman had two sons – ​Supratisthitavarman and Bhaskaravarman​. ​Supratisthitavarman had a

Bhaskarvarman (c. 594 – 650)

Hiuen Tsang’s account of Kamarupa

Bhaskara perhaps died a celibate leaving no successor to the throne.

Sri Harshadeva (c. 725 – 750 AD)

Harjaravarman (c.815 – 835 AD)

Vanamalavarmanadeva (c. 835–865 AD)

Jayamala (c. 865 – 885 AD)

Balavarman-III (c. 885 – 910 AD)

Tyaghasinga (c. 970 – 990 AD)

Brahmapala (c. 990 – 1010 AD)

Ratnapala (c. 1010 – 1040 AD)

Indrapala (c. 1040 - 1065 AD)

Gopala (c. 1065 - 1085 AD)

Harshapala (c. 1085 - 1095 AD)

Dharmapala (c. 1095 - 1120 AD)

● The last important ruler of the dynasty.

Jayapala (c. 1120 - 1138 AD)

Administration of Ancient Assam

Art and architecture:

MEDIEVAL ASSAM HISTORY

Invasion of Muhammad-bin-Bakhtiyar Khalji (1205-06)

Kanai Barasi Rock of North Gauhati records -

Invasion of Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Khalji (1227)

Dharmanarayan and Durlavnarayan

Invasion by Sikandar Shah (1362)

Khen line of kings and invasion of Hussain Shah

The Chutiyas and their kingdom

The Kacharis and their Kingdom

The Koch kingdom

Structure of vaishnavite organization

SUKAPHA (1228 – 1268):

● Sukapaha was succeeded by Suteupha

SUKHANGPHA (1293 – 1332)

SUKHRANPHA (1332 – 1364)

SUTUPHA (1364 – 1376)

SUDANGPHA (1397 – 1407)

● Also known as Bamuni Konwar

SUHUNGMUNG (1497 – 1539):

● He was popularly known as “Gorhgayan Raja” as he shifted his capital to Gorgaon.

SUKHAMPHA (1553 – 1603)

● Also known as “Khora Raja”

SUSHENGPHA (1603 – 41)

● Also known as Pratap Singha.

NARIYA ROJA /SUTYIMPHA (1644-1648)

JAYADHWAJ SINGHA / SUTAMLA (1648-1663)

● Mir Jumla’s invasion in 1662.

CHAKRADHWAJ SINGHA (1663-1669)

UDAYADITYA SINGHA (1669-1673)

● Ahom name Sunyatpha (1669 - 73)

● Suhung was assassinated after a short reign of 21 days only.

Susthitavarman had two sons – Supratisthitavarman and Bhaskaravarman. Supratisthitavarman had a